Tityridae: Perbedaan antara revisi

*Tityridae*
Tityridae ;
	; Masked Tityra
Taksonomi
Kerajaan	Animalia
Filum	Chordata
Kelas	Aves
Ordo	Passeriformes
Upaordo	Tyranni
Infraordo	Tyrannida
Famili	Tityridae ; G. R. Gray, 1840
	l; b; s;

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Revisi per 29 Maret 2024 13.02

Tityridae adalah keluarga burung pengicau suboscine yang terdapat di hutan dan kawasan hutan di Neotropik . Ke-45 spesies dalam famili ini dahulunya tersebar di famili Tyrannidae, Pipridae, dan Cotingidae ( lihat Taksonomi ). Mereka adalah burung berukuran kecil hingga sedang. Berdasarkan klasifikasi saat ini, ukuran famili ini berkisar dari kuncungu leher-kuning, sebesar 95 cm (37 in) dan 10 gram (0,35 ons), untuk titira topeng, hingga 24 cm (9,5 in) dan 88 gram (3,1 ons) . ^[1] ^[2] Kebanyakan mempunyai ekor yang relatif pendek dan kepala yang besar.

Taksonomi dan sistematika

Keluarga Tityridae (sebagai subfamili Tityrinae) yang mengandung genera Tityra dan Pachyramphus diperkenalkan oleh ahli zoologi Inggris George Robert Gray pada tahun 1840. ^[3] ^[4]

Secara tradisional, genus Laniocera termasuk dalam keluarga Tyrannidae, genera Iodopleura, Laniisoma, Tityra, Pachyramphus dan Xenopsaris termasuk dalam keluarga Cotingidae, dan Schiffornis termasuk dalam keluarga Pipridae . Tiga genera ini, Tityra, Pachyramphus dan Xenopsaris, kemudian dipindahkan ke Tyrannidae berdasarkan morfologi tengkorak dan syrinx mereka. ^[5]

Keberadaan keluarga Tityridae (walaupun hanya diperlakukan sebagai clade ) pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1989 berdasarkan morfologi beberapa ciri jarum suntik dan kerangka . ^[6] Keberadaan keluarga ini kemudian dikonfirmasi oleh berbagai penelitian yang melibatkan DNA mitokondria dan DNA inti . ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] ^[10] ^[11] Bukti menunjukkan ada dua kelompok dasar dalam keluarga ini, yang pertama termasuk genera Schiffornis, Laniocera, dan Laniisoma (dengan dukungan bootstrap yang kuat), dan yang kedua termasuk Iodopleura, Tityra, Xenopsaris, dan Pachyramphus (dengan dukungan bootstrap yang buruk). ^[12]

Kajian filogenetik molekul mengenai keluarga passerine yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2019 mengambil sampel spesies dari lima genera di Tityridae. Pohon yang dihasilkan menunjukkan bahwa jika famili Tityridae didefinisikan mencakup genera Oxyruncus, Myiobius, dan Onychorhynchus, maka ia menjadi parafiletik : klade yang berisi genera Tityra dan Schiffornis merupakan dasar dari klade yang berisi genera Oxyruncus, Myiobius, Onychorhynchus, dan famili tersebut. Tyrannidae . ^[13]

Jenis

^[14] Keberadaan keluarga Tityridae (walaupun hanya diperlakukan sebagai clade ) pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1989 berdasarkan morfologi beberapa ciri jarum suntik dan kerangka . ^[15] Keberadaan keluarga ini kemudian dikonfirmasi oleh berbagai penelitian yang melibatkan DNA mitokondria dan DNA inti . ^[16] ^[17] ^[18] ^[19] ^[20] Bukti menunjukkan ada dua kelompok dasar dalam keluarga ini, yang pertama termasuk genera Schiffornis, Laniocera, dan Laniisoma (dengan dukungan bootstrap yang kuat), dan yang kedua termasuk Iodopleura, Tityra, Xenopsaris, dan Pachyramphus (dengan dukungan bootstrap yang buruk). Image	Genus	Living Species
	Oxyruncus Temminck, 1820	Sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus)
	Onychorhynchus Fischer von Waldheim, 1810	Amazonian royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus coronatus) Northern royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus mexicanus) Pacific royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus occidentalis) Atlantic royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus swainsoni)
	Myiobius Gray, GR, 1839	Tawny-breasted myiobius (Myiobius villosus) Sulphur-rumped myiobius (Myiobius sulphureipygius) Whiskered myiobius (Myiobius barbatus) Black-tailed myiobius (Myiobius atricaudus)
	Terenotriccus Ridgway, 1905	Ruddy-tailed flycatcher (Terenotriccus erythrurus)
	Tityra Vieillot, 1816	Black-crowned tityra (Tityra inquisitor) Black-tailed tityra (Tityra cayana) Masked tityra (Tityra semifasciata)
	Schiffornis Bonaparte, 1854	Varzea schiffornis (Schiffornis major); alternatively Várzea Mourner Brown-winged schiffornis (Schiffornis turdina) Russet-winged schiffornis (Schiffornis stenorhyncha) Foothill schiffornis (Schiffornis aenea) Northern schiffornis (Schiffornis veraepacis) Guianan schiffornis (Schiffornis olivacea) Greenish schiffornis (Schiffornis virescens); alternatively Greenish Mourner
	Laniocera Lesson, 1841	Speckled mourner (Laniocera rufescens) Cinereous mourner (Laniocera hypopyrra)
	Iodopleura Lesson, 1839	White-browed purpletuft (Iodopleura isabellae) Dusky purpletuft (Iodopleura fusca) Buff-throated purpletuft (Iodopleura pipra)
	Laniisoma Swainson, 1832	Brazilian laniisoma (Laniisoma elegans) Andean laniisoma (Laniisoma buckleyi)
	Xenopsaris Ridgway, 1891	White-naped xenopsaris (Xenopsaris albinucha)
	Pachyramphus Gould & G.R. Gray, 1839	Green-backed becard (Pachyramphus viridis) Yellow-cheeked becard (Pachyramphus xanthogenys) Barred becard (Pachyramphus versicolor) Slaty becard (Pachyramphus spodiurus) Cinereous becard (Pachyramphus rufus) Cinnamon becard (Pachyramphus cinnamomeus) Chestnut-crowned becard (Pachyramphus castaneus) White-winged becard (Pachyramphus polychopterus) Black-and-white becard (Pachyramphus albogriseus) Cryptic becard (Pachyramphus salvini) Grey-collared becard (Pachyramphus major) Black-capped becard (Pachyramphus marginatus) Glossy-backed becard (Pachyramphus surinamus) Rose-throated becard (Pachyramphus aglaiae) Jamaican becard (Pachyramphus niger) One-colored becard (Pachyramphus homochrous) Pink-throated becard (Pachyramphus minor) Crested becard (Pachyramphus validus)

Referensi

^ Snow, D.; Sharpe, C.J. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., ed. "Buff-throated Purpletuft (Iodopleura pipra)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2018.
^ Mobley, J.; de Juana, E. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., ed. "Masked Tityra (Tityra semifasciata)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2018.
^ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an indication of the typical species of each genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. hlm. 31.
^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. hlm. 149, 237. hdl:2246/830.
^ Ames, P.L. (1971). The Morphology of the Syrinx in Passerine Birds (PDF). Peabody Museum Bulletin. 37. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Peabody Museum of Natural History. hlm. 95–97.
^ Prum, R.O.; Lanyon, W.E. (1989). "Monophyly and phylogeny of the Schiffornis group (Tyrannoidea)" (PDF). Condor. 91 (2): 444–461. doi:10.2307/1368323. JSTOR 1368323.
^ Ericson, P.G.P.; Zuccon, D.; Johansson, U.S.; Alvarenga, H.; Prum, R.O. (2006). "Higher-level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 471–483. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.031. PMID 16678446.
^ Ohlson, J.I.; Prum, R.O.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2007). "A molecular phylogeny of the cotingas (Aves: Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.041. PMID 16876441.
^ Chesser, R.T. (2004). "Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.015. PMID 15186793.
^ Johansson, U.S.; Irestedt, M.; Parsons, T.J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2002). "Basal phylogeny of the Tyrannoidea based on comparisons of cytochrome b and exons of nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes" (PDF). Auk. 119 (4): 984–995. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0984:BPOTTB]2.0.CO;2.
^ Prum, R.O.; Rice, N.H.; Mobley, J.A.; Dimmick, W.W. (2000). "A preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Auk. 117 (1): 236–241. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0236:APPHFT]2.0.CO;2.
^ Barber, B.R.; Rice, N.H. (2007). "Systematics and evolution in the Tityrinae (Passeriformes: Tyrannoidea)". Auk. 124 (4): 1317–1329. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1317:SAEITT]2.0.CO;2.
^ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (16): 7916–7925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423 . PMID 30936315.
^ Barber, B.R.; Rice, N.H. (2007). "Systematics and evolution in the Tityrinae (Passeriformes: Tyrannoidea)". Auk. 124 (4): 1317–1329. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1317:SAEITT]2.0.CO;2.
^ Prum, R.O.; Lanyon, W.E. (1989). "Monophyly and phylogeny of the Schiffornis group (Tyrannoidea)" (PDF). Condor. 91 (2): 444–461. doi:10.2307/1368323. JSTOR 1368323.
^ Ericson, P.G.P.; Zuccon, D.; Johansson, U.S.; Alvarenga, H.; Prum, R.O. (2006). "Higher-level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 471–483. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.031. PMID 16678446.
^ Ohlson, J.I.; Prum, R.O.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2007). "A molecular phylogeny of the cotingas (Aves: Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.041. PMID 16876441.
^ Chesser, R.T. (2004). "Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.015. PMID 15186793.
^ Johansson, U.S.; Irestedt, M.; Parsons, T.J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2002). "Basal phylogeny of the Tyrannoidea based on comparisons of cytochrome b and exons of nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes" (PDF). Auk. 119 (4): 984–995. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0984:BPOTTB]2.0.CO;2.
^ Prum, R.O.; Rice, N.H.; Mobley, J.A.; Dimmick, W.W. (2000). "A preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Auk. 117 (1): 236–241. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0236:APPHFT]2.0.CO;2.

[1] Snow, D.; Sharpe, C.J. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., ed. "Buff-throated Purpletuft (Iodopleura pipra)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2018.

[2] Mobley, J.; de Juana, E. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., ed. "Masked Tityra (Tityra semifasciata)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2018.

[3] Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an indication of the typical species of each genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. hlm. 31.

[4] Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. hlm. 149, 237. hdl:2246/830.

[5] Ames, P.L. (1971). The Morphology of the Syrinx in Passerine Birds (PDF). Peabody Museum Bulletin. 37. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Peabody Museum of Natural History. hlm. 95–97.

[6] Prum, R.O.; Lanyon, W.E. (1989). "Monophyly and phylogeny of the Schiffornis group (Tyrannoidea)" (PDF). Condor. 91 (2): 444–461. doi:10.2307/1368323. JSTOR 1368323.

[Ericson20063-7] Ericson, P.G.P.; Zuccon, D.; Johansson, U.S.; Alvarenga, H.; Prum, R.O. (2006). "Higher-level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 471–483. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.031. PMID 16678446.

[Ohlson20073-8] Ohlson, J.I.; Prum, R.O.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2007). "A molecular phylogeny of the cotingas (Aves: Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.041. PMID 16876441.

[Chesser20043-9] Chesser, R.T. (2004). "Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.015. PMID 15186793.

[Johansson20023-10] Johansson, U.S.; Irestedt, M.; Parsons, T.J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2002). "Basal phylogeny of the Tyrannoidea based on comparisons of cytochrome b and exons of nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes" (PDF). Auk. 119 (4): 984–995. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0984:BPOTTB]2.0.CO;2.

[Prum20003-11] Prum, R.O.; Rice, N.H.; Mobley, J.A.; Dimmick, W.W. (2000). "A preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Auk. 117 (1): 236–241. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0236:APPHFT]2.0.CO;2.

[Barber20073-12] Barber, B.R.; Rice, N.H. (2007). "Systematics and evolution in the Tityrinae (Passeriformes: Tyrannoidea)". Auk. 124 (4): 1317–1329. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1317:SAEITT]2.0.CO;2.

[13] Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (16): 7916–7925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423 . PMID 30936315.

[Barber20072-14] Barber, B.R.; Rice, N.H. (2007). "Systematics and evolution in the Tityrinae (Passeriformes: Tyrannoidea)". Auk. 124 (4): 1317–1329. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1317:SAEITT]2.0.CO;2.

[15] Prum, R.O.; Lanyon, W.E. (1989). "Monophyly and phylogeny of the Schiffornis group (Tyrannoidea)" (PDF). Condor. 91 (2): 444–461. doi:10.2307/1368323. JSTOR 1368323.

[Ericson20062-16] Ericson, P.G.P.; Zuccon, D.; Johansson, U.S.; Alvarenga, H.; Prum, R.O. (2006). "Higher-level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 471–483. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.031. PMID 16678446.

[Ohlson20072-17] Ohlson, J.I.; Prum, R.O.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2007). "A molecular phylogeny of the cotingas (Aves: Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.041. PMID 16876441.

[Chesser20042-18] Chesser, R.T. (2004). "Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.015. PMID 15186793.

[Johansson20022-19] Johansson, U.S.; Irestedt, M.; Parsons, T.J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2002). "Basal phylogeny of the Tyrannoidea based on comparisons of cytochrome b and exons of nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes" (PDF). Auk. 119 (4): 984–995. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0984:BPOTTB]2.0.CO;2.

[Prum20002-20] Prum, R.O.; Rice, N.H.; Mobley, J.A.; Dimmick, W.W. (2000). "A preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Auk. 117 (1): 236–241. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0236:APPHFT]2.0.CO;2.

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