Undang-Undang Smoot-Hawley: Perbedaan antara revisi
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(16 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
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{{Infobox U.S. legislation |
{{Infobox U.S. legislation |
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| shorttitle = |
| shorttitle = Undang-Undang Tarif 1930 |
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| longtitle = Suatu UU Untuk memberikan pendapatan, untuk mengatur perdagangan dengan negara-negara asing, untuk mendorong industri Amerika Serikat, untuk melindungi tenaga kerja Amerika, dan untuk tujuan lainnya. |
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| longtitle = An Act To provide revenue, to regulate commerce with foreign countries, to encourage the industries of the United States, to protect American labor, and for other purposes. |
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| colloquialacronym = |
| colloquialacronym = |
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| nickname = Smoot-Hawley |
| nickname = Tarif Smoot-Hawley, Tarif Hawley-Smoot |
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| enacted by = |
| enacted by = ke-71 |
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| effective date = |
| effective date = 13 Maret 1930 |
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| public law url = |
| public law url = |
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| cite public law = {{USPL|71|361}} |
| cite public law = {{USPL|71|361}} |
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Baris 14: | Baris 14: | ||
| sections amended = |
| sections amended = |
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| leghisturl = |
| leghisturl = |
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| introducedin = |
| introducedin = Dewan Perwakilan |
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| introducedbill = H.R. 2667 |
| introducedbill = H.R. 2667 |
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| introducedby = [[Willis C. Hawley]] ([[ |
| introducedby = [[Willis C. Hawley]] ([[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|R]]-[[Oregon|OR]]) |
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| introduceddate = April |
| introduceddate = April atau Mei 1929 |
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| committees = [[ |
| committees = [[Komite Perumusan Pajak Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Serikat]], [[Komite Senat Amerika Serikat mengenai Keuangan|Keuangan Senat]] |
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| passedbody1 = |
| passedbody1 = Dewan |
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| passeddate1 = |
| passeddate1 = 28 Mei 1929 |
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| passedvote1 = 264–147 |
| passedvote1 = 264–147 |
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| passedbody2 = |
| passedbody2 = Senat |
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| passeddate2 = |
| passeddate2 = 24 Maret 1930 |
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| passedvote2 = 53–31 |
| passedvote2 = 53–31 |
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| conferencedate = |
| conferencedate = 9 Juni 1930 |
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| passedbody3 = |
| passedbody3 = Senat |
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| passeddate3 = |
| passeddate3 = 13 Juni 1930 |
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| passedvote3 = |
| passedvote3 = tanpa [[Pembagian majelis|pembagian]], setelah mosi untuk ''[[Komit (mosi)|rekomit]]'' gagal dengan suara 42–44 |
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| passedbody4 = |
| passedbody4 = Dewan |
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| passeddate4 = |
| passeddate4 = 14 Juni 1930 |
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| passedvote4 = 222–153 |
| passedvote4 = 222–153 |
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| signedpresident = [[Herbert Hoover]] |
| signedpresident = [[Herbert Hoover]] |
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| signeddate = |
| signeddate = 17 Juni 1930 |
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| amendments = |
| amendments = |
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| SCOTUS cases = |
| SCOTUS cases = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Undang-Undang Tarif 1930''' (dikodifikasikan pada {{usctc|19|4 }}), atau dikenal sebagai ''' |
'''Undang-Undang Smoot-Hawley''' atau '''Undang-Undang Tarif 1930''' (dikodifikasikan pada {{usctc|19|4 }}), atau dikenal sebagai '''Tarif Smoot–Hawley''' atau '''Tarif Hawley–Smoot''',<ref>ch. 497, {{USStat|46|590}}, June 17, 1930, ''see'' {{usc|19|1654}}</ref> adalah suatu undang-undang yang diprakarsai oleh [[Senat Amerika Serikat|Senator]] [[Reed Smoot]] dan [[Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Serikat|Anggota Dewan]] [[Willis C. Hawley]] dan disahkan menjadi undang-undang pada 17 Juni 1930. Undang-undang ini menaikkan [[tarif]] [[Amerika Serikat|AS]] terhadap lebih dari 20.000 barang-barang impor.<ref>Taussig (1931)</ref> |
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Tarif (tidak termasuk impor bebas-cukai – lihat ''[[#Lapisan tarif]]'' di bawah) menurut undang-undang ini merupakan tertinggi kedua di Amerika Serikat dalam 100 tahun, dilampaui dengan selisih kecil dari [[Tarif 1828]].<ref>[https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/wws-543-class-notes-21710/ WWS 543: Class notes, 2/17/10], [[Paul Krugman]], February 16, 2010, [http://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/Nineteenth_century_policy.pdf Presentation], slide 4</ref> UU ini dan diikuti dengan tarif balasan oleh mitra dagang Amerika membantu mengurangi ekspor dan import Amerika lebih dari setengah selama Depresi;<ref>Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., ''Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1995, pp. 100–03)</ref> namun para ekonom tidak setuju dalam hal berapa banyaknya. |
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== Pemrakarsa dan sejarah legislatif == |
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[[Berkas:Smoot and Hawley standing together, April 11, 1929.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Willis C. Hawley]] (kiri) dan [[Reed Smoot]] pada April 1929, sesaat sebelum Undang-Undang Tarif Smoot-Hawley disahkan oleh Dewan Perwakilan.]] |
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Pada 1922, Kongres mengesahkan Undang-Undang [[Tarif Fordney–McCumber]] yang menaikkan tarif impor. |
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== Catatan == |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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{{Refbegin|colwidth=60em}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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* {{Citation|last1=Archibald|first1=Robert B.|authorlink=|last2==Feldman|first2= David H.|year=1998|title=Investment During the Great Depression: Uncertainty and the Role of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff| journal=Southern Economic Journal|volume=64|issue=4|pages=857–79|doi=10.2307/1061208|jstor=1061208}}. |
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* {{Citation|last=Crucini|first=Mario J.|authorlink=|year=1994|title=Sources of variation in real tariff rates: The United States 1900 to 1940|journal=American Economic Review| volume=84|issue=3|pages=346–53|doi=|jstor=2118081}}. |
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* {{Citation|last1=Crucini|first1=Mario J.|authorlink=|last2=Kahn|first2= James|year=1996|title= Tariffs and Aggregate Economic Activity: Lessons from the Great Depression|journal=Journal of Monetary Economics|volume=38|issue=3|pages=427–67|doi=10.1016/S0304-3932(96)01298-6|url=}}. |
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* {{Citation|title=Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776|last=Eckes|first= Alfred|authorlink=|year=1995|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location= Chapel Hill|isbn=0-585-02905-9|pages=}}. |
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* {{Citation|last=Eichengreen|first=Barry|authorlink=Barry Eichengreen|year=1989|title=The Political Economy of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff|journal=Research in Economic History|volume=12|issue=|pages=1–43 |doi=}}. |
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* {{Citation|last=Irwin|first=Douglas|authorlink=|year=1998|title=The Smoot–Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment|journal=Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=80|issue=2| pages=326–34|doi=10.1162/003465398557410|url=}}. |
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* Irwin, Douglas A. ''Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression'' (Princeton University Press; 2011) 244 pages |
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* {{Citation|title=American Trade Policy: 1923–1995|last=Kaplan|first=Edward S.|authorlink=|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=London|isbn=0-313-29480-1|pages=}}. |
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* {{Citation|last=Kottman|first=Richard N.|title=Herbert Hoover and the Smoot–Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study|jstor=2936217|journal=Journal of American History|volume=62|issue=3|year=1975|pages=609–35|doi= 10.2307/2936217}}. |
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* {{Citation|last=Koyama|first=Kumiko|title=The Passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?|journal=Journal of Policy History|volume=21|issue=2|year=2009|pages= 163–86|doi=10.1017/S0898030609090071}}. |
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* {{Citation|last=Madsen|first=Jakob B.|authorlink=|year=2001|title=Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression|journal=Southern Economic Journal| volume=67|issue=4|pages=848–68|doi=10.2307/1061574|jstor=1061574}}. |
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* {{Citation|last1=McDonald|first1=Judith|authorlink=|last2==O'Brien|first2= Anthony Patrick|last3= Callahan|first3= Colleen|year=1997|title=Trade Wars: Canada's Reaction to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff|journal= Journal of Economic History|volume=57|issue=4|pages=802–26|doi=10.1017/S0022050700019549|jstor=2951161}}. |
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* {{Citation|title=Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics|last=Merill|first=Milton|authorlink=| year=1990|publisher=Utah State Press|location=Logan, UT|isbn=0-87421-127-1|pages=}}. |
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* {{Citation|last=O'Brien|first=Anthony|title=Smoot–Hawley Tariff|encyclopedia=EH Encyclopedia|publisher=|location=|url=http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/article/obrien.hawley-smoot.tariff|accessdate=2017-03-15|archive-date=2010-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122042222/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/obrien.hawley-smoot.tariff|dead-url=yes}}. |
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* {{Citation|title=Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, 1929–1976|last=Pastor| first=Robert|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-03904-1| pages=}}. |
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* {{Citation|title=Politics, Pressures and the Tariff|last=Schattschneider|first=E. E.|authorlink= Elmer Eric Schattschneider|year=1935|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=New York|isbn=|pages=}} → Classic study of passage of Hawley–Smoot tariff. |
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* {{Citation|title=The Tariff History of the United States|last=Taussig|first=F. W.|authorlink=Frank William Taussig|edition=8th|year=1931|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|isbn=|pages=|url=https://www.mises.org/etexts/taussig.pdf}}. |
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* {{Citation|title=Lessons from the Great Depression|last=Temin|first=Peter|authorlink=| year=1989|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-262-20073-2|pages=}}. |
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* {{Citation|title=Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia|last1=Turney|first1=Elaine C. Prange|authorlink=|last2=Northrup|first2= Cynthia Clark|year=2003|publisher=|location=|isbn=|pages=}}. |
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* {{Citation|title=Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression|last=Irwin|first=Douglas|authorlink=|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15032-1|pages=256}}. |
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{{Refend}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
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* {{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/node/18438065 |title=Book Review: The Great Depression; Blame game; Was legislation sponsored by two Republicans to blame? |date=March 24, 2011 |work=[[The Economist]] |location= London}} |
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[[Kategori:Depresi Besar di Amerika Serikat]] |
[[Kategori:Depresi Besar di Amerika Serikat]] |
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[[Kategori:Legislasi perdagangan federal Amerika Serikat]] |
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[[Kategori:Sejarah Amerika Serikat (1918–1945)]] |
[[Kategori:Sejarah Amerika Serikat (1918–1945)]] |
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⚫ |
Revisi terkini sejak 29 Mei 2021 10.38
Judul lengkap | Suatu UU Untuk memberikan pendapatan, untuk mengatur perdagangan dengan negara-negara asing, untuk mendorong industri Amerika Serikat, untuk melindungi tenaga kerja Amerika, dan untuk tujuan lainnya. |
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Julukan | Tarif Smoot-Hawley, Tarif Hawley-Smoot |
Disahkan oleh | Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-71 |
Berlaku | 13 Maret 1930 |
Kutipan | |
Public law | Pub.L. 71-361 |
Statutes at Large | ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590 |
Riwayat legislatif | |
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Undang-Undang Smoot-Hawley atau Undang-Undang Tarif 1930 (dikodifikasikan pada 19 U.S.C. ch. 4), atau dikenal sebagai Tarif Smoot–Hawley atau Tarif Hawley–Smoot,[1] adalah suatu undang-undang yang diprakarsai oleh Senator Reed Smoot dan Anggota Dewan Willis C. Hawley dan disahkan menjadi undang-undang pada 17 Juni 1930. Undang-undang ini menaikkan tarif AS terhadap lebih dari 20.000 barang-barang impor.[2]
Tarif (tidak termasuk impor bebas-cukai – lihat #Lapisan tarif di bawah) menurut undang-undang ini merupakan tertinggi kedua di Amerika Serikat dalam 100 tahun, dilampaui dengan selisih kecil dari Tarif 1828.[3] UU ini dan diikuti dengan tarif balasan oleh mitra dagang Amerika membantu mengurangi ekspor dan import Amerika lebih dari setengah selama Depresi;[4] namun para ekonom tidak setuju dalam hal berapa banyaknya.
Pemrakarsa dan sejarah legislatif[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pada 1922, Kongres mengesahkan Undang-Undang Tarif Fordney–McCumber yang menaikkan tarif impor.
Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590, June 17, 1930, see 19 U.S.C. § 1654
- ^ Taussig (1931)
- ^ WWS 543: Class notes, 2/17/10, Paul Krugman, February 16, 2010, Presentation, slide 4
- ^ Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 (University of North Carolina Press, 1995, pp. 100–03)
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Archibald, Robert B.; =Feldman, David H. (1998), "Investment During the Great Depression: Uncertainty and the Role of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Southern Economic Journal, 64 (4): 857–79, doi:10.2307/1061208, JSTOR 1061208.
- Crucini, Mario J. (1994), "Sources of variation in real tariff rates: The United States 1900 to 1940", American Economic Review, 84 (3): 346–53, JSTOR 2118081.
- Crucini, Mario J.; Kahn, James (1996), "Tariffs and Aggregate Economic Activity: Lessons from the Great Depression", Journal of Monetary Economics, 38 (3): 427–67, doi:10.1016/S0304-3932(96)01298-6.
- Eckes, Alfred (1995), Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-585-02905-9.
- Eichengreen, Barry (1989), "The Political Economy of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Research in Economic History, 12: 1–43.
- Irwin, Douglas (1998), "The Smoot–Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment", Review of Economics and Statistics, 80 (2): 326–34, doi:10.1162/003465398557410.
- Irwin, Douglas A. Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression (Princeton University Press; 2011) 244 pages
- Kaplan, Edward S. (1996), American Trade Policy: 1923–1995, London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-29480-1.
- Kottman, Richard N. (1975), "Herbert Hoover and the Smoot–Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study", Journal of American History, 62 (3): 609–35, doi:10.2307/2936217, JSTOR 2936217.
- Koyama, Kumiko (2009), "The Passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?", Journal of Policy History, 21 (2): 163–86, doi:10.1017/S0898030609090071.
- Madsen, Jakob B. (2001), "Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression", Southern Economic Journal, 67 (4): 848–68, doi:10.2307/1061574, JSTOR 1061574.
- McDonald, Judith; =O'Brien, Anthony Patrick; Callahan, Colleen (1997), "Trade Wars: Canada's Reaction to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Journal of Economic History, 57 (4): 802–26, doi:10.1017/S0022050700019549, JSTOR 2951161.
- Merill, Milton (1990), Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics, Logan, UT: Utah State Press, ISBN 0-87421-127-1.
- O'Brien, Anthony, "Smoot–Hawley Tariff", EH Encyclopedia, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-22, diakses tanggal 2017-03-15.
- Pastor, Robert (1980), Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, 1929–1976, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03904-1.
- Schattschneider, E. E. (1935), Politics, Pressures and the Tariff, New York: Prentice-Hall → Classic study of passage of Hawley–Smoot tariff.
- Taussig, F. W. (1931), The Tariff History of the United States (PDF) (edisi ke-8th), New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- Temin, Peter (1989), Lessons from the Great Depression, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-20073-2.
- Turney, Elaine C. Prange; Northrup, Cynthia Clark (2003), Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia.
- Irwin, Douglas (2011), Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression, Princeton University Press, hlm. 256, ISBN 978-0-691-15032-1.