Wallacea: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Wallacea-id.png|jmpl|{{leftlegend|#2be700|Subkawasan Sulawesi: Pulau Sulawesi, Kepulauan Talaud, Sangihe, Togian, dan Sula|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#ff6600|Subkawasan Maluku: Pulau Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Buru, Ambon, dan Seram|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#fffc00|Subkawasan Nusa Tenggara: Pulau Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, dan Kepulauan Tanimbar|outline=gray}}]] |
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[[Berkas:Indonesia Wallacea.svg|thumb|right|402px|Wallacea mencakup pulau-pulau di area yang ditandai merah. Garis biru melukiskan [[Max Carl Wilhelm Weber|Garis Weber]].]] |
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'''Wallacea''' adalah '''kawasan [[biogeografi]]s''' yang mencakup sekelompok [[pulau |
'''Wallacea''' adalah '''kawasan [[biogeografi]]s''' yang mencakup sekelompok [[pulau]]-pulau dan [[kepulauan]] di wilayah [[Indonesia]] bagian tengah, terpisah dari [[paparan benua]]-benua [[Asia]] dan [[Australia]] oleh [[selat]]-selat yang dalam. Nama Wallacea sendiri diambil dari seorang naturalis [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] yang telah mendeskripsikan batas-batas biologis kawasan [[zoogeografis]] yang dikenal sebagai [[Garis Wallace]].<ref>{{cite book|title= Panduan Lapangan Burung-Burung di Kawasan Wallacea|author= Coates, Brian and Bishop, K|year= 2000|publisher=BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme & Dove Publications Pty.|location=Brisbane, Australia|isbn= 979-95794-2-2}}</ref> |
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Wallace menyadari ada perbedaan karakteristik antara hewan-hewan di Kalimantan dan Sulawesi dan di [[Bali]] dan Lombok, meskipun pulau-pulau tersebut berdekatan. Ia mengajukan teori bahwa ada garis tak kasatmata yang membujur antara Kalimantan dan Sulawesi dan Bali dan Lombok, yang memisahkan [[fauna]] dari pulau-pulau tersebut.<ref name="theconversation">[https://theconversation.com/wallacea-laboratorium-hidup-evolusi-85733 The Conversation]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Kawasan Wallacea meliputi pulau-pulau [[Sulawesi]] (yang terbesar di kelompok ini), [[Lombok]], [[Sumbawa]], [[Flores]], [[Sumba]], [[Timor]], [[Halmahera]], [[Buru]], [[Seram]], serta banyak pulau-pulau kecil di antaranya. Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa kawasan Wallacea memuat seluruh Pulau Sulawesi, [[Nusa Tenggara]], dan [[Maluku]]. Wilayah ini terletak di antara [[Paparan Sunda]] atau Dangkalan Sunda di barat, dan [[Paparan Sahul]] atau Dangkalan Sahul di timur. Total luas daratan kawasan Wallacea sekitar 347,000 km². |
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| ⚫ | Wallacea adalah zona transisi antara daerah biogeografis Indo-Malaya Raya dan [[Australasia]]. Jutaan tahun berada dalam relatif isolasi menghasilkan fauna endemik yang luar biasa untuk berkembang di sini.<ref name="theconversation" /> Kawasan Wallacea meliputi pulau-pulau [[Sulawesi]] (yang terbesar di kelompok ini), [[Lombok]], [[Sumbawa]], [[Flores]], [[Sumba]], [[Timor]], [[Halmahera]], [[Buru]], [[Seram]], serta banyak pulau-pulau kecil di antaranya. Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa kawasan Wallacea memuat seluruh Pulau Sulawesi, [[Nusa Tenggara]], dan [[Maluku]]. Wilayah ini terletak di antara [[Paparan Sunda]] atau Dangkalan Sunda di barat, dan [[Paparan Sahul]] atau Dangkalan Sahul di timur. Total luas daratan kawasan Wallacea sekitar 347,000 km². |
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Di Wallacea terdapat 697 spesies burung, 249 (36%) di antaranya endemik. Di Sulawesi dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya, ada 328 spesies burung, 230 di antara tidak bermigrasi dan 97 spesies endemis, contohnya burung maleo.<ref name="theconversation" /> |
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|+[[Provinsi]] dan pulau-pulau besar di Wallacea |
|+[[Provinsi]] dan pulau-pulau besar di Wallacea |
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|rowspan="2"|[[Sulawesi]]<br />6 provinsi |
|rowspan="2"|[[Sulawesi]]<br />6 provinsi |
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[[Berkas:Map of Sunda and Sahul.png|400px|thumb|[[Paparan Sunda]] dan [[Paparan Sahul|Sahul]], kawasan Wallacea terletak di antaranya.]] |
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== Subkawasan Sulawesi == |
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== Kepulauan Maluku == |
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== Nusa Tenggara == |
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The boundary between Sundaland and Wallacea follows the [[Wallace Line]], named after the naturalist [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] who noted the differences in mammal and bird fauna between the islands either side of the line. The Islands of Sundaland to the west of the line, including Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, share a similar [[mammal]] fauna with East Asia, including tigers, rhinoceros, and apes. During the ice ages, sea levels were lower, exposing the [[Sunda shelf]] that links these islands to one another and to Asia,<ref>http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/zoology/zoo_sites/seamaps/mapindex1.htm Pleistocene Sea Level Maps</ref> and allowed Asian land animals to inhabit these islands. The islands of Wallacea have few land mammals, land birds, or freshwater fish of continental origin, who find it difficult to cross open ocean. Many bird, reptile, and insect species were better able to cross the straits, and many such species of Australian and Asian origin are found there. Wallacea's plants are predominantly of Asian origin, and botanists include Sundaland, Wallacea, and New Guinea as the [[floristic province]] of [[Malesia]]. |
The boundary between Sundaland and Wallacea follows the [[Wallace Line]], named after the naturalist [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] who noted the differences in mammal and bird fauna between the islands either side of the line. The Islands of Sundaland to the west of the line, including Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, share a similar [[mammal]] fauna with East Asia, including tigers, rhinoceros, and apes. During the ice ages, sea levels were lower, exposing the [[Sunda shelf]] that links these islands to one another and to Asia,<ref>http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/zoology/zoo_sites/seamaps/mapindex1.htm Pleistocene Sea Level Maps</ref> and allowed Asian land animals to inhabit these islands. The islands of Wallacea have few land mammals, land birds, or freshwater fish of continental origin, who find it difficult to cross open ocean. Many bird, reptile, and insect species were better able to cross the straits, and many such species of Australian and Asian origin are found there. Wallacea's plants are predominantly of Asian origin, and botanists include Sundaland, Wallacea, and New Guinea as the [[floristic province]] of [[Malesia]]. |
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The [[Weber Line]] is the midpoint where Asian and Australian fauna and flora are approximately equally represented, and follows the deepest [[strait]]s traversing the [[Indonesian Archipelago]]. |
The [[Weber Line]] is the midpoint where Asian and Australian fauna and flora are approximately equally represented, and follows the deepest [[strait]]s traversing the [[Indonesian Archipelago]]. |
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==Biota and conservation issues== |
== Biota and conservation issues == |
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Although the distant ancestors of Wallacea's plants and animals may have been from Asia or Australia-New Guinea, Wallacea is home to many [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] species. There is extensive [[wikt:autochthonous|autochthonous]] [[speciation]] and proportionately large numbers of [[Endemism|endemics]]; it is an important contributor to the overall mega-[[biodiversity]] of the Indonesian archipelago.<ref>http://www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ANE/2004-02%20Indonesia%20Biodiversity%20and%20Tropical%20Forest.pdf page 3-2</ref> Because many of the islands are separated from one another by deep water, there is tremendous species diversity among the islands as well.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} |
Although the distant ancestors of Wallacea's plants and animals may have been from Asia or Australia-New Guinea, Wallacea is home to many [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] species. There is extensive [[wikt:autochthonous|autochthonous]] [[speciation]] and proportionately large numbers of [[Endemism|endemics]]; it is an important contributor to the overall mega-[[biodiversity]] of the Indonesian archipelago.<ref>http://www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ANE/2004-02%20Indonesia%20Biodiversity%20and%20Tropical%20Forest.pdf page 3-2</ref> Because many of the islands are separated from one another by deep water, there is tremendous species diversity among the islands as well.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} |
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Wallacea is home to 82 threatened and six critically endangered species of terrestrial vertebrates. |
Wallacea is home to 82 threatened and six critically endangered species of terrestrial vertebrates. |
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==Ecoregions== |
== Ecoregions == |
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[[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] |
[[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] |
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* [[Banda Sea Islands moist broadleaf forests]] ([[Kai Islands]], [[Tanimbar Islands]]) |
* [[Banda Sea Islands moist broadleaf forests]] ([[Kai Islands]], [[Tanimbar Islands]]) |
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* [[Timor and Wetar deciduous forests]] ([[Timor]], [[Barat Daya Islands]], [[Banda Islands]], [[Babar Island]], [[Leti Islands]]) |
* [[Timor and Wetar deciduous forests]] ([[Timor]], [[Barat Daya Islands]], [[Banda Islands]], [[Babar Island]], [[Leti Islands]]) |
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==Distribution between Asia and Australasia== |
== Distribution between Asia and Australasia == |
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{{Refimprove|date=December 2008}} |
{{Refimprove|date=December 2008}} |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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== Bacaan lanjutan == |
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* Abdullah MT. (2003). Biogeography and variation of ''Cynopterus brachyotis'' in Southeast Asia. PhD thesis. [[University of Queensland]], St Lucia, Australia. |
* Abdullah MT. (2003). Biogeography and variation of ''Cynopterus brachyotis'' in Southeast Asia. PhD thesis. [[University of Queensland]], St Lucia, Australia. |
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* Corbet, GB, Hill JE. (1992). The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford. |
* Corbet, GB, Hill JE. (1992). The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford. |
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* [http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/wallacea/ Conservation International: Wallacea] |
* [http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/wallacea/ Conservation International: Wallacea] |
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* [http://www.jstor.org/pss/986523 Too Many Lines; The Limits of the Oriental and Australian Zoogeographic Regions] George Gaylord Simpson, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Apr. 29, 1977), pp. 107–120 |
* [http://www.jstor.org/pss/986523 Too Many Lines; The Limits of the Oriental and Australian Zoogeographic Regions] George Gaylord Simpson, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Apr. 29, 1977), pp. 107–120 |
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* [http://www.wallacea.info/ Wallacea Research Group] |
* [http://www.wallacea.info/ Wallacea Research Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905165443/http://www.wallacea.info/ |date=2009-09-05 }} |
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* [http://www.starfish.ch/dive/Wallacea.html map of Wallace's, Weber's and Lydekker's lines] |
* [http://www.starfish.ch/dive/Wallacea.html map of Wallace's, Weber's and Lydekker's lines] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 2 Maret 2024 08.53
Wallacea adalah kawasan biogeografis yang mencakup sekelompok pulau-pulau dan kepulauan di wilayah Indonesia bagian tengah, terpisah dari paparan benua-benua Asia dan Australia oleh selat-selat yang dalam. Nama Wallacea sendiri diambil dari seorang naturalis Alfred Russel Wallace yang telah mendeskripsikan batas-batas biologis kawasan zoogeografis yang dikenal sebagai Garis Wallace.[1]
Wallace menyadari ada perbedaan karakteristik antara hewan-hewan di Kalimantan dan Sulawesi dan di Bali dan Lombok, meskipun pulau-pulau tersebut berdekatan. Ia mengajukan teori bahwa ada garis tak kasatmata yang membujur antara Kalimantan dan Sulawesi dan Bali dan Lombok, yang memisahkan fauna dari pulau-pulau tersebut.[2]
Wallacea adalah zona transisi antara daerah biogeografis Indo-Malaya Raya dan Australasia. Jutaan tahun berada dalam relatif isolasi menghasilkan fauna endemik yang luar biasa untuk berkembang di sini.[2] Kawasan Wallacea meliputi pulau-pulau Sulawesi (yang terbesar di kelompok ini), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, serta banyak pulau-pulau kecil di antaranya. Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa kawasan Wallacea memuat seluruh Pulau Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, dan Maluku. Wilayah ini terletak di antara Paparan Sunda atau Dangkalan Sunda di barat, dan Paparan Sahul atau Dangkalan Sahul di timur. Total luas daratan kawasan Wallacea sekitar 347,000 km².
Di Wallacea terdapat 697 spesies burung, 249 (36%) di antaranya endemik. Di Sulawesi dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya, ada 328 spesies burung, 230 di antara tidak bermigrasi dan 97 spesies endemis, contohnya burung maleo.[2]
| Sulawesi 6 provinsi |
Maluku Utara, termasuk Halmahera |
| Maluku, tidak termasuk Aru | |
| Nusa Tenggara Barat (Lombok, Sumbawa) |
Nusa Tenggara Timur, termasuk Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Timor Barat Timor Leste (negara tersendiri) |
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Coates, Brian and Bishop, K (2000). Panduan Lapangan Burung-Burung di Kawasan Wallacea. Brisbane, Australia: BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme & Dove Publications Pty. ISBN 979-95794-2-2.
- ^ a b c The Conversation
Bacaan lanjutan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Abdullah MT. (2003). Biogeography and variation of Cynopterus brachyotis in Southeast Asia. PhD thesis. University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
- Corbet, GB, Hill JE. (1992). The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Hall LS, Gordon G. Grigg, Craig Moritz, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, Wahab Marni and M.T. Abdullah. (2004). Biogeography of fruit bats in Southeast Asia. Sarawak Museum Journal LX(81):191–284.
- Wilson DE, Reeder DM. (2005). Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Conservation International: Wallacea
- Too Many Lines; The Limits of the Oriental and Australian Zoogeographic Regions George Gaylord Simpson, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Apr. 29, 1977), pp. 107–120
- Wallacea Research Group Diarsipkan 2009-09-05 di Wayback Machine.
- map of Wallace's, Weber's and Lydekker's lines
 | Artikel bertopik geografi ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. |