Garam Tutton
Garam Tutton adalah sebuah keluarga garam dengan rumus M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfat) atau M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenat). Bahan-bahan ini merupakan garam ganda, artinya mereka mengandung dua kation berbeda, M+ dan M'2+ yang mengkristal dalam kisi ionik beraturan yang sama.[1] Kation univalen dapat berupa kalium, rubidium, sesium, amonium (NH4), amonium terdeuterasi (ND4), atau talium. Ion natrium atau litium terlalu kecil. Kation divalen dapat berupa magnesium, vanadium, kromium, mangan, besi, kobalt, nikel, tembaga, seng atau kadmium. Selain sulfat dan selenat, anion divalen dapat berupa kromat (CrO42−), tetrafluoroberilat (BeF42−), hidrogenfosfat (HPO42−),[2] atau monofluorofosfat (PO3F2−). Garam Tutton mengkristal dalam grup ruang monoklinik P21/a.[3] Kekokohan tersebut merupakan hasil dari ikatan hidrogen komplementer antara anion dan kation tetrahedral serta interaksinya dengan kompleks logam akuo [M(H2O)6]2+.
Contoh dan senyawa terkait
[sunting | sunting sumber]Mungkin yang paling terkenal adalah garam Mohr, fero amonium sulfat (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.(H2O)6).[4] Contoh lainnya meliputi garam Tutton vanado (NH4)2V(SO4)2(H2O)6 dan garam Tutton kromo (NH4)2Cr(SO4)2(H2O)6.[5] Dalam padatan dan larutan, ion M'2+ terdapat sebagai kompleks logam akuo [M'(H2O)6]2+.
Senyawa yang terkait dengan garam Tutton adalah alum, yang juga merupakan garam ganda tetapi dengan rumus MM'(SO4)2(H2O)12. Garam Tutton pernah disebut sebagai "alum palsu".[6]
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Sel unit fero amonium sulfat (N berwarna ungu, O berwarna merah, S berwarna oranye, Fe berwarna merah besar).
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Struktur yang sama dengan jaringan ikatan hidrogen disorot.
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Garam Tutton kadang-kadang disebut Schönit, dari mineral alami yang disebut Schönit (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6). Namanya diambil dari Alfred E. H. Tutton, yang mengidentifikasi dan mengarakterisasi sejumlah besar garam ini sekitar tahun 1900.[7] Garam tersebut memiliki sejarah yang penting karena dapat diperoleh dengan kemurnian tinggi dan berfungsi sebagai reagen dan standar spektroskopi yang andal.
Tabel garam
[sunting | sunting sumber]M1 | M2 | rumus | nama | a Å | b Å | c Å | β° | V Å3 | warna | Nα | Nβ | Nγ | biaksial | 2V | lainnya |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Cd | K2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Kalium kadmium sulfat heksahidrat[8] | ||||||||||||
Cs | Cd | Cs2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Sesium kadmium sulfat heksahidrat[9] | ||||||||||||
NH4 | Cd | (NH4)2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Amonium kadmium sulfat hidrat | 9,395 | 12,776 | 6,299 | 106°43' | 727,63 | nirwarna | 1,486 | 1,488 | 1,494 | biaksial (-f) | besar[10] | kerapatan=2,05[11]
Perlahan-lahan kehilangan air di udara kering.[12] |
K | Co | K2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2[13] | Kalium kobalto sulfat[14] | 6,151 | 9,061 | 12,207 | 104,8° | 657,78[15] | merah | kerapatan=2,21 | |||||
Rb | Co | Rb2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium heksaakuakobalt(II) sulfat | 6,24 | 9,19 | 12,453 | 105,99° | 686,5[12] | merah rubi[16] | kerapatan=2,56 | |||||
Cs | Co | Cs2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Sesium heksaakuakobalt(II) sulfat | 9,318(1) | 12,826(3) | 6,3650(9) | 107,13(1)° | 727,0[17] | merah gelap | ||||||
NH4 | Co | (NH4)2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2[18] | Kobalto amonium sulfat heksahidrat | 6,242 | 9,255 | 12,549 | 106,98° | 693,3[19] | lembayung[20] | kerapatan=1,89 | |||||
Tl | Co | Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Kobalto talium sulfat heksahidrat, Talium heksaakuakobalt(II) sulfat, | 9,227(1) | 12,437(2) | 6,220(1) | 106,40(1)° | 684,7 | merah muda[21] | ||||||
Tl | Co | Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Ditalium kobalt sulfat heksahidrat | 9,235(1) | 12,442(2) | 6,227(1) | 106,40(1)° | pink kekuningan | 1,599 | 1,613 | 1,624 | biaksial (-) | besar sedang[22] | kerapatan=4,180 g/cm3 | |
Rb | Cr | Rb2[Cr(H2O)6](SO4)2[23] | Dirubidium kromium sulfat heksahidrat | ||||||||||||
Cs | Cr | Cs2[Cr(H2O)6](SO4)2[23] | Disesium kromium sulfat heksahidrat | ||||||||||||
ND4 | Cr | (ND4)2Cr(SO4)2 • 6H2O[23] | Diamonium terdeuterasi kromium sulfat heksahidrat | biru terang | terbentuk dari dengan amonium sulfat dalam air minimal di bawah gas nitrogen. Stabil di udara dari oksidasi, tetapi dapat mengalami dehidrasi.[24] | ||||||||||
K | Cu | K2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Sianokroit[14] | 9,27 | 12,44 | 6,30 | 104,47[25] | 663,0[25] | biru hijau pucat | kerapatan=2,21[25] dalam sel unit 7,76 antara dua atom Cu[26] | |||||
Rb | Cu | Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Dirubidium heksaakuatembaga sulfat | 9,267 | 12,366 | 6,228 | 105°19' | 686,8 | biru kehijauan cemerlang | 1,488 | 1,491 | 1,506 | biaksial (+)[27] | sedang | kerapatan=2,580 g/cm3[10] Cu-O 2,098 Å Rb-O 3,055 Å.[27] |
Cs | Cu | Cs2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2[28] | Disesium heksaakuatembaga sulfat | 9,439 | 12,762 | 6,310 | 106°11' | 718,5 | biru kehijauan cemerlang | 1,504 | 1,506 | 1,514 | biaksial (+) | kerapatan=2,864 g/cm3[29] | |
NH4 | Cu | (NH4)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Amonium heksaakuatembaga(II) sulfat[30] | 6,31 | 12,38 | 9,22 | 106,16° | 691,25[31] | kerapatan=1,921;[31] panas pembentukan=−777,9 kcal/mol;[31] Sumbu distorsi Jahn-Teller beralih di bawah tekanan ~1500 bar, sumbu a,b menyusut 3,3% dan 3,5% dan sumbu c memanjang 4,5%.[30] | ||||||
Tl | Cu | Tl2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Talium tembaga sulfat hidrat | 9,268 | 12,364 | 6,216 | 105°33' | biru kehijauan cemerlang | 1,600 | 1,610 | 1,620 | biaksial | sangat besar[32] | kerapatan=3,740 g/cm3 | |
K | Fe | K2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Dikalium besi sulfat heksahidrat[14] | ||||||||||||
Rb | Fe | Rb2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium besi sulfat hidrat | 9,218 | 12,497 | 6,256 | 105°45' | hijau pucat | 1,480 | 1,489 | 1,501 | biaksial (+) | besar | kerapatan=2,523 g/cm3[33] | |
Cs | Fe | Cs2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Sesium heksaakuabesi(II) sulfat | 9,357(2) | 12,886(2) | 6,381(1) | 106,94(1)° | 736,0 | kuning gelap[17] hijau sangat pucat | 1,501 | 1,504 | 1,516 | biaksial (+) | sedang[34] | kerapatan=2,805 |
NH4 | Fe | (NH4)2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Mohrit[14] | 6,24(1) | 12,65(2) | 9,32(2) | 106,8(1) | 704,28 | hijau pucat seperti kaca | kerapatan=1,85; dinamai dari Karl Friedrich Mohr[35] | |||||
Tl | Fe | Tl2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Talium heksaakuabesi(II) sulfat | 9,262(2) | 12,497(1) | 6,235(2) | 106,15(1)° | 693,2[21] | hijau muda | 1,590 | 1,605 | =1,616 | biaksial (-) | besar | kerapatan=3,662 g/cm3[36] |
K | Mg | K2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Pikromerit | 9,04 | 12,24 | 6,095 | 104°48'[14] | nirwarna atau putih | 1,460 | 1,462 | 1,472 | biaksial (+) | sedang | kerapatan=2,025 g/cm3;[37] memperluas lingkup koordinasi kedua di sekitar Mg.[14] | |
Rb | Mg | Rb2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium magnesium sulfat heksahidrat[38] | 9,235 | 12,486 | 6,224 | 105°59' | nirwarna | 1,467 | 1,469 | 1,476[39] | biaksial | |||
Cs | Mg | Cs2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Sesium heksaakuamagnesium sulfat | 9,338(2) | 12,849(4) | 6,361(2) | 107,07(2)° | 729,6 | nirwarna[17] | 1,481 | 1,485 | 1,492 | biaksial (+) | sedang | kerapatan=2,689[40] |
NH4 | Mg | (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Bousingaultit | 9,28 | 12,57 | 6,2 | 107°6'[14][18] | ||||||||
NH4 | Mg | (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Amonium magnesium kromium oksida hidrat | 9,508±0,001 | 12,674 | 6,246 | 106°14' | kuning terang | 1,637 | 1,638 | 1,653 | biaksial (+) | kecil | kerapatan=1,840 g/cm3[10] | |
Tl | Mg | Tl2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2[41] | Ditalium magnesium sulfat heksahidrat | 9,22 9,262(2) | 12,42 12,459(2) | 6,185 6,207(1) | 106°30' 106,39(2)° | 687,1 | nirwarna[21] | kerapatan=3,532 g/cm3 | |||||
Rb | Mn | Rb2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Dirubidium heksaakuamangan sulfat(VI) | 9,282(2) | 12,600(2) | 6,254(2) | 105,94(2) | 703,3Å3[42][43] | |||||||
Cs | Mn | Cs2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Sesium heksaakuamangan(II) sulfat | 9,418(3) | 12,963(2) | 6,386(3) | 107,17(4)° | 744,9 | pink pucat[17] putih keunguan[44] | 1,495 | 1,497 | 1,502 | biaksial (+) | besar | kerapatan=2,763[44] |
NH4 | Mn | (NH4)2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Mangan amonium sulfat heksahidrat | 9,40 | 12,74 | 6,26 | 107,0°[45] | pink pucat | 1,482 | 1,456 | 1,492 | biaksial (+) | besar | kerapatan=1,827 [46] | |
Tl | Mn | Tl2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Talium mangan sulfat heksahidrat | 9,3276(6), 9,322(2) | 12,5735(8), 12,565(2) | 6,2407(4), dan 6,233(1) | 106,310(3)°[47] 106.29(2)°, | 700,8[21] | pink muda | ||||||
K | Ni | K2Ni(SO4)2 • 6H2O[13] | Kalium nikel sulfat heksahidrat[14] | digunakan sebagai filter UV[48] | |||||||||||
Rb | Ni | Rb2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium nikel sulfat heksahidrat | 6,221 | 12,41 | 9,131 | 106,055° | 677,43 | Permukaan 001 memiliki pertumbuhan bertahap sebesar 4,6 Å, pita transmisi optik pada 250, 500, dan 860 nm yang sama dengan nikel sulfat heksahidrat, tetapi pita UV mentransmisikan lebih banyak. Serapan berat 630-720 nm dan 360-420 nm3; kerapatan 2,596 g cm−3.[48] Stabil hingga suhu 100,5 °C; kelarutan dalam g/100ml=0,178t + 4,735 MW=529,87 | ||||||
Cs | Ni | Cs2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Sesium heksaakuanikel(II) sulfat, Sesium nikel sulfat heksahidrat | 9,259(2) | 12,767(2) | 6,358(1) | 107,00(2)° | 718,7[17] | biru kehijauan | 1,507 | 1,512 | 1,516 | biaksial (-) | sangat besar | kerapatan=2,883;[49] digunakan sebagai filter UV[48] |
NH4 | Ni | (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Nikel-bousingaultit[14][50] | 9,186 | 12,468 | 6,424 | 684,0 | hijau kebiruan[51][52] | kerapatan=1,918; CAS=51287-85-5 | ||||||
Tl | Ni | Tl2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Talium heksaakuanikel(II) sulfat | 9,161(2) | 12,389(2) | 6,210(2) | 106,35(2)° | 676,3 | biru kehijauan[21] | 1,602 | 1,615 | 1,620 | biaksial (-) | besar | kerapatan=3,763[53] |
K | Ru | K2[Ru(H2O)6](SO4)2 | [54] | 8,950 | 12,268 | 6,135 | 105,27 | 644 | |||||||
Rb | Ru | Rb2[Ru(H2O)6](SO4)2 | [54] | 9,132 | 12,527 | 6,351 | 106,30 | ||||||||
K | V | K2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Vanadium(II) kalium sulfat heksahidrat[55] | ||||||||||||
Rb | V | Rb2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium vanadium(II) sulfat | ||||||||||||
NH4 | V | (NH4)2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Vanadium(II) amonium sulfat heksahidrat | 9,42 | 12,76 | 6,22 | 107,2° | 714,2 | ametis | kerapatan=1,8 V-O; panjang 2,15Å[56] | |||||
K | Zn | K2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2[13][14] | Dikalium seng sulfat heksahidrat | 9,041 | 12,310 | 6,182 | 104,777° | nirwarna | 1,478 | 1,481 | 1,496 | biaksial | besar | kerapatan=2,242 g/cm3;[57] Dekomposisi termal pada suhu 252 K.[58] | |
Rb | Zn | Rb2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium seng sulfat heksahidrat[59] | 9,185 | 12,450 | 6,242 | 105°54' | nirwarna | 1,483 | 1,489 | 1,497 | biaksial | besar[60] | ||
Cs | Zn | Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Seng sesium sulfat heksahidrat[61] | 9,314(2) | 12,817(2) | 6,369(2) | 106,94(2)° | 727,3 | nirwarna[17] | 1,507 | 1,610 | 1,615 | biaksial (-) | besar | kerapatan=2,881[62] |
NH4 | Zn | (NH4)2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | 9,205 | 12,475 | 6,225 | 106°52'[18] | 684,1 | panas peleburan 285 J/g[63] | |||||||
Tl | Zn | Tl2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Talium heksaakuaseng(II) sulfat [64] | 9,219(2) | 12,426(2) | 6,226(1) | 106,29(2)° | 684,6 | nirwarna[21] | ||||||
selenat | |||||||||||||||
Cs | Ni | Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SeO4)2 | Disesium nikel selenat heksahidrat[65] | 7,4674 | 7,9152 | 11,7972 | 106,363 | 669,04 | hijau muda | ||||||
Rb | Cu | Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SeO4)2 | Dirubidium tembaga selenat heksahidrat[66] | 6,363 | 12,431 | 9,373 | 104,33 | 718,3 |
Garam organik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Beberapa basa organik juga dapat membentuk garam yang mengkristal seperti garam Tutton.
rumus | nama | a Å | b Å | c Å | β° | V Å3 | warna | Nα | Nβ | Nγ | biaksial | 2V | lainnya |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(C4H12N2)[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Piperazinediium heksaakuaseng(II) bis(sulfat)[67] | 12,9562 | 10,6502 | 13,3251 | 114,032 | 1679,30 | nirwarna | ||||||
Kadmium kreatininium sulfat[68] | 6,5584 | 27,871 | 7,1955 | 110,371 | 1232,99 | nirwarna |
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