Lihat sumber Sejarah olahraga

{{Orphan|date=Februari 2023}}

{{Rough translation|date=Maret 2022}}
[[File:Ancient Sumo competition.jpg|thumb| Kompetisi gulat [[sumo]] kuno dari periode [[Zaman Heian|Heian]] atau [[Zaman Kamakura|Kamakura]] Jepang (antara 794 dan 1333)]]

<span lang="th">'''Sejarah olahraga''' tidak dapat dilepaskan dari apa yang terjadi di dunia Kuno. Pada zaman itu,</span> aktivitas fisik yang berkembang menjadi olahraga memiliki keterkaitan awal dengan [[ritual]], [[perang]], dan [[hiburan]].<ref>
{{cite book|last1=Crowther|first1=Nigel B.|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whvJtfTSd04C|title=Sport in Ancient Times|location=Westport, Connecticut|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275987398|series=Praeger series on the ancient world, ISSN 1932-1406|page=xxii|quote=People in the ancient world rarely practiced sports for their own sake, especially in the earliest times, for physical pursuits had strong links with ritual, warfare, entertainment, or other external features.|access-date=30 Mei 2018}}
</ref>

Penelitian mengenai [[history|sejarah]] olahraga menghasilkan pelajaran tentang [[sociology|perubahan-perubahan sosial]] dan mengenai sifat [[sport|olahraga]] itu sendiri, karena olahraga kelihatannya terwujud dalam pengembangan keahlian dasar manusia (compare [[play (activity)|play]]).{{citation needed|date= November 2016}}Ketika mencoba menggali lebih jauh ke belakang dalam sejarah, semakin sedikit bukti yang memuat teori tentang asal usul dan tujuan olahraga.

Pada mulanya, olahraga berkaitan dengan [[military training|pelatihan militer]]. Contohnya, pertandingan olahraga dahulu digunakan sebagai cara untuk menentukan apakah seseorang itu tepat dan berdaya guna untuk menjalankan tugas kemiliteran.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Adapun olahraga beregu dipakai untuk melatih dan membuktikan kemampuan tempur serta untuk bertugas dalam suatu unit ketentaraan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sport and preparing troops for war {{!}} National Army Museum|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/sport-and-preparing-troops-war|access-date=2021-11-17|website=www.nam.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref>

==Olahraga pada masa prasejarah==
[[File:WadiSuraHumans.jpg|thumb|[[Cave painting|Paintings]] of humans in the [[cave of swimmers]]]]
Lukisan-[[Lukisan gua|lukisan dinding gua]] yang ditemukan di Gua [[Lascaux]] di [[Prancis]] terlihat menampilkan olahraga [[lari cepat]] dan [[gulat]] pada era [[Paleolitikum Akhir]] sekitar 15.300 tahun silam.<ref>{{cite web | title = Symbols from the Sky: Heavenly messages from the depths of prehistory may be encoded on the walls of caves throughout Europe. | last = Capelo | first = Holly | date = July 2010 | work = [[Seed Magazine]] | url = http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/symbols_from_the_sky | access-date = 26 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120508010237/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/symbols_from_the_sky/ | archive-date = 8 May 2012 | url-status = unfit }}</ref><ref name="Barber2007">{{cite book|author= Gary Barber|title= Getting Started in Track and Field Athletics: Advice & Ideas for Children, Parents, and Teachers|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oASTvHPxitMC&pg=PA25|access-date= 26 September 2012|date= 1 February 2007|publisher= [[Trafford Publishing]]|isbn= 978-1-4120-6557-3|pages= 25–}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date= April 2018}} Lukisan-lukisan dinding gua di Provinsi [[Bayankhongor Province]] [[Mongolia]] yang diperkirakan berasal dari era [[Neolitikum]] ({{circa | 7000 SM}}) memperlihatkan gambaran sebuah pertandingan gulat yang ditonton banyak orang.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20110317/PC20/303179904 |title=Hartsell, Jeff., Wrestling 'in our blood,' says Bulldogs' Luvsandorj, 17 March 2011 |access-date=2021-12-22 |archive-date=2013-06-24 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hc4DloUX?url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20110317/PC20/303179904 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date= April 2018}} Seni batu Neolitik di "gua para perenang" di Wadi Sura, dekat [[Gilf Kebir]] di [[Mesir]] menampilkan bukti bahwa olahraga [[berenang]] dan [[panahan]] telah dipraktikkan sekitar tahun 10.000 SM Lukisan-lukisan [[prasejarah]] di [[Jepang]] juga menampilkan olahraga yang mirip dengan gulat [[sumo]].<ref name="Crego2003">
{{cite book|author= Robert Crego|title= Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries
|url= https://archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg|url-access= registration|access-date= 26 September 2012
|year= 2003|publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn= 978-0-313-31610-4|pages= [https://archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg/page/34 34]–}}
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Agaknya setelah peralihan dari mengumpulkan buruan, bertani menjadi sarana utama yang dominan dalam hal penyediaan makanan. Individu-individu yang tadinya mengambil peran sebagai pemburu—yang kemungkinan secara fisik lebih condong untuk tujuan tersebut—memiliki sedikit cara untuk memanfaatkan keahlian mereka dalam pengaturan yang lebih praktis lagi. Jadi, alih-alih terus berlatih berburu dan melatih kemampuan tersebut, terbangunlah suatu budaya kompetisi yang bermaksud untuk menunjukkan siapa yang paling "siap" untuk berbagai elemen perburuan; misalnya, kecepatan berlari, kekuatan untuk bergulat atau ketepatan untuk menyerang mangsa dan taruhan yang terkait dengan ajang tersebut. Hal ini kemudian berkembang secara bertahap menjadi apa yang sekarang kita sebut dengan olahraga.

==Sumeria Kuno==
[[File:Egyptmotionseries.jpg|thumb|An [[Egypt]]ian [[burial chamber]] [[mural]], from the tomb of [[Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum]] dating to around 2400 BCE, showing [[wrestler]]s in action<ref name="lessing">[http://www.lessing-photo.com/dispimg.asp?i=08011040+&cr=40&cl=1 Egypt Thomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713201920/http://www.lessing-photo.com/dispimg.asp?i=08011040+&cr=40&cl=1 |date=2011-07-13 }}. ''Lessing Photo''. 15 Feb 2011.</ref>]]
Beragam macam petunjuk adanya para pegulat telah ditemukan pada lempeng-lempeng batu yang digali dari kebudayaan [[Sumeria]].<ref name="Crawford2004">{{cite book|author=Harriet Crawford|title=Sumer and the Sumerians|url=https://archive.org/details/sumersumerians00|url-access=registration|access-date=26 September 2012|date=16 September 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53338-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sumersumerians00/page/247 247]–}}</ref> Satu lukisan berisi tiga pasang pegulat dipercaya berasal dari masa 3000 SM.<ref name="Blanchard1995">{{cite book|author=Kendall Blanchard|title=The Anthropology of Sport: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGeLoS1pWA4C&pg=PA99|access-date=26 September 2012|year=1995|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-0-89789-330-5|pages=99–}}</ref> Sebuah patung perunggu,<ref name="Inc1938">{{cite book|author=Time Inc|author-link=Time Inc|title=LIFE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59|access-date=26 September 2012|date=15 August 1938|publisher=Time Inc|pages=59–|issn=0024-3019}}</ref> (mungkin mirip vas) has been found at Khafaji in [[Iraq]] that shows two figures in a [[wrestling hold]] that dates to around 2600 BCE. The statue is one of the earliest depictions of sport and is housed in the [[National Museum of Iraq]].<ref name="Baṣmahʹjī1975">{{cite book|author=Faraj Baṣmahʹjī|title=Treasures of the Iraq Museum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbJtAAAAMAAJ|access-date=26 September 2012|year=1975|publisher=Al-Jumhuriya Press}}</ref><ref name="Romano1993">{{cite book|author=David Gilman Romano|title=Athletics and Mathematics in Archaic Corinth: The Origins of the Greek Stadion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0gyy5JOZzIC&pg=PA10|access-date=26 September 2012|year=1993|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-206-1|pages=10–}}</ref> The origins of [[boxing]] have also been traced to ancient Sumer.<ref name="Blanchard1995"/> The [[Epic of Gilgamesh]] gives one of the first historical records of sport with [[Gilgamesh]] engaging in a form of [[belt wrestling]] with [[Enkidu]]. The [[cuneiform]] tablets recording the tale date to around 2000 BCE; however, the historical Gilgamesh is supposed to have lived around 2800 to 2600 BCE.<ref name="Crowther2007">{{cite book|author=Nigel B. Crowther|title=Sport in Ancient Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whvJtfTSd04C&pg=PA15|access-date=26 September 2012|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98739-8|pages=15–}}</ref> The Sumerian king [[Shulgi]] also boasts of his prowess in sport in the Self-praise of Shulgi A, B, and C.<ref name="Crowther2007"/> Fishing hooks not unlike those made today have been found during excavations at [[Ur]], showing evidence of [[angling]] in Sumer at around 2600 BCE.<ref name="Hellekson2005"/>

==Mesir Kuno ==
[[Image:AurigaDelfi.jpg|thumb|200px|The ''[[Charioteer of Delphi]]'', [[Delphi Museum]]]]
Monumen tuk Para Firaun yang ditemukan di [[Beni Hasan]] berasal dari masa 2000 SEU<ref name="Hamblin2006">{{cite book|author=W. J. Hamblin|title=Warfare in Ancient Near East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5IQQir5eFEC&pg=PA433|access-date=26 September 2012|date=12 April 2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-25588-2|pages=433–}}</ref> memberi pertanda bahwa sejumlah cabang olahraga termasuk gulat, [[Angkat besi|angkat berat]], [[lompat jauh]], berenang, [[dayung]], panahan, [[memancing]],<ref name="Hellekson2005">{{cite book|author=Terry Hellekson|title=Fish Flies: The Encyclopedia Of The Fly Tier's Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaP74hiL3hIC&pg=PA2|access-date=26 September 2012|date=19 November 2005|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-58685-692-2|pages=2–}}</ref> dan [[atletik]], kemudian juga berbagai macam olahraga bola, telah berkembang baik dan diatur pada masa [[Mesir Kuno|Mesir kuno]]. Olahraga bangsa Mesir lainnya juga termasuk [[lempar lembing]] dan [[lompat tinggi]].<ref name="Baker1988">{{cite book|author=William J. Baker|title=Sports in the Western World|url=https://archive.org/details/sportsinwesternw00bake|url-access=registration|access-date=26 September 2012|date=1 July 1988|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06042-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sportsinwesternw00bake/page/8 8]–}}</ref> Sebuah penggambaran terawal mengenai sosok pegulat ditemukan di pekuburan [[Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum]] di [[Saqqara, Egypt|Saqqara]] yang diperkirakan berasal dari sekitar masa 2400 SEU.<ref name="lessing"/><ref name="Rice2001">{{cite book|author=Michael Rice|title=Who's Who in Ancient Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkYSlilLfT0C&pg=PA98|access-date=26 September 2012|date=7 November 2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-15449-9|pages=98–}}</ref>

==Yunani Kuno==
{{See also|Outline of ancient Greece}}
Karya Seni [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] dari [[Kreta]] [[Zaman Perunggu]] [[Bronze Age]] menampilkan perhelatan olahraga bernuansa ritual - thus a [[fresco]] dating to 1500 SEU merekam [[Senam|olahraga senam]] [[gymnastics]] in the form of religious [[bull-leaping]] and possibly [[bullfighting]]. Asal-usul The origins of Greek sporting festivals may date to [[funeral games (antiquity)|funeral games]] of the [[Mycenean Greece|Mycenean]] period, between 1600 BCE and {{circa}} 1100 BCE.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author= Wendy J. Raschke
 |title= Archaeology Of The Olympics: The Olympics & Other Festivals In Antiquity
 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DwU1IlTEhrYC&pg=PA22
 |access-date= 12 August 2012|date= 15 June 1988
 |publisher= Univ of Wisconsin Press
 |isbn= 978-0-299-11334-6|pages= 22–
}}
</ref>
The ''[[Iliad]]'' includes extensive descriptions of funeral games held in honour of deceased warriors, such as those held for [[Patroclus]] by [[Achilles]].  Engaging in sport is described as the occupation of the noble and wealthy, who have no need to do manual labour themselves.  In the [[Odyssey]], king [[Odysseus]] of [[Ithaca]] proves his royal status to king [[Alkinoös]] of the [[Phaiakes]] by showing his proficiency in throwing the [[javelin]].  It was predictably{{why?|date=November 2018}} in [[Greece]] that sports were first instituted formally, with the first [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] recorded in 776 BCE in [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], where they were celebrated until 393 CE.  These games took place every four years, or ''[[Olympiad]]'', which became a unit of time in historical chronologies. Initially a single sprinting event, the Olympics gradually expanded to include several [[Running in Ancient Greece|footraces]], run in the nude or in armor, [[Ancient Greek boxing|boxing]], [[Greek wrestling|wrestling]], ''[[pankration]]'', [[chariot racing]], [[long jump]], [[javelin throw]], and [[discus throw]].{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}  During the celebration of the games, an [[Olympic Truce]] was enacted{{by whom|date=November 2018}} so that athletes could travel from their countries to the games in safety. The prizes for the victors were [[wreaths of laurel leaves]]. Other important sporting events in ancient Greece included the [[Isthmian games]], the [[Nemean Games]], and the [[Pythian Games]]. Together with the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], these were the most prestigious games, and formed the [[Panhellenic Games]].  Some games, e.g. the [[Panathenaia]] of [[Athens]], included musical, reading and other non-athletic contests in addition to regular sports-events.  The [[Heraean Games]], held in Olympia as early as the 6th century BCE, were the first recorded sporting competition for women.

==Olahraga masa kuno lainnya==
Sports that are at least two and a half thousand years old include [[hurling]] in [[Ancient Ireland]], [[shinty]] in [[Ancient Scots|Scotland]], [[harpastum]] (similar to [[Rugby football|rugby]]) in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], [[cuju]] (similar to [[association football]]) in [[History of China#Ancient China|China]], and [[polo]] in [[Persia]]. The [[Mesoamerican ballgame]] originated over three thousand years ago. The Mayan ballgame of Pitz is believed to be the first ball sport, as it was first played around 2500 BCE.There are artifacts and structures that suggest that the [[China|Chinese]] engaged in sporting activities as early as 2000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm|title= Sports History in China|access-date= 2021-12-22|archive-date= 2009-03-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm|dead-url= yes}}</ref> Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient past. Ancient Persian sports include the traditional [[Iran]]ian martial art of [[Zourkhaneh]]. Among other sports that originated in [[Persia]] are [[polo]] and [[jousting]]. A polished bone implement found at [[Eva, Tennessee|Eva]] in [[Tennessee]], United States and dated to around 5000 BCE has been construed as a possible sporting device used in a "ring and pin" game.<ref name="Blanchard1995"/>

==Abad Pertengahan==
[[File:Jousting.jpg|thumb|Jousting at the [[Maryland Renaissance Festival]]]]
Untuk sekurangnya 900 tahun lamanya, telah diselenggarakan pertandingan antar desa yang berkompetisi satu sama lain secara ketat, dan kadang disertai kekerasan dalam permainan bola di daratan Inggris ([[sepakbola Shrovetide]]) dan di [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]] (caid). Sebagai perbandingan, permainan calcio Fiorentino di [[Firenze|Florence]], [[Italia]], pada mulanya dijadikan ajang olahraga tempur seperti anggar dan jousting. Permainan balapan kuda, secara khusus, dahulu merupakan salah satu kesukaan kelas atas di [[Britania Raya]], dimana [[Anne, Ratu Britania Raya|Ratu Anne]] mendirikan Ascot Racecourse.

==Perkembangan olahraga modern==
[[File:Cricket, WG Grace, 1891- A Young Cricketer (Gainsborough).jpg|150px|thumb|A young cricketer by [[W.G. Grace]], 1891]]
Sejumlah sejarawan, yang paling menonjol ialah Bernard Lewis, mengklaim bahwa olahraga beregu sebagaimana kita tahu kini sebenarnya merupakan penemuan baru dari kebudayaan Barat. British Prime Minister [[John Major]] was more explicit in 1995:
:We invented the majority of the world's great sports.... 19th century Britain was the cradle of a leisure revolution every bit as significant as the agricultural and industrial revolutions we launched in the century before.<ref>{{cite book|author=Garry Whannel|title=Media Sport Stars: Masculinities and Moralities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpvVj-vFVVAC&pg=PA72|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|page=72|isbn=978-1134698714}}</ref>

The traditional team sports are seen as springing primarily from Britain, and subsequently exported across the vast [[British Empire]]. [[European colonialism]] helped spread particular games around the world, especially [[cricket]] (not directly related to [[baseball]]), football of various sorts, [[bowling]] in a number of forms, [[cue sports]] (like [[snooker]], [[carom billiards]], and [[Pool (cue sports)|pool]]), [[Field hockey|hockey]] and its derivatives, [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]], and [[tennis]], and many [[winter sports]]. The originally European-dominated modern [[Olympic Games]] generally also ensured standardization in particularly European, especially British, directions when rules for similar games around the world were merged.<ref>{{cite news|title=Britain's Living Legacy to the Games: Sports|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/27/sports/olympics/27iht-srolbritish27.html|access-date=14 November 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 July 2012}}</ref>

Regardless of game origins, the [[Industrial Revolution]] and [[mass production]] brought increased leisure which allowed more time to engage in playing or observing (and gambling upon) [[spectator sports]], as well as less elitism in and greater accessibility of sports of many kinds. With the advent of [[mass media]] and global communication, [[Professional sports|professionalism]] became prevalent in sports, and this furthered sports popularity in general.

With the increasing values placed on those who won also came the increased desire to cheat. Some of the most common ways of cheating today involve the use of performance-enhancing drugs such as steroids. The use of these drugs has always been frowned on but in recent history there have also been agencies set up to monitor professional athletes and ensure fair play in the sport.

===England===
{{main|Sport in the United Kingdom#History|Sport in England}}
[[File:The Ashes.jpg|thumb|150px|[[The Ashes]] urn, competed for between Australia and England in cricket]]
Writing about cricket in particular, John Leech has explained the role of [[Puritanism|Puritan]] power, the [[English Civil War]], and [[Restoration (1660)|the Restoration]] of the monarchy in [[England]].<ref name="leach 2005" /> The [[Long Parliament]] in 1642 "banned theatres, which had met with Puritan disapproval. Although similar action would be taken against certain sports, it is not clear if cricket was in any way prohibited, except that players must not ''break the Sabbath''". In 1660, "the Restoration of the monarchy in England was immediately followed by the reopening of the theatres and so any sanctions that had been imposed by the Puritans on cricket would also have been lifted."<ref name="leach 2005">Leach (2005a) is a heavily annotated chronology of cricket 1300-1730 and the source for numerous entries here.{{clarify|date=December 2011|reason=Use [[Cite book]] to provided specific page citations.}}</ref> He goes on to make the key point that political, social and economic conditions in the aftermath of the Restoration encouraged excessive gambling, so much so that a Gambling Act was deemed necessary in 1664. It is certain that cricket, horse racing and boxing (i.e., prizefighting) were financed by gambling interests. Leech explains that it was the habit of cricket patrons, all of whom were gamblers, to form strong teams through the 18th century to represent their interests. He defines a strong team as one representative of more than one parish and he is certain that such teams were first assembled in or immediately after 1660. Prior to the English Civil War and the Commonwealth, all available evidence concludes that cricket had evolved to the level of [[village cricket]] only where teams that are strictly representative of individual parishes compete. The "strong teams" of the post-Restoration mark the evolution of cricket (and, indeed of professional team sport, for cricket is the oldest professional team sport) from the parish standard to the county standard. This was the point of origin for major, or [[first-class cricket|first-class]], cricket. The year 1660 also marks the origin of professional team sport.<ref name="leach 2005" /> [[All-England cricket teams]] have played since 1739.

A number of the [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] such as [[Winchester College|Winchester]] and [[Eton College|Eton]], [[English public school football games|introduced variants of football]] and other sports for their pupils. These were described at the time as "innocent and lawful", certainly in comparison with the rougher rural games. With urbanization in the 19th century, the rural games moved to the new urban centres and came under the influence of the middle and upper classes. The rules and regulations devised at English institutions began to be applied to the wider game, with governing bodies in England being set up for a number of sports by the end of the 19th century. The rising influence of the upper class also produced an emphasis on the amateur, and the spirit of "[[sportsmanship|fair play]]". The industrial revolution also brought with it increasing mobility, and created the opportunity for universities in Britain and elsewhere to compete with one another. This sparked increasing attempts to unify and reconcile various games in England, leading to the establishment of the Football Association in London, the first official governing body in football.

For sports to become professionalized, coaching had to come first. It gradually professionalized in the Victorian era and the role was well established by 1914.  In the First World War, military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale-building teams.<ref>Dave Day, ''Professionals, Amateurs and Performance: Sports Coaching in England, 1789–1914'' (2012)</ref> Sport became an important part of military life for British servicemen serving around the world.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuRw08WgowQC|title=Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces 1880–1960|last1=Mason|first1=Tony|last2=Riedi|first2=Eliza|date=4 November 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139788977|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-m_CwAAQBAJ|title='The Army Isn't All Work': Physical Culture and the Evolution of the British Army, 1860–1920|last=Campbell|first=James D.|date=16 March 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317044536|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUJHMQAACAAJ|title=Fit to Fight: A History of the Royal Army Physical Training Corps 1860-2015|last=Bogdanovic|first=Nikolai|date=19 December 2017|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=9781472824219|language=en}}</ref>

===The British Empire and post-colonial sports===
The influence of British sports and their codified rules began to spread across the world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly [[association football]]. A number of major teams elsewhere in the world still show these British origins in their names, such as [[A.C. Milan]] in Italy, [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense]] in Brazil, and [[Athletic Bilbao]] in Spain. [[Cricket]] became popular in several of the nations of the then British Empire, such as Australia, South Africa, India and Pakistan, and remain popular in and beyond today's [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. The revival of the [[Olympic Games]] by Baron [[Pierre de Coubertin]] was also heavily influenced by the amateur ethos of the English public schools.<ref>[[Harold Perkin]], "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth." ''The International Journal of the History of Sport'' 6.2 (1989): 145-155.</ref>  The British played a major role in defining amateurism, professionalism, the tournament system and the concept of fair play.<ref>Sigmund Loland,  "Fair play in sports contests-a moral norm system." ''Sportwissenschaft'' 21.2 (1991): 146-162.</ref> Some sports developed in England, spread to other countries and then lost its popularity in England while remaining actively played in other countries, a notable example being [[bandy]] which remains popular in [[Finland]], [[Kazakhstan]], Norway, Russia, and Sweden.<ref name=SBF>{{cite web|url=http://iof1.idrottonline.se/SvenskaBandyforbundet/Bandy-Sverige/SvenskaBandyforbundet/Historikochstatistik/Historiskamilstolpar/Bandyhistoria1875-1919/ |title=Svenska Bandyförbundet, bandyhistoria 1875–1919 |publisher=Iof1.idrottonline.se |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019151140/http://iof1.idrottonline.se/SvenskaBandyforbundet/Bandy-Sverige/SvenskaBandyforbundet/Historikochstatistik/Historiskamilstolpar/Bandyhistoria1875-1919/ |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

Baseball (closely related to English [[rounders]] and French [[la soule]], and less clearly connected to cricket) became established in the urban [[Northeastern United States]], with the first rules being codified in the 1840s, while American football was very popular in the [[American South|south-east]], with baseball spreading to the south, and American football spreading to the north after the Civil War. There is documented evidence of baseball in England. An extract from an 18th-century diary containing the oldest known reference to baseball is among the items on display in a new exhibition in London exploring the English origins and cricketing connections of America's national sport.

While baseball was once claimed to have been invented in the U.S. in the mid-19th century, recent findings suggest a sport of the same name may have evolved decades earlier alongside cricket, crossing the Atlantic with English settlers to the American colonies. One notable discovery found in a shed in a village in Surrey, southern England, in 2008 was a handwritten 18th-century diary belonging to a local lawyer, William Bray. "Went to Stoke church this morn.," wrote Bray on Easter Monday in 1755. "After dinner, went to Miss Jeale's to play at base ball with her the 3 Miss Whiteheads, Miss Billinghurst, Miss Molly Flutter, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Ford and H. Parsons. Drank tea and stayed til 8." In the 1870s the game split between the professionals and amateurs; the professional game rapidly gained dominance, and marked a shift in the focus from the player to the club. The rise of baseball also helped squeeze out other sports such as cricket, which had been popular in Philadelphia prior to the rise of baseball.

American football (and [[gridiron football]] more generally) also has its origins in the English variants of the game, with the first set of intercollegiate football rules based directly on the rules of the Football Association in London. However, Harvard chose to play a game based on the rules of [[Rugby football]]. [[Walter Camp]] would then heavily modify this variant in the 1880s, with the modifications also heavily influencing the rules of [[Canadian football]].
[[Image:2006 Pro Bowl tackle.jpg|thumb|American footballers tackling]]

Worldwide, the British influence includes many different football codes, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and other sports. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the [[Lawn mower#History|world's first lawn mower]] in 1830. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc.<ref>Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National ''Ockham's Razor'', first broadcast 6 June 2010.</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|History of sports in the United States}}

Most sports in the United States evolved out of European practices. However, [[volleyball]], [[skateboarding]], and [[snowboarding]] are European American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries. However, [[Lacrosse]] and [[surfing]] arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.<ref>Elliott J. Gorn, ''A Brief History of American Sports'' (2004)</ref><ref>S.W. Pope, ed. ''The new American sport history: recent approaches and perspectives'' (U of Illinois Press, 1997).</ref>

=== Around the world ===
The 21st century has seen a move towards adventure sports as a form of individual [[escapism]], transcending the routines of life. Examples include [[white water rafting]], [[paragliding]], [[canyoning]], [[base jumping]] and more genteelly, [[orienteering]].

==Women's sport history==
{{Main article| Women's sports}}

[[Image:Sara Yamasaki, Alexa Enlow fighting over ball.jpg|thumb|UCSD women's soccer players fighting over ball]]
Women's competition in sports has been frowned upon by many societies in the past. The English public-school background of organized sport in the 19th and early 20th century led to a paternalism that tended to discourage women's involvement in sports, with, for example, no women officially competing in the 1896 Olympic Games. The 20th century saw major advances in the participation of women in sports due to a growing [[women's sports]] movement in Europe and North America. This led to the initiation of the Women's Olympiad (held three times [[1921 Women's Olympiad|1921]], [[1922 Women's Olympiad|1922]] and [[1923 Women's Olympiad|1923]]) and the [[Women's World Games]] (held four times ([[1922 Women's World Games|1922]], [[1926 Women's World Games|1926]], [[1930 Women's World Games|1930]] and [[1934 Women's World Games|1934]]. In 1924 the [[1924 Women's Olympiad]] was held in [[London]]. The increase in girls' and women's participation in sport has been partly influenced by the [[women's rights]] and [[feminism|feminist]] movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, respectively. In the United States, female students’ participation in sports was significantly boosted by the [[Title IX]] Act in 1972, which forbade gender discrimination in all aspects of any educational environment that uses federal financial aid,<ref name="Britt">Britt, M. & Timmerman, M. 'Title IX and Higher Education: The Implications for the 21st Century' in "Franklin Business and Law Journal", Vol. 2014, No. 1. (March 2014), pp. 83-86.</ref> leading to increased funding<ref name="Reinbrecht">Reinbrecht, E. 'Northwestern University and Title IX: One Step Forward for Football Players, Two Steps Back for Female Student Athletes' in "University of Toledo Law Review", Vol. 47, No. 1. (September 2015), pp. 243-277.</ref> and support to develop female athletes.

Pressure from sports funding bodies has also improved gender equality in sports. For example, the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and the [[Leander Club]] (for rowing) in England had both been male-only establishments since their founding in 1787 and 1818, respectively, but both opened their doors to female members at the end of the 20th century at least partially due to the requirements of the [[United Kingdom Lottery]] Sports Fund.

The 21st century has seen women’s participation in sport at its all-time highest. At the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing, women competed in 27 sports over 137 events, compared to 28 men’s sports in 175 events.<ref name="Pfister">Pfister, G. 'Outsiders: Muslim Women and Olympic Games - Barriers and Opportunities' in "The International Journal of the History of Sport", Vol. 27, Nos. 16-18. (November–December 2010), pp. 2925-2957.</ref> Several national [[women's professional sports]] leagues have been founded and are in competition, and women’s international sporting events such as the [[FIFA Women's World Cup]], [[Women's Rugby World Cup]], and [[Women's Hockey World Cup]] continue to grow.

==Stadia through the ages==
<gallery>
Image:Stadio Amrit 1-2.jpg|Phoenician Stadium north of [[Amrit]], [[Syria]]
File:Stadio Olimpia 2007.JPG|The [[Stadium at Olympia|Olympia stadium]]
Image:Delphi_stadium_DSC06305.jpg|Stadium at the sanctuary of [[Apollo]] in [[Delphi]], [[Greece]]
File:Colosseo 2020.jpg|The [[Colosseum]] in [[Rome]], Italy
File:Amphitheater Xanten.jpg|Reconstructed [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[amphitheatre]] in [[Xanten]], Germany
File:TogyuWP.jpg|[[Tōgyū]] arena in [[Okinawa]], Japan
File:WorldSeries1903-640.jpg|The Huntington Avenue Grounds during the [[1903 World Series]], United States
File:Rogers Centre open and closed.jpg|[[Rogers Centre]], the first functional retractable-roof stadium, Canada
Image:Olympic Stadium (London), 16 April 2012.jpg|[[London Olympic Stadium]], United Kingdom
File:Juego de pelota chichen itza.jpg|The Grand Ballcourt of [[Chichen Itza]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports}}
* [[Sport in the United Kingdom#History|Sport in the United Kingdom § History]]
* [[Sport in England]]
*[[History of physical training and fitness]]
* [[History of sport in Australia]]
* [[History of sports in Canada]]
* [[History of sport in the United States]]
* [[Nationalism and sport]]
* [[Sociology of sport]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Day, Dave. ''Professionals, Amateurs and Performance: Sports Coaching in England, 1789–1914'' (2012)
* Gorn, Elliott J. ''A Brief History of American Sports'' (2004)
* {{illm|Allen Guttmann|lt=Guttmann, Allen|de|Allen Guttmann|fr|Allen Guttmann}}. ''Women's Sports: A History'', Columbia University Press 1992
* Guttmann, Allen. ''Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism'', Columbia Univ Press, 1996
* Guttmann, Allen. ''The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games'' (2002)
* Holt, Richard. ''Sport and Society in Modern France'' (1981).
* Holt, Richard. ''Sport and the British: A Modern History'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Sport-British-Modern-History-Studies/dp/0192852299/ excerpt]
* Howell, Colin. ''Blood, Sweat, and Cheers: Sport and the Making of Modern Canada'' (2001)
*{{cite book|first=J.A.|last=Mangan|title=Militarism, Sport, Europe: War Without Weapons|publisher=Routledge|year=1996}}
* Maurer, Michael. "[http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025408 Vom Mutterland des Sports zum Kontinent: Der Transfer des englischen Sports im 19. Jahrhundert]", [[European History Online]], Mainz, 2011, retrieved: 25 February 2012.
* Morrow, Don and Kevin B. Wamsley. ''Sport in Canada: A History'' (2009)
* Murray, Bill. ''The World's Game: A History of Soccer'' (1998)
* Polley, Martin. ''Sports History: a practical guide'', Palgrave, 2007.
* Scott A.G.M. Crawford (Hrg.), ''Serious sport: J.A. Mangan's contribution to the history of sport'', Portland, OR : Frank Cass, 2004
* Pope, S.W. ed. ''The new American sport history : recent approaches and perspectives'', Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997

'''Journals'''
* [http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/ online article from ''The Sports Historian'' 1993-2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806221258/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/ |date=2018-08-06 }}
* ''[[European Studies in Sport History]]'' [http://www.cesh-site.eu/?page_id=30]
* ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fhsp20 The International Journal of the History of Sport]''
* ''[http://www.journalofsporthistory.org/ Journal of Sport History]''
* ''Sport History Journal''
* ''Sport in History''
* ''[[STADION]] International Journal of Sport History''
* ''[https://journals.humankinetics.com/journal/shr Sport History Review]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.cesh-site.eu  European Committee for Sports History] ([[European committee for sports history|CESH]])

{{History of sports}}
{{Sport}}

[[Kategori:History of sports| ]]
[[Kategori:History of science by discipline|Sport]]