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<!--{{redirect5|Capablanca|the fictional wizard|Capablanca (Blart)}}-->
{{Infobox chess player
{{Infobox chess player
|playername = José Raúl Capablanca
|playername = José Raúl Capablanca
|image = [[Berkas:Timecapablanca.jpg|220px]]
|image = Timecapablanca.jpg
|caption= ''Majalah [[Time (majalah)|Time]]'', [[7 Desember]] [[1925]]
|caption= ''Majalah [[Time (majalah)|Time]]'', [[7 Desember]] [[1925]]
|birthname = José Raúl Capablanca
|birth_name = José Raúl Capablanca
|country = {{CUB}}
|country = {{CUB}}
|datebirth = [[19 November]] [[1888]]
|date_of_birth = [[19 November]] [[1888]]
|placebirth = [[Havana]], [[Kuba]]
|place_of_birth = [[Havana]], [[Kuba]]
|datedeath = [[8 Maret]] [[1942]]
|date_of_death = [[8 Maret]] [[1942]]
|placedeath = [[New York City]], [[Amerika Serikat]]
|place_of_death = [[New York City]], [[Amerika Serikat]]
|title = [[Grandmaster]]
|title = [[Grandmaster]]
|worldchampion = [[1921]]-[[1927]]
|worldchampion = [[1921]]-[[1927]]
Baris 19: Baris 18:
== Karier catur ==
== Karier catur ==
=== Tahun-tahun awal ===
=== Tahun-tahun awal ===
Capablanca yang disebut oleh banyak sejarahwan catur sebagai [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozartnya]] catur, adalah seorang jago catur yang kecerdasannya sudah terlihat sejak ia masih kecil. Richard Réti berkata tentang dia 'Catur adalah bahasa ibunya'.
Capablanca yang disebut oleh banyak sejarawan catur sebagai [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozartnya]] catur, adalah seorang jago catur yang kecerdasannya sudah terlihat sejak ia masih kecil. Richard Réti berkata tentang dia 'Catur adalah bahasa ibunya'.


Menurut Capablanca, ia mempelajari aturan-aturan permainan catur pada usia empat tahun dengan menyaksikan ayahnya bermain. Ia berkata bahwa ia melihat ayahnya melakukan langkah yang tidak sah dengan kudanya, lalu menuduhnya berlaku curang, dan kemudian menunjukkan apa yang telah dilakukannya.
Menurut Capablanca, ia mempelajari aturan-aturan permainan catur pada usia empat tahun dengan menyaksikan ayahnya bermain. Ia berkata bahwa ia melihat ayahnya melakukan langkah yang tidak sah dengan kudanya, lalu menuduhnya berlaku curang, dan kemudian menunjukkan apa yang telah dilakukannya.


Pada usia lima tahun Capablanca dibawa ke Klub Catur [[Havana]], dan di sana para pemain terkemuka menyadari bahwa mereka tak mungkin mengalahkan anak kecil itu dengan memberikan kepadanya [[handikap (catur)|handikap]] menteri. Pada 1901, ketika usianya baru 13, ia mengalahkan juara nasional Kuba [[Juan Corzo]] dengan angka 4 menang, 3 kalah, dan 6 seri.
Pada usia lima tahun Capablanca dibawa ke Klub Catur [[Havana]], dan di sana para pemain terkemuka menyadari bahwa mereka tak mungkin mengalahkan anak kecil itu dengan memberikan kepadanya [[handikap (catur)|handikap]] menteri. Pada tahun 1901, ketika usianya baru 13, ia mengalahkan juara nasional Kuba [[Juan Corzo]] dengan angka 4 menang, 3 kalah, dan 6 seri.
Ia kemudian mulai menjadi mahasiswa Kimia di [[Universitas Columbia]] di [[New York City]], namun tidak menyelesaikannya, dan catur menjadi profesinya.
Ia kemudian mulai menjadi mahasiswa Kimia di [[Universitas Columbia]] di [[New York City]], namun tidak menyelesaikannya, dan catur menjadi profesinya.


=== Segera mencuat ===
=== Segera mencuat ===
Pada 1909, dalam usia 20 tahun, Capablanca memenangi suatu pertandingan melawan juara AS [[Frank Marshall]] dengan +8-1=14. Marshall mendesak agar Capablanca diizinkan bermain dalam sebuah turnamen di [[Donostia|San Sebastián]], [[Spanyol]] pada 1911. Ini adalah salah satu turnamen yang paling berat sepanjang zaman. Semua pemain catur terkemuka dunia kecuali juara dunia [[Emanuel Lasker]] ikut bertarung. Pada awal turnamen [[Ossip Bernstein]] dan [[Aaron Nimzowitsch]] keberatan akan kehadiran Capablanca karena ia belum pernah memenangi suatu turnamen besar. Tetapi setelah Capablanca memenangi ronde pertamanya melawan Bernstein, dan merebut hadiah kecemerlangan turnamen itu,[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1264025] Bernstein segera mengakui bakat Capablanca dan berkata bahwa ia tidak akan terkejut bila Capablanca memenangi turnamen itu. Nimzowitsch tersinggung ketika Capablanca membuat komentar saat menyaksikan salah satu pertandingan kilatnya, dan menyatakan bahwa pemain yang belum terbukti harus menutup mulutnya di depan pemain-pemain yang lebih unggul. Capablanca segera menantang Nimzowitsch dalam sebuah pertandingan kilat, yang dengan mudah ia menangi. Para empu catur yang berkumpul segera menyimpulkan bahwa Capablanca tak ada tandingnya dalam pertandingan catur kilat, sebuah ciri khas yang tetap dimilikinya praktis hingga akhir hayatnya. Capablanca terus melangkah dan merebut kemenangan dalam pertandingannya dengan Nimzowitsch pula, dengan menggunakan rancangan pembukaan yang sangat dikagumi oleh [[Mikhail Botvinnik]].[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1102350] Pada akhir turnamen, Capablanca telah mengejutkan dunia catur dengan merebut tempat pertama di San Sebastián, dengan angka kemenangan +6 -1 =7, unggul atas [[Akiba Rubinstein]], [[Carl Schlechter]] dan [[Siegbert Tarrasch]].
Pada 1909, dalam usia 20 tahun, Capablanca memenangi suatu pertandingan melawan juara AS [[Frank Marshall]] dengan +8-1=14. Marshall mendesak agar Capablanca diizinkan bermain dalam sebuah turnamen di [[Donostia|San Sebastián]], [[Spanyol]] pada 1911. Ini adalah salah satu turnamen yang paling berat sepanjang zaman. Semua pemain catur terkemuka dunia kecuali juara dunia [[Emanuel Lasker]] ikut bertarung. Pada awal turnamen [[Ossip Bernstein]] dan [[Aaron Nimzowitsch]] keberatan akan kehadiran Capablanca karena ia belum pernah memenangi suatu turnamen besar. Tetapi setelah Capablanca memenangi ronde pertamanya melawan Bernstein, dan merebut hadiah kecemerlangan turnamen itu,[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1264025] Bernstein segera mengakui bakat Capablanca dan berkata bahwa ia tidak akan terkejut bila Capablanca memenangi turnamen itu. Nimzowitsch tersinggung ketika Capablanca membuat komentar saat menyaksikan salah satu pertandingan kilatnya, dan menyatakan bahwa pemain yang belum terbukti harus menutup mulutnya di depan pemain-pemain yang lebih unggul. Capablanca segera menantang Nimzowitsch dalam sebuah pertandingan kilat, yang dengan mudah ia menangi. Para empu catur yang berkumpul segera menyimpulkan bahwa Capablanca tak ada tandingnya dalam pertandingan catur kilat, sebuah ciri khas yang tetap dimilikinya praktis hingga akhir hayatnya. Capablanca terus melangkah dan merebut kemenangan dalam pertandingannya dengan Nimzowitsch pula, dengan menggunakan rancangan pembukaan yang sangat dikagumi oleh [[Mikhail Botvinnik]].[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1102350] Pada akhir turnamen, Capablanca telah mengejutkan dunia catur dengan merebut tempat pertama di San Sebastián, dengan angka kemenangan +6 -1 =7, unggul atas [[Akiba Rubinstein]], [[Carl Schlechter]] dan [[Siegbert Tarrasch]].


== Tulisan ==
<!--In 1911, Capablanca challenged [[Emanuel Lasker]] for the world championship. Lasker accepted his challenge but proposed seventeen conditions for the match. Capablanca disapproved of some of the conditions and the match did not take place.


In 1913, Capablanca played in his home town of [[Havana]] where he came in second to [[Frank Marshall]]. He lost one of their individual games after having a much better position.[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1001096] [[Reuben Fine]] claimed that Capablanca had the mayor clear all the spectators so they wouldn't see him resign, and this story has uncritically circulated in books and around the Internet. However, Winter's book below (pp. 47–48) documents that Fine's story has no basis whatever. Instead, there were 600 spectators present, who naturally favored their native hero, but sportingly gave Marshall "thunderous applause". Marshall's own notes corroborated this—when he heard the roar, he thought that the crowd was going to kill him, and he asked for security escort "and quickly rushed over to my hotel. Afterwards I was told they were cheering for me."

Then Capablanca scored +13 -0 =0 in a tournament in New York, although [[Oldrich Duras]] was the only [[International Grandmaster]] class opponent. This was [[World records in chess#Perfect tournament score|one of only a handful of perfect scores ever in high-level chess tournaments]].

In September 1913, Capablanca secured a job in the Cuban Foreign Office. He appears not to have had any specific duties other than playing chess, but what he had he was reported to have carried out conscientiously. For many years, he was the most famous Cuban alive.

In October 1913 to March 1914 Capablanca traveled to Europe on his way to the Consulate at St Petersburg to play matches or exhibition games against their leading masters. In serious games, he scored 19 wins, 4 draws, and 1 loss during that period. First, he defeated [[Jacques Mieses]] and [[Richard Teichmann]] in Berlin, next beat [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] in an elegant opposite-colored [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] [[endgame]].[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1284173] in Riga. Then in Sankt Petersburg, he played a six-game series, two games against [[Alexander Alekhine]], [[Eugene Znosko-Borovsky]] and [[Fyodor Dus-Chotimirsky]], losing once to Znosko-Borovsky and winning the rest—his first encounters with Alekhine, who was outclassed;[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011878],[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011876] In 1914, he beat Bernstein in Moscow in a game listed in many anthologies as a brilliancy for winning move ...Qb2!! and for the new strategy with [[Chess terminology#H|hanging pawn]]s,[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1261680]. In Kiev, he won among others against [[Fedor Bogatyrchuk]]. Then in Vienna he defeated both [[Richard Réti]] and [[Savielly Tartakower]] 1.5-0.5 each. Capablanca also gave many simultaneous exhibitions noted for their speed and very high winning scores.

In short, Capablanca was unrivaled as a fast chess player, even by the very best players of his own time (and perhaps of later times as well)[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3455]. Alekhine described with awe the feat of Capablanca playing simultaneous fast games between rounds of a tournament, giving five minutes to each opponent but taking only one for himself, and winning.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

At the great 1914 tournament in St. Petersburg, with most of the world's leading players (except those of the [[Austro-Hungarian empire]]), Capablanca met the great [[Emanuel Lasker|Lasker]] across the chessboard for the first time in normal tournament play (Capablanca had won a knock-out [[lightning chess]] final game in 1906, leading to a famous joint endgame composition). Capablanca took the large lead of one and a half points in the preliminary rounds, and made Lasker fight hard to draw [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1258183],[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1258182]. He again won the first brilliancy prize against Bernstein [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1260576] and had some highly regarded wins against [[David Janowsky]][http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1064762], Nimzowitsch[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1102386] and Alekhine.[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011923]

However, Capablanca fell victim to a comeback by Lasker in the second stage of the tournament, including a famous victory by Lasker.[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1258181] Capablanca finished second to [[Emanuel Lasker|Lasker]] with a score of 13 points to Lasker's 13.5, but far ahead of third-placed [[Alexander Alekhine]]. After this tournament, [[Tsar Nicholas II]] proclaimed the five prize-winners (Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch, Marshall) as "[[International Grandmaster|Grandmasters of Chess]]".

===World Champion===
[[Berkas:Capablanca pensativo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jose Raul Capablanca, 1925]]
In 1919, Capablanca overwhelmed the strong [[Serbs|Serbian]] [[Borislav Kostić|Kostic]] with five straight wins, whereupon Kostic resigned the match. Capablanca later wrote in 1927 that he had played the best chess of his life in this match.

In 1920, Lasker saw that Capablanca was becoming too strong, and resigned the title to him, saying, "You have earned the title not by the formality of a challenge, but by your brilliant mastery." Capablanca wanted to win it in a match, but Lasker insisted that he was now the challenger. They played a match in Havana in 1921, and Capablanca defeated Lasker +4 -0 =10. This feat of winning the world title without losing a game to the incumbent went unequalled for almost eight decades, until [[Vladimir Kramnik]]'s win over [[Garry Kasparov]] +2 -0 =13 in 2000.

The new world champion, Capablanca dominated the field at [[London]], 1922. There was an increasing number of strong chess players and it was felt that the world champion should not be able to evade challenges to his title, as had been done in the past. At this tournament, some of the leading players of the time, including [[Alexander Alekhine]], [[Efim Bogoljubov]], [[Geza Maroczy]], [[Richard Reti]], [[Akiba Rubinstein]], [[Savielly Tartakower]] and [[Milan Vidmar]], met to discuss rules for the conduct of future world championships. Amongst other things, one of the conditions proposed by Capablanca was that the challenger would have to raise at least ten thousand dollars for the prize money.

In the following years, [[Akiba Rubinstein|Rubinstein]] and [[Aaron Nimzowitsch|Nimzowitsch]] challenged Capablanca, but were unable to raise the stipulated funds. [[Alexander Alekhine|Alekhine]]'s subsequent challenge, in 1927, was backed by a group of Argentinian businessmen and the president of [[Argentina]] who guaranteed the funds.

Capablanca was second behind Lasker at [[New York]] 1924, and again ahead of third-placed Alekhine. In this tournament, his loss to Reti was his first in eight years. He was third behind [[Efim Bogoljubov]] and Lasker at [[Moscow]] 1925.

As World Champion, Capablanca also underwent major changes in his personal life. In December 1921, he married [[Gloria Simoni Betancourt]]. They had a son, José Raúl, in 1923 and a daughter, Gloria, in 1925, but the marriage ended in divorce.

===Losing the title===

Capablanca had overwhelming success in New York 1927, a quadruple-[[round robin]] with six of the world's top players. He was undefeated and 2.5 points ahead of the second-placed [[Alexander Alekhine|Alekhine]]. Capablanca also defeated Alekhine in their first game,[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1012524] won the first brilliancy prize against [[Rudolf Spielmann]][http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1007840] and won two games against [[Aron Nimzowitsch]].[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1007807],[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1007846]

This made him the prohibitive favorite for his match with [[Alexander Alekhine|Alekhine]], who had never defeated him, later that year. However, the challenger had prepared well, and played with patience and solidity, and the marathon match proved to be Capablanca's undoing. Capablanca lost the first game in very lacklustre fashion,[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1012486] then took a narrow lead by winning games 3[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1012490] and 7[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1012487] — attacking games more in the style of Alekhine — but then lost games 11[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1270221] and 12.[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1012498] He tried to get Alekhine to annul the match when both players were locked in a series of draws. Alekhine refused, and eventually prevailed +6 -3 =25.

Alekhine refused to play a return match, even though doing so had been a pre-condition of the match. Despite the collapse of the financial markets in 1929, Alekhine continued to insist on the London conditions, with a $10,000 purse to be secured by the challenger. Capablanca found it difficult to satisfy this condition. Instead, Alekhine played two matches against [[Efim Bogoljubov]], a fine player, but one who posed no great threat in a long match. (Capablanca had a 5-0 lifetime record against him). Throughout Alekhine's first tenure as champion (1927-1935), he refused to play in the same tournaments as Capablanca.

Years after he won the title, Alekhine was asked how he had beaten Capablanca. A man of no intellectual modesty, he nevertheless responded, "Even now I cannot explain that."

===Post-championship===

After Capablanca lost the title, he won a number of strong tournaments, hoping that his showing would force Alekhine to grant him a rematch, but it was not to be. In 1931 Capablanca defeated the fine Dutch player [[Max Euwe]] +2 -0 =8. Also in 1931, he took 1st in New York, with [[Isaac Kashdan]] coming in 2nd. Then he withdrew from serious chess, and played only less serious games at the Manhattan Chess Club and [[Chess terminology#S|simultaneous displays]]. [[Reuben Fine]] recalls that in this period he (Fine) could fight on almost level terms with Alekhine at [[blitz chess]], but that Capablanca beat him "mercilessly" the few times they played.

In 1934, Capablanca resumed serious play. He had begun dating Olga Chagodayev, whom he married in 1938, and she inspired him to play again. In 1935, Alekhine, plagued by problems with alcohol, lost his title to Euwe. Capablanca had renewed hopes of regaining his title, and he won Moscow 1936, ahead of Botvinnik and Lasker. Then he tied with Botvinnik in the super-tournament of [[Nottingham 1936 chess tournament|Nottingham 1936]], ahead of Euwe, Lasker, Alekhine, and the leading young players [[Reuben Fine]], [[Samuel Reshevsky]] (avenging a defeat here) and [[Salo Flohr]].

This was Capablanca's first game with Alekhine since their great match, and the Cuban did not miss his chance to avenge that defeat.[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1008348] He had the worse position, but caught Alekhine in such a deep trap, allowing him to [[the exchange (chess)|win the exchange]], that none of the other players could work out where Alekhine went wrong except Lasker, who immediately saw the mistake. Capablanca recounted this episode in ''Capablanca's Legacy: Capablanca's Last Chess Lectures'', pp. 111–112, expressing his admiration for Lasker's insight even in his sixties. But Capablanca didn't mention that his opponent was Alekhine. Their feud was still intense, so they were never seen seated together at the board for more than a few seconds. Each man made his move and then got up and walked around.

In 1937, Euwe, unlike Alekhine with respect to Capablanca, fulfilled his obligation to allow Alekhine a return match. Alekhine regained the title. Thereafter there was little hope for Capablanca to regain his title, and Alekhine played no more world championship matches until the time of his death in 1946. The absolute control of the title by the title-holder was a major impetus for [[FIDE]] to take control of it, and try to ensure that the best challenger has a shot at the title.

Capablanca's health took a turn for the worse. He suffered a small stroke during the [[AVRO tournament]] of 1938, and had the worst result of his career, 7th out of 8. But even at this stage of his career he was capable of producing strong results. In the 1939 [[Chess Olympiad]] in [[Buenos Aires]], he made the best score on top board for Cuba, ahead of Alekhine and [[Paul Keres]]. More drama was missed because he refused to play Alekhine in Cuba's match with France.

On 7 March 1942, he was happily [[kibitz]]ing a skittles game at the Manhattan Chess Club in [[New York]] when he collapsed from a [[stroke]]. He was taken to [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai hospital]], where he died the next morning. Remarkably, the Cuban's great rival, German-born [[Emanuel Lasker]], had died in that very hospital only a year earlier.

His bitter rival Alekhine wrote on Capablanca's death, "With his death, we have lost a very great chess genius whose like we shall never see again."

==Assessment==

In his entire chess career, Capablanca suffered fewer than 40 losses in serious games. He was undefeated for over eight years of active, world-class competition, from [[February 10]], [[1916]], when he lost from a superior position against [[Oscar Chajes]]; to [[March 21]], [[1924]], when he lost to [[Richard Réti]] in the [[New York]] International tournament. This was an unbeaten streak of 63 games, and included the strong [[London]] tournament of [[1922]], as well as the world championship match against Lasker.

In fact, only Marshall, Lasker, Alekhine and [[Rudolf Spielmann]] won two or more serious games with the mature Capablanca, but their overall lifetime scores were minus (Capablanca beat Marshall +20 -2 =28, Lasker +6 -2 =16, Alekhine +9 -7 =33), except for Spielmann who was level (+2 -2 =8). Of top players, only Keres had a narrow plus score against him (+1 -0 =5), and that win was when Capablanca was 50 and Keres 22.

Capablanca founded no school ''per se'', but his style was very influential in the games of two world champions [[Bobby Fischer]] and [[Anatoly Karpov]]. [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] also wrote how much he learned from Capablanca, and pointed out that Alekhine received much schooling from him in positional play, before their fight for the world title made them bitter enemies.

Botvinnik regarded Capablanca's book ''Chess Fundamentals'' as undoubtedly the best chess book ever written. In it, Capablanca pointed out that while the [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] was usually stronger than the [[knight (chess)|knight]], queen + knight was usually better than queen + bishop -- the bishop merely mimics the queen's diagonal move, while the knight can immediately reach squares the queen cannot. Botvinnik credits Capablanca as the first with this insight.

Earlier, Capablanca had received some criticism, mainly in Britain, for the allegedly conceited description of his accomplishments in his first book, ''My Chess Career.'' So Capablanca took the unprecedented step of including virtually all of his tournament and match defeats up to that time in ''Chess Fundamentals'', together with an instructive group of his victories.

However, J. du Mont, in his foreword to Golombek's book ''Capablanca's 100 Best Games'', wrote that he knew Capablanca well and could vouch that he was not conceited. Rather, critics should learn the difference between the merely gifted and the towering genius of Capablanca, and the contrast between a British tendency towards false modesty and the Latin and American tendency to say "I played this game as well as it could be played" if he honestly thought that it was correct. Du Mont also said that Capablanca was rather sensitive to criticism. And the chess historian Edward Winter documented a number of examples of self-criticism in ''My Chess Career.''

<blockquote>
''"Morphy and Capablanca had enormous talent, Steinitz was very great too. Alekhine was great, but I am not a big fan of his. Maybe it’s just my taste. I’ve studied his games a lot, but I much prefer Capablanca and Morphy. Alekhine had a rather heavy style, Capablanca was much more brilliant and talented, he had a real light touch. Everyone I’ve spoken to who saw Capablanca play still speak of him with awe. If you showed him any position he would instantly tell you the right move. When I used to go to the Manhattan Chess Club back in the fifties, I met a lot of old-timers there who knew Capablanca, because he used to come around to the Manhattan club in the forties – before he died in the early forties. They spoke about Capablanca with awe. I have never seen people speak about any chess player like that, before or since."'' -- [[Bobby Fischer]], Icelandic Radio Interview, 2006 [http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3468]
</blockquote>

===Criticism===

Most of the criticisms center upon his alleged laziness. That is, if something did not come easily to him, he would not have the discipline to pursue it. This trait manifested itself sometimes in a lack of deep calculation, where he occasionally relied on instinct and instead made a mistake. Also, occasionally some difficult endgame wins escaped him.

==Capablanca chess==
{{Chess diagram 8x10|=
| tright
|
|=

8 |rd|nd|ad|bd|qd|kd|bd|cd|nd|rd|=
7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
6 | | | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | | | |=
2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
1 |rl|nl|al|bl|ql|kl|bl|cl|nl|rl|=
a b c d e f g h i j

| '''Capablanca chess'''. Archbishop (bishop+knight compound) is placed between knight and bishop on the queen's side, chancellor (rook+knight compound) on the king's side.
}}
Capablanca predicted that chess could face major problems if the various top players chose to [[draw (chess)|draw]] every game. To prevent this from happening, Capablanca suggested a new variation on chess, called "[[Capablanca chess]]", to be played on a 10x8 board, with two new pieces introduced:

* [[Berkas:Chess_cll44.png|Chancellor|30px]] a [[Fairy chess piece|chancellor]] that moves as both a [[rook (chess)|rook]] and a [[knight (chess)|knight]];
* [[Berkas:Chess_all44.png|Archbishop|30px]] an [[archbishop (chess)|archbishop]] that moves as both a [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] and a [[knight (chess)|knight]].

His idea was that the added pieces and board size would increase the complexity of chess and allow the strongest player more opportunities to turn the game in his favor. Note that he proposed this complicated variant ''while he was world champion'', not as [[The Fox and the Grapes|sour grapes]] after losing his title, as some critics asserted.-->

== Tulisan ==
* ''A Primer of Chess'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Pendahuluan oleh [[Benjamin Anderson]]. Aslinya terbit pada 1935. Harvest Books, November 2002, ISBN 0-15-602807-7)
* ''A Primer of Chess'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Pendahuluan oleh [[Benjamin Anderson]]. Aslinya terbit pada 1935. Harvest Books, November 2002, ISBN 0-15-602807-7)
* ''Chess Fundamentals'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Aslinya diterbitkan pada 1921. Everyman Chess, Oktober 1994, ISBN 1-85744-073-0) Revisi dan pemutakhiran oleh [[Nick de Firmian]] pada 2006, ISBN 0-8129-3681-7.
* ''Chess Fundamentals'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Aslinya diterbitkan pada 1921. Everyman Chess, Oktober 1994, ISBN 1-85744-073-0) Revisi dan pemutakhiran oleh [[Nick de Firmian]] pada 2006, ISBN 0-8129-3681-7.
* ''My Chess Career'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Hardinge Simpole Limited, October 2003, ISBN 1-84382-091-9)
* ''My Chess Career'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Hardinge Simpole Limited, October 2003, ISBN 1-84382-091-9)
*''World's Championship Matches, 1921 and 1927'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Dover, June 1977, ISBN 0-486-23189-5)
* ''World's Championship Matches, 1921 and 1927'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Dover, June 1977, ISBN 0-486-23189-5)
*''Last Lectures'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Simon and Schuster, Januari 1966, ASIN B0007DZW6W)
* ''Last Lectures'' oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Simon and Schuster, Januari 1966, ASIN B0007DZW6W)


== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==

* Schonberg, H. C. (1973). ''Grandmasters of Chess''. New York, NY: W W Norton & Co Inc.
* Schonberg, H. C. (1973). ''Grandmasters of Chess''. New York, NY: W W Norton & Co Inc.
* [[Edward G. Winter]] (1981). ''World chess champions'' London, UK: Pergamon Press.
* [[Edward G. Winter]] (1981). ''World chess champions'' London, UK: Pergamon Press.
* [[Irving Chernev]] (1982). ''Capablanca's Best Chess Endings''. New York: Dover Publications.
* [[Irving Chernev]] (1982). ''Capablanca's Best Chess Endings''. New York: Dover Publications.
* [[Harry Golombek]] (1947). ''Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess''. London, UK: Bell.
* [[Harry Golombek]] (1947). ''Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess''. London, UK: Bell.
* [[Fred Reinfeld]] (1990). ''The Immortal Games of Capablanca''. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
* [[Fred Reinfeld]] (1990). ''The Immortal Games of Capablanca''. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
* Brandreth, D. & Hooper, David (1993). ''Unknown Capablanca''. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
* Brandreth, D. & Hooper, David (1993). ''Unknown Capablanca''. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
* Irving Chernev (1995). ''Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games''. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
* Irving Chernev (1995). ''Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games''. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
* Edward G. Winter (1989). ''Capablanca: A Compendium of Games, Notes, Articles, Correspondence, Illustrations and Other Rare Archival Materials on the Cuban Chess Genius Jose Raul Capablanca, 1888-1942''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
* Edward G. Winter (1989). ''Capablanca: A Compendium of Games, Notes, Articles, Correspondence, Illustrations and Other Rare Archival Materials on the Cuban Chess Genius Jose Raul Capablanca, 1888-1942''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
Baris 151: Baris 49:


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==

* [[Pemain catur terbesar sepanjang zaman]]
* [[Pemain catur terbesar sepanjang zaman]]
* [[Daftar pemain catur terkemuka]]
* [[Daftar pemain catur terkemuka]]
Baris 160: Baris 59:
* {{chessgames player|id=47544}}
* {{chessgames player|id=47544}}
* [http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/capablanca/capablanca.htm Biografi dalam Chesscorner.com]
* [http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/capablanca/capablanca.htm Biografi dalam Chesscorner.com]
* [http://batgirl.atspace.com/LaskerMagazine.html Majalah Catur Lasker (Feb 1905) mengakui Capablanca pada usia 16]
* [http://batgirl.atspace.com/LaskerMagazine.html Majalah Catur Lasker (Feb 1905) mengakui Capablanca pada usia 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050320091409/http://batgirl.atspace.com/LaskerMagazine.html |date=2005-03-20 }}
* [http://www.chessclub.demon.co.uk/culture/worldchampions/capablanca/capablanca.htm Biografi Capablanca]
* [http://www.chessclub.demon.co.uk/culture/worldchampions/capablanca/capablanca.htm Biografi Capablanca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207092954/http://www.chessclub.demon.co.uk/culture/worldchampions/capablanca/capablanca.htm |date=2006-02-07 }}
* [http://hem.passagen.se/melki9/capablanca.htm Catur Capablanca] - implementasi program.
* [http://hem.passagen.se/melki9/capablanca.htm Catur Capablanca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712111407/http://hem.passagen.se/melki9/capablanca.htm |date=2010-07-12 }} - implementasi program.
* [http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3455 Komputer memilih: siapakah pemain yang terkuat?]
* [http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3455 Komputer memilih: siapakah pemain yang terkuat?]
* [http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3468 Fischer berbicara tentang pemain-pemain terbesar dari abad lampau (teks dan audio)]
* [http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3468 Fischer berbicara tentang pemain-pemain terbesar dari abad lampau (teks dan audio)]
Baris 175: Baris 74:
{{end box}}
{{end box}}


{{Kotak bawah catur}}
{{Chess}}

{{Link FA|he}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Capablanca, José}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Capablanca, Jose}}
[[Kategori:Juara catur dunia]]
[[Kategori:Juara catur dunia]]
[[Kategori:Grandmaster catur]]
[[Kategori:Grandmaster catur]]
[[Kategori:Pecatur Kuba]]
[[Kategori:Pecatur Kuba]]
[[Kategori:Kematian karena stroke]]
[[Kategori:Kematian akibat stroke]]

[[ar:خوزيه كابابلانكا]]
[[az:Xose Raul Kapablanka]]
[[bg:Хосе Раул Капабланка]]
[[bn:হোসে রাউল কাপাব্লাঙ্কা]]
[[br:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[ca:José Raúl Capablanca Graupera]]
[[cs:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[da:José Raúl Capablanca]]
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[[el:Χοσέ Ραούλ Καπαμπλάνκα]]
[[en:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[eo:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[es:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[fa:خوزه رائول کاپابلانکا]]
[[fi:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[fr:José Raúl Capablanca]]
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[[he:חוסה ראול קפבלנקה]]
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[[hu:José Raúl Capablanca]]
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[[ja:ホセ・ラウル・カパブランカ]]
[[la:Iosephus Radulphus Capablanca]]
[[lb:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[lv:Hosē Rauls Kapablanka]]
[[mk:Хозе Раул Капабланка]]
[[mn:Хосе Рауль Капабланка]]
[[mr:होजे राउल कापाब्लांका]]
[[nl:José Raúl Capablanca]]
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[[ro:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[ru:Капабланка, Хосе Рауль]]
[[sk:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[sl:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[sr:Хосе Раул Капабланка]]
[[sv:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[tr:José Raúl Capablanca]]
[[uk:Капабланка Хосе Рауль]]
[[zh:何塞·劳尔·卡帕夫兰卡]]

Revisi terkini sejak 23 Februari 2021 09.05

José Raúl Capablanca
Majalah Time, 7 Desember 1925
Nama lengkapJosé Raúl Capablanca
Asal negara Kuba
GelarGrandmaster
Juara Dunia1921-1927

José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 November 1888 – 8 Maret 1942) adalah seorang pemain catur kelas dunia asal Kuba pada awal hingga pertengahan abad ke-20. Ia memegang gelar juara catur dunia dari 1921 hingga 1927.

Karier catur

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Tahun-tahun awal

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Capablanca yang disebut oleh banyak sejarawan catur sebagai Mozartnya catur, adalah seorang jago catur yang kecerdasannya sudah terlihat sejak ia masih kecil. Richard Réti berkata tentang dia 'Catur adalah bahasa ibunya'.

Menurut Capablanca, ia mempelajari aturan-aturan permainan catur pada usia empat tahun dengan menyaksikan ayahnya bermain. Ia berkata bahwa ia melihat ayahnya melakukan langkah yang tidak sah dengan kudanya, lalu menuduhnya berlaku curang, dan kemudian menunjukkan apa yang telah dilakukannya.

Pada usia lima tahun Capablanca dibawa ke Klub Catur Havana, dan di sana para pemain terkemuka menyadari bahwa mereka tak mungkin mengalahkan anak kecil itu dengan memberikan kepadanya handikap menteri. Pada tahun 1901, ketika usianya baru 13, ia mengalahkan juara nasional Kuba Juan Corzo dengan angka 4 menang, 3 kalah, dan 6 seri. Ia kemudian mulai menjadi mahasiswa Kimia di Universitas Columbia di New York City, namun tidak menyelesaikannya, dan catur menjadi profesinya.

Segera mencuat

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Pada 1909, dalam usia 20 tahun, Capablanca memenangi suatu pertandingan melawan juara AS Frank Marshall dengan +8-1=14. Marshall mendesak agar Capablanca diizinkan bermain dalam sebuah turnamen di San Sebastián, Spanyol pada 1911. Ini adalah salah satu turnamen yang paling berat sepanjang zaman. Semua pemain catur terkemuka dunia kecuali juara dunia Emanuel Lasker ikut bertarung. Pada awal turnamen Ossip Bernstein dan Aaron Nimzowitsch keberatan akan kehadiran Capablanca karena ia belum pernah memenangi suatu turnamen besar. Tetapi setelah Capablanca memenangi ronde pertamanya melawan Bernstein, dan merebut hadiah kecemerlangan turnamen itu,[1] Bernstein segera mengakui bakat Capablanca dan berkata bahwa ia tidak akan terkejut bila Capablanca memenangi turnamen itu. Nimzowitsch tersinggung ketika Capablanca membuat komentar saat menyaksikan salah satu pertandingan kilatnya, dan menyatakan bahwa pemain yang belum terbukti harus menutup mulutnya di depan pemain-pemain yang lebih unggul. Capablanca segera menantang Nimzowitsch dalam sebuah pertandingan kilat, yang dengan mudah ia menangi. Para empu catur yang berkumpul segera menyimpulkan bahwa Capablanca tak ada tandingnya dalam pertandingan catur kilat, sebuah ciri khas yang tetap dimilikinya praktis hingga akhir hayatnya. Capablanca terus melangkah dan merebut kemenangan dalam pertandingannya dengan Nimzowitsch pula, dengan menggunakan rancangan pembukaan yang sangat dikagumi oleh Mikhail Botvinnik.[2] Pada akhir turnamen, Capablanca telah mengejutkan dunia catur dengan merebut tempat pertama di San Sebastián, dengan angka kemenangan +6 -1 =7, unggul atas Akiba Rubinstein, Carl Schlechter dan Siegbert Tarrasch.

Tulisan

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  • A Primer of Chess oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Pendahuluan oleh Benjamin Anderson. Aslinya terbit pada 1935. Harvest Books, November 2002, ISBN 0-15-602807-7)
  • Chess Fundamentals oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Aslinya diterbitkan pada 1921. Everyman Chess, Oktober 1994, ISBN 1-85744-073-0) Revisi dan pemutakhiran oleh Nick de Firmian pada 2006, ISBN 0-8129-3681-7.
  • My Chess Career oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Hardinge Simpole Limited, October 2003, ISBN 1-84382-091-9)
  • World's Championship Matches, 1921 and 1927 oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Dover, June 1977, ISBN 0-486-23189-5)
  • Last Lectures oleh José Raúl Capablanca (Simon and Schuster, Januari 1966, ASIN B0007DZW6W)

Bacaan lebih lanjut

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  • Schonberg, H. C. (1973). Grandmasters of Chess. New York, NY: W W Norton & Co Inc.
  • Edward G. Winter (1981). World chess champions London, UK: Pergamon Press.
  • Irving Chernev (1982). Capablanca's Best Chess Endings. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Harry Golombek (1947). Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. London, UK: Bell.
  • Fred Reinfeld (1990). The Immortal Games of Capablanca. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
  • Brandreth, D. & Hooper, David (1993). Unknown Capablanca. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
  • Irving Chernev (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. New York, NY: Dover Publications.
  • Edward G. Winter (1989). Capablanca: A Compendium of Games, Notes, Articles, Correspondence, Illustrations and Other Rare Archival Materials on the Cuban Chess Genius Jose Raul Capablanca, 1888-1942. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
  • Gary Kasparov (2003). My Great Predecessors: part 1", Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-330-6.

Lihat pula

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Pranala luar

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Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: José Raúl Capablanca.
Didahului oleh:
Emanuel Lasker 		Juara Catur Dunia
1921–1927 		Diteruskan oleh:
Alexander Alekhine
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=José_Raúl_Capablanca&oldid=18017488"