Yahudi-Bulgaria: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 9: | Baris 9: | ||
{{Yahudi}} |
{{Yahudi}} |
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[[Berkas:Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg| |
[[Berkas:Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg|jmpl|Sinagoge di Burgas (sekarang sebuah galeri seni)]] |
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[[Berkas:Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg| |
[[Berkas:Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg|ka|jmpl|[[Sinagoge Sofia]] yang dirancang oleh arsitek [[Austria]] [[Friedrich Grünanger]], yang didirikan pada 1909]] |
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[[Yahudi]] telah mengalami kehadiran berkelanjutan di sepanjang [[tanah Bulgaria di sekitaran Danube|tanah Bulgaria]] sejak sebelum abad ke-2 Masehi, dan |
[[Yahudi]] telah mengalami kehadiran berkelanjutan di sepanjang [[tanah Bulgaria di sekitaran Danube|tanah Bulgaria]] sejak sebelum abad ke-2 Masehi, dan sering kali memainkan bagian berpengaruh dalam [[sejarah Bulgaria]]. |
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Saat ini, sebagian besar [[Yahudi Bulgaria di Israel|Yahudi Bulgaria tinggal di Israel]], sementara Bulgaria pada masa sekarang menjadi menjadi rumah populasi Yahudi yang rendah. |
Saat ini, sebagian besar [[Yahudi Bulgaria di Israel|Yahudi Bulgaria tinggal di Israel]], sementara Bulgaria pada masa sekarang menjadi menjadi rumah populasi Yahudi yang rendah. |
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== Era Romawi == |
== Era Romawi == |
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Yahudi dipercaya bermukim di kawasan tersebut setelah penaklukan Romawi. Reruntuhan |
Yahudi dipercaya bermukim di kawasan tersebut setelah penaklukan Romawi. Reruntuhan sinagoge abad kedua terdapat di Philipopolis<ref name=Kesiakova/> (sekitar [[Plovdiv]]), [[Nikopol, Bulgaria|Nikopol]], [[Oescus|Ulpia Oescus]]<ref name=kochev/> (sekarang [[Gigen]], [[Provinsi Pleven]]), dan [[Stobi]]<ref name=kraabel/> (sekarang di Makedonia).<ref name=stefanov2002/> Artefak tertulis terawal yang menyinggung kehadiran [[komunitas Yahudi]] di provinsi Romawi [[Moesia Inferior]] adalah sebuah inskripsi [[Latin]] akhir abad ke-2 Masehi yang ditemukan di Ulpia Oescus yang tertera pada sebuah [[menorah]] dan menyebutkan ''archisynagogos''. [[Josephus]] menyebutkan kehadiran populasi Yahudi di kota tersebut. Sebuah dekret [[Kaisar Romawi]] [[Theodosius I]] dari 379 menyatakan penganiayaan terhadap kaum Yahudi dan penghancuran [[sinagoge]]-sinagoge di [[Illyria]] dan [[Thrace]] yang juga merupakan pemukiman Yahudi awal di Bulgaria. |
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== Yahudi Bulgaria terkenal == |
== Yahudi Bulgaria terkenal == |
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Baris 31: | Baris 31: | ||
== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
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* [[Daftar |
* [[Daftar sinagoge di Bulgaria]] |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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Baris 46: | Baris 46: | ||
| year = 1972 |
| year = 1972 |
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| title = The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944 |
| title = The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944 |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/bulgarianjewsfin0000char |
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| publisher = [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |
| publisher = [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |
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| page = [https://archive.org/details/bulgarianjewsfin0000char/page/45 45] |
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| page = 45 |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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<ref name=census> |
<ref name=census>{{cite web |
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{{cite web |
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| title = 2001 census data |
| title = 2001 census data |
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| website = nsi.bg |
| website = nsi.bg |
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Baris 58: | Baris 58: | ||
| language = Bulgarian |
| language = Bulgarian |
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| url = http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm |
| url = http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm |
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| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
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}} |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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| title = Ethnic Minorities in Bulgaria |
| title = Ethnic Minorities in Bulgaria |
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Baris 68: | Baris 69: | ||
| format = pdf |
| format = pdf |
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| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/ |
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180418/http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php?id=247 |
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| archivedate = |
| archivedate = 2016-03-03 |
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| dead-url = yes |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name=shalompr> |
<ref name=shalompr> |
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Baris 106: | Baris 109: | ||
|first=Jack |
|first=Jack |
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|title=The Holocaust |
|title=The Holocaust |
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|url=https://archive.org/details/holocaust0000fisc |
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|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |
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|year=1998 |
|year=1998 |
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|page=[https://archive.org/details/holocaust0000fisc/page/69 69] |
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|page=69 |
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|isbn=0-313-29879-3}}</ref> |
|isbn=0-313-29879-3}}</ref> |
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Baris 120: | Baris 124: | ||
| url = http://www.alfassa.com/bulgaria_holocaust_book.html |
| url = http://www.alfassa.com/bulgaria_holocaust_book.html |
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| issn = 2156-0390 |
| issn = 2156-0390 |
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| isbn = 978-1-257-95257-1 |
| isbn = 978-1-257-95257-1 |
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| access-date = 2016-06-28 |
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| archive-date = 2012-03-12 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120312061152/http://www.alfassa.com/bulgaria_holocaust_book.html |
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| dead-url = yes |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name=stefanov2002> |
<ref name=stefanov2002> |
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Baris 179: | Baris 188: | ||
{{refbegin|30em}} |
{{refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |
* {{cite encyclopedia |
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| last= Ben-Yakov |
| last= Ben-Yakov |
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Baris 207: | Baris 215: | ||
| url = http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol22/iss6/2/ |
| url = http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol22/iss6/2/ |
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| issn = 1069-4781 |
| issn = 1069-4781 |
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| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
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}} |
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* {{cite journal |
* {{cite journal |
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| last = Stefanov |
| last = Stefanov |
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| first = Pavel |
| first = Pavel |
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| authorlink = |
| authorlink = |
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| title = The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Holocaust: Addressing Common Misconceptions |
| title = The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Holocaust: Addressing Common Misconceptions |
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| journal = Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe |
| journal = Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe |
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Baris 221: | Baris 230: | ||
| location = Newberg, Oregon |
| location = Newberg, Oregon |
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| date = 2006 |
| date = 2006 |
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| url = http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol26/iss2/2 |
| url = http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol26/iss2/2 |
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| issn = 1069-4781 |
| issn = 1069-4781 |
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| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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Baris 230: | Baris 240: | ||
| last2 = Georgieff |
| last2 = Georgieff |
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| first2 = Anthony |
| first2 = Anthony |
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| authorlink = |
| authorlink = |
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| title = A Guide to Jewish Bulgaria |
| title = A Guide to Jewish Bulgaria |
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| publisher = Vagabond Media |
| publisher = Vagabond Media |
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Baris 236: | Baris 246: | ||
| pages = 168 |
| pages = 168 |
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| url = http://www.vagabond.bg/jewishbulgaria |
| url = http://www.vagabond.bg/jewishbulgaria |
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| isbn = 978-954-92306-3-5 |
| isbn = 978-954-92306-3-5 |
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| access-date = 2016-06-28 |
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| archive-date = 2011-09-08 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110908140444/http://www.vagabond.bg/jewishbulgaria/ |
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| dead-url = yes |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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| url=http://www.theoptimists.com |
| url=http://www.theoptimists.com |
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Baris 242: | Baris 257: | ||
| last=Comforty |
| last=Comforty |
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| first=Jacky |
| first=Jacky |
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| year=2001 |
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}} ''See also the [http://theoptimists.com/resources/ resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324092145/http://theoptimists.com/resources/ |date=2016-03-24 }} page on the same website.'' |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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Baris 252: | Baris 268: | ||
| title = Records of the Open Media Research Institute (OMRI): Bulgarian Subject Files - Social Issues: Minorities: Jews |
| title = Records of the Open Media Research Institute (OMRI): Bulgarian Subject Files - Social Issues: Minorities: Jews |
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| authorlink = Open Society Archives |
| authorlink = Open Society Archives |
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| work = |
| work = |
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| website = osaarchivum.org |
| website = osaarchivum.org |
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| publisher = [[Open Society Archives]], [[Central European University]] |
| publisher = [[Open Society Archives]], [[Central European University]] |
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Baris 260: | Baris 276: | ||
| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917180009/http://www.osaarchivum.org/db/fa/205-4-20-1.htm |
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917180009/http://www.osaarchivum.org/db/fa/205-4-20-1.htm |
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| archivedate = September 7, 2008 |
| archivedate = September 7, 2008 |
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}} |
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* Empty Boxcars (2011) Documentary on [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2153626/ IMDb] and {{YouTube|_Czodj7ZDxw}} |
* Empty Boxcars (2011) Documentary on [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2153626/ IMDb] and {{YouTube|_Czodj7ZDxw}} |
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* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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| last = Alfassa |
| last = Alfassa |
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| first = Shelomo |
| first = Shelomo |
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| authorlink = |
| authorlink = |
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| title = Clarifying 70 Years of Whitewashing and Inaccuracies: The Bulgarian Government and its Interaction with Jews During the Holocaust |
| title = Clarifying 70 Years of Whitewashing and Inaccuracies: The Bulgarian Government and its Interaction with Jews During the Holocaust |
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| work = |
| work = |
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| website = |
| website = |
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| publisher = |
| publisher = |
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| date = |
| date = |
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| url = http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12340342/clarifying-70-years-of-whitewashing-and-shelomo-alfassa |
| url = http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12340342/clarifying-70-years-of-whitewashing-and-shelomo-alfassa |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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| title = Saving the Jews of Bulgaria |
| title = Saving the Jews of Bulgaria |
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Baris 277: | Baris 295: | ||
| url = http://www.archives.bg/jews/ |
| url = http://www.archives.bg/jews/ |
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| language = Bulgarian |
| language = Bulgarian |
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| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
| accessdate = October 4, 2015 |
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| archive-date = 2016-06-29 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160629225809/http://archives.bg/jews/ |
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| dead-url = yes |
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}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{kelompok etnis di Bulgaria}} |
{{kelompok etnis di Bulgaria}} |
Revisi terkini sejak 18 Februari 2022 22.17
Bahasa | |
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Ibrani dan Bulgaria | |
Agama | |
Yudaisme |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg/220px-Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg/220px-Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg)
Yahudi telah mengalami kehadiran berkelanjutan di sepanjang tanah Bulgaria sejak sebelum abad ke-2 Masehi, dan sering kali memainkan bagian berpengaruh dalam sejarah Bulgaria.
Saat ini, sebagian besar Yahudi Bulgaria tinggal di Israel, sementara Bulgaria pada masa sekarang menjadi menjadi rumah populasi Yahudi yang rendah.
Era Romawi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Yahudi dipercaya bermukim di kawasan tersebut setelah penaklukan Romawi. Reruntuhan sinagoge abad kedua terdapat di Philipopolis[1] (sekitar Plovdiv), Nikopol, Ulpia Oescus[2] (sekarang Gigen, Provinsi Pleven), dan Stobi[3] (sekarang di Makedonia).[4] Artefak tertulis terawal yang menyinggung kehadiran komunitas Yahudi di provinsi Romawi Moesia Inferior adalah sebuah inskripsi Latin akhir abad ke-2 Masehi yang ditemukan di Ulpia Oescus yang tertera pada sebuah menorah dan menyebutkan archisynagogos. Josephus menyebutkan kehadiran populasi Yahudi di kota tersebut. Sebuah dekret Kaisar Romawi Theodosius I dari 379 menyatakan penganiayaan terhadap kaum Yahudi dan penghancuran sinagoge-sinagoge di Illyria dan Thrace yang juga merupakan pemukiman Yahudi awal di Bulgaria.
Yahudi Bulgaria terkenal
[sunting | sunting sumber]Anggota Knesset
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Binyamin Arditi (1897–1981), dari Sofia
- Michael Bar-Zohar (kelahiran 1938), dari Sofia
- Shimon Bejarno (1910–1971), dari Plovdiv
- Ya'akov Nehoshtan (born 1925), dari Kazanlak
- Ya'akov Nitzani (1900–1962), dari Plovdiv
- Victor Shem-Tov (1915–2014), dari Samokov
- Emanuel Zisman (1935–2009), dari Plovdiv
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Kesiakova, E. (1989). "Antichna sinagoga vuv Philipopol". Arheologia. 1: 20–33.
- ^ Kochev, N. (1978). "Kum vuprosa za nadpisa ot Oescus za t. nar. arhisinagogus". Vekove. 2: 71–74.
- ^ Kraabel, A. T. (1982). "The Excavated Synagogues of Late Antiquity from Asia Minor to Italy". 16th Internationaler Byzantinistenkongress (dalam bahasa German). Vienna. 2 (2): 227–236.
- ^ Stefanov, Pavel (2002). "Bulgarians and Jews throughout History". Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe. Newberg, Oregon: George Fox University. 22 (6): 1–11. ISSN 1069-4781. Diakses tanggal October 4, 2015.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "jewishvirtuallibrary" yang didefinisikan di <references>
tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "Chary1972" yang didefinisikan di <references>
tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "census" yang didefinisikan di <references>
tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "shalompr" yang didefinisikan di <references>
tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "haaretz" yang didefinisikan di <references>
tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "Marushiakova" yang didefinisikan di <references>
tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "Fischel" yang didefinisikan di <references>
tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.
<ref>
dengan nama "alfassa" yang didefinisikan di <references>
tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ben-Yakov, Avraham (1990). Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust. 1. New York: Macmillan. hlm. 263–272. ISBN 0-02-896090-4. (map, illus.)
- Stefanov, Pavel (2002). "Bulgarians and Jews throughout History". Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe. Newberg, Oregon: George Fox University. 22 (6): 1–11. ISSN 1069-4781. Diakses tanggal October 4, 2015.
- Stefanov, Pavel (2006). "The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Holocaust: Addressing Common Misconceptions". Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe. Newberg, Oregon: George Fox University. 26 (2): 10–19. ISSN 1069-4781. Diakses tanggal October 4, 2015.
- Trankova, Dimana; Georgieff, Anthony. A Guide to Jewish Bulgaria. Sofia: Vagabond Media. hlm. 168. ISBN 978-954-92306-3-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-09-08. Diakses tanggal 2016-06-28.
- Comforty, Jacky (2001). "The Optimists: A film about the Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust". See also the resources Diarsipkan 2016-03-24 di Wayback Machine. page on the same website.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- "Records of the Open Media Research Institute (OMRI): Bulgarian Subject Files - Social Issues: Minorities: Jews". osaarchivum.org. Budapest: Open Society Archives, Central European University. Jun 26, 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 7, 2008. Diakses tanggal October 4, 2015.
- Empty Boxcars (2011) Documentary on IMDb and Video di YouTube
- Alfassa, Shelomo. "Clarifying 70 Years of Whitewashing and Inaccuracies: The Bulgarian Government and its Interaction with Jews During the Holocaust".
- "Saving the Jews of Bulgaria" (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Bulgarian State Archives Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-29. Diakses tanggal October 4, 2015.