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[[Berkas:Reuben_Fine_(1961).jpg|jmpl|Reuben Fine (1961)]]
'''Reuben Fine''' ([[11 Oktober]] [[1914]] – [[26 Maret]] [[1993]]) adalah salah satu pemain [[catur]] terbaik dunia pada 1930-an. Ia juga mengarang sejumlah buku catur yang masih populer hingga sekarang. Setelah [[Perang Dunia II]], ia belajar [[psikologi]] dan juga menulis buku-buku tentang topik itu.
'''Reuben Fine''' ({{lahirmati||11|10|1914||26|3|1993}}) adalah salah satu pemain [[catur]] terbaik dunia pada tahun 1930-an. Ia juga mengarang sejumlah buku catur yang masih populer hingga sekarang. Setelah [[Perang Dunia II]], ia belajar [[psikologi]] dan juga menulis buku-buku tentang topik itu.


== Biografi ==
== Biografi ==
Fine dilahirkan di [[New York City]], [[Amerika Serikat]]. Ia belajar untuk bermain catur pada tingkat turnamen di [[Klub Catur Marshall]] yang terkenal di New York City dan merintis jalan bagi banyak [[Grandmaster internasional|grandmaster]] terkenal seperti [[Bobby Fischer]]. Fine juga also dianggap sebagai salah satu pemain terbaik dalam [[catur kilat]] di dunia - bahkan pada awal tahun 1930-an, ia dapat bertanding melawan [[juara catur dunia]] saat itu, [[Alexander Alekhine]], meskipun Fine mengakui bahwa beberapa kali ketika ia bermain melawan pendahulu Alekhine, [[José Raúl Capablanca]], ia dibantai "tanpa kasihan".
Fine dilahirkan di [[New York City]], [[Amerika Serikat]]. Ia belajar untuk bermain catur pada tingkat turnamen di [[Klub Catur Marshall]] yang terkenal di New York City dan merintis jalan bagi banyak [[Grandmaster (catur)|grandmaster]] terkenal seperti [[Bobby Fischer]]. Fine juga also dianggap sebagai salah satu pemain terbaik dalam [[catur kilat]] di dunia - bahkan pada awal tahun 1930-an, ia dapat bertanding melawan [[juara catur dunia]] saat itu, [[Alexander Alekhine]], meskipun Fine mengakui bahwa beberapa kali ketika ia bermain melawan pendahulu Alekhine, [[José Raúl Capablanca]], ia dibantai "tanpa kasihan".


Pada 1937 ia telah memenangkan serangkaian turnamen internasional dan menjadi salah satu pemain yang paling berhasil di dunia. Ia telah mewakili AS dalam sejumlah [[Olimpiade Catur]], dan tim AS terus-menerus memperoleh tempat pertama. Meskipun ia aktif dalam pertandingan-pertandingan AS ia tidak pernah berhasil mencapai tempat pertama dalam [[Kejuaraan Catur Amerika Serikat]]. Biaasnya ia mendududki tempat kedua setelah lawannya orang Amerika, [[Samuel Reshevsky]]. Namun demikian, rekor pertandingan internasioanl Fine pada 1930-an lebih unggul daripada rekor Reshevsky. Pada 1938, Fine berusaha merebut tempat pertama bersama [[Paul Keres]] dalam pertandingan bergengsi [[Turnamen AVRO]] di [[Belanda]]. Ini adalah salah satu turnamen yang paling terkenal pada abad ke-20. Pertandingan ini diorganisir dengan harapan bahwa pemenang AVRO, sebuah turnamen [[round robin]] berganda, akan menjadi penantang berikutnya dari juara dunia [[Alexander Alekhine]]. <!--Fine finished ahead of future champion [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], current champion Alekhine, former world champions [[Max Euwe]] and Capablanca, and Grandmasters Samuel Reshevsky and [[Salo Flohr]]. Fine won both of his games against Alekhine. World War II interrupted any world championship matches and Alekhine died in 1946.
Pada tahun 1937 ia telah memenangkan serangkaian turnamen internasional dan menjadi salah satu pemain yang paling berhasil di dunia. Ia telah mewakili AS dalam sejumlah [[Olimpiade Catur]], dan tim AS terus-menerus memperoleh tempat pertama. Meskipun ia aktif dalam pertandingan-pertandingan AS, ia tidak pernah berhasil mencapai tempat pertama dalam [[Kejuaraan Catur Amerika Serikat]]. Biasnya ia menduduki tempat kedua setelah lawannya orang Amerika, [[Samuel Reshevsky]]. Namun demikian, rekor pertandingan internasional Fine pada 1930-an lebih unggul daripada rekor Reshevsky. Pada tahun 1938, Fine berusaha merebut tempat pertama bersama [[Paul Keres]] dalam pertandingan bergengsi [[Turnamen AVRO]] di [[Belanda]]. Ini adalah salah satu turnamen yang paling terkenal pada abad ke-20. Pertandingan ini diorganisir dengan harapan bahwa pemenang AVRO, sebuah turnamen [[round robin]] berganda, akan menjadi penantang berikutnya dari juara dunia [[Alexander Alekhine]].<!--Fine finished ahead of future champion [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], current champion Alekhine, former world champions [[Max Euwe]] and Capablanca, and Grandmasters Samuel Reshevsky and [[Salo Flohr]]. Fine won both of his games against Alekhine. World War II interrupted any world championship matches and Alekhine died in 1946.


In 1941 Fine wrote ''Basic Chess Endings'', a compendium of [[endgame]] analysis which is considered one of the best works on the subject of all time. His ''The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings'' is also considered an important work for concentrating more on the underlying ideas of [[chess opening]]s than on sequences of particular moves. During World War II he worked for the [[U.S. Navy]], performing the [[Gravity's Rainbow|Pynchonesque]] task of calculating the probability of German [[submarine|U-boats]] surfacing at certain points in the water.
In 1941 Fine wrote ''Basic Chess Endings'', a compendium of [[endgame]] analysis which is considered one of the best works on the subject of all time. His ''The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings'' is also considered an important work for concentrating more on the underlying ideas of [[chess opening]]s than on sequences of particular moves. During World War II he worked for the [[U.S. Navy]], performing the [[Gravity's Rainbow|Pynchonesque]] task of calculating the probability of German [[submarine|U-boats]] surfacing at certain points in the water.
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After the war, Fine continued playing chess, receiving an invitation from [[Fédération Internationale des Échecs|FIDE]] to take part in the 1948 [[World Chess Championship]] tournament. He was invited as he was the co-winner in the AVRO tournament. He declined to participate and there is speculation as to the real reason why. The official reason was that he was working on his doctoral dissertation in [[psychology]]. However, some suggest that he was skeptical of the [[Russia]]n players throwing games against each other in order to win the championship. Even GM [[Larry Evans]] stated in the August 2004 issue of ''[[Chess Life]]'' that "Fine told me he didn't want to waste three months of his life watching Russians throw games to each other."
After the war, Fine continued playing chess, receiving an invitation from [[Fédération Internationale des Échecs|FIDE]] to take part in the 1948 [[World Chess Championship]] tournament. He was invited as he was the co-winner in the AVRO tournament. He declined to participate and there is speculation as to the real reason why. The official reason was that he was working on his doctoral dissertation in [[psychology]]. However, some suggest that he was skeptical of the [[Russia]]n players throwing games against each other in order to win the championship. Even GM [[Larry Evans]] stated in the August 2004 issue of ''[[Chess Life]]'' that "Fine told me he didn't want to waste three months of his life watching Russians throw games to each other."


Regardless, he eventually received his [[doctorate]] in psychology from the [[University of Southern California]] and mostly abandoned playing professional chess to concentrate on his new profession. In 1956 he wrote an article "Psychoanalytic Observations on Chess and Chess Masters" for a psychological journal. That article would later become the book ''The Psychology of the Chess Player'', in which Fine gives his insights into the topic, often steeped in [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] theory (Fine is not the first person to examine the mind as it relates to chess&mdash;[[Alfred Binet]], the inventor of the [[Intelligence quotient|IQ test]], had studied the mental functionality of good chess players, and found that they often had enhanced mental traits, such as a good memory).
Regardless, he eventually received his [[doctorate]] in psychology from the [[University of Southern California]] and mostly abandoned playing professional chess to concentrate on his new profession. In 1956 he wrote an article "Psychoanalytic Observations on Chess and Chess Masters" for a psychological journal. That article would later become the book ''The Psychology of the Chess Player'', in which Fine gives his insights into the topic, often steeped in [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] theory (Fine is not the first person to examine the mind as it relates to chess—[[Alfred Binet]], the inventor of the [[Intelligence quotient|IQ test]], had studied the mental functionality of good chess players, and found that they often had enhanced mental traits, such as a good memory).


Fine continued playing chess casually throughout his life (a 1963 friendly game against [[Bobby Fischer]] is included in Fischer's ''My Sixty Memorable Games''). He went on to publish ''A History of Psychoanalysis'' in 1979, as well as other books on psychology. One of Fine's more interesting beliefs was that [[homosexuality]] could be [[Reparative therapy|"cured"]], and his opinions regarding this were used in conjunction with legal battles in the U.S. involving homosexuality, including the legislative battle over [[same-sex marriage]] in [[Hawaii]].
Fine continued playing chess casually throughout his life (a 1963 friendly game against [[Bobby Fischer]] is included in Fischer's ''My Sixty Memorable Games''). He went on to publish ''A History of Psychoanalysis'' in 1979, as well as other books on psychology. One of Fine's more interesting beliefs was that [[homosexuality]] could be [[Reparative therapy|"cured"]], and his opinions regarding this were used in conjunction with legal battles in the U.S. involving homosexuality, including the legislative battle over [[same-sex marriage]] in [[Hawaii]].
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== Permainan penting ==
== Permainan penting ==

*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1031938 Reuben Fine vs Mikhail Botvinnik, Amsterdam AVRO 1938, French, Winawer, Advance (C17), 1-0] Dalam posisi akhir, "Hitam tidak dapat melakukan langkah apapun dan Rf3 terancam. Suatu kombinasi dari gagasan strategis yang indah dengan kehalusan taktik." (Botvinnik)
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1043868 Reuben Fine vs Salomon Flohr, Amsterdam AVRO 1938, French, Winawer, Advance (C17), 1-0] Sebuah taktik yang dalam pada suatu varian luar biasa dari pembukaan Perancis
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1031938 Reuben Fine vs Mikhail Botvinnik, Amsterdam AVRO 1938, French, Winawer, Advance (C17), 1-0] Dalam posisi akhir, "Hitam tidak dapat melakukan langkah apapun dan Rf3 terancam. Suatu kombinasi dari gagasan strategis yang indah dengan kehalusan taktik." (Botvinnik)
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1043934 Reuben Fine vs Herman Steiner, Pan-American champ, Hollywood 1945. Queen's Gambit Accepted, Classical (D29), 1-0] Fine melihat lebih jauh daripada lawannya dalam suatu posisi taktis yang tajam
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1043868 Reuben Fine vs Salomon Flohr, Amsterdam AVRO 1938, French, Winawer, Advance (C17), 1-0] Sebuah taktik yang dalam pada suatu varian luar biasa dari pembukaan Prancis
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1043934 Reuben Fine vs Herman Steiner, Pan-American champ, Hollywood 1945. Queen's Gambit Accepted, Classical (D29), 1-0] Fine melihat lebih jauh daripada lawannya dalam suatu posisi taktis yang tajam


== Buku ==
== Buku ==

*''Basic Chess Endings'', oleh Reuben Fine, 1941, McKay. Direvisi pada 2003 oleh [[Pal Benko]]. ISBN 0-8129-3493-8.
*''The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings'', 1943. Direvisi pada 1989. McKay, ISBN 0-8129-1756-1.
* ''Basic Chess Endings'', oleh Reuben Fine, 1941, McKay. Direvisi pada 2003 oleh [[Pal Benko]]. ISBN 0-8129-3493-8.
*''Practical Chess Openings''
* ''The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings'', 1943. Direvisi pada 1989. McKay, ISBN 0-8129-1756-1.
*''The Middlegame in Chess'', ISBN 0-8129-3484-9
* ''Practical Chess Openings''
* ''The Middlegame in Chess'', ISBN 0-8129-3484-9
* ''The World's Great Chess Games'' oleh Reuben Fine; Dover; 1983. ISBN 0-486-24512-8
* ''The World's Great Chess Games'' oleh Reuben Fine; Dover; 1983. ISBN 0-486-24512-8


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==

* {{chessgames player|id=20102}}
* {{chessgames player|id=20102}}
* [http://www.wtharvey.com/fine.html 10 Posisi Kritis dari Permainannya]
* [http://www.wtharvey.com/fine.html 10 Posisi Kritis dari Permainannya]


{{Kotak bawah catur}}
{{Chess}}

[[Category:Kelahiran 1914|Fine, Reuben]]
[[Category:Kematian 1993|Fine, Reuben]]
[[Category:Pecatur Amerika Serikat|Fine, Reuben]]
[[Category:Grandmaster catur|Fine, Reuben]]
[[Category:Pecatur Yahudi|Fine, Reuben]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Fine, Reuben}}
[[br:Reuben Fine]]
[[Kategori:Pecatur Amerika Serikat]]
[[de:Reuben Fine]]
[[Kategori:Grandmaster catur]]
[[en:Reuben Fine]]
[[es:Reuben Fine]]
[[Kategori:Pecatur Yahudi]]
[[fr:Reuben Fine]]
[[it:Reuben Fine]]
[[nl:Reuben Fine]]
[[pl:Reuben Fine]]
[[sr:Рубен Фајн]]

Revisi terkini sejak 23 Desember 2022 00.47

Reuben Fine (1961)

Reuben Fine (11 Oktober 1914 – 26 Maret 1993) adalah salah satu pemain catur terbaik dunia pada tahun 1930-an. Ia juga mengarang sejumlah buku catur yang masih populer hingga sekarang. Setelah Perang Dunia II, ia belajar psikologi dan juga menulis buku-buku tentang topik itu.

Fine dilahirkan di New York City, Amerika Serikat. Ia belajar untuk bermain catur pada tingkat turnamen di Klub Catur Marshall yang terkenal di New York City dan merintis jalan bagi banyak grandmaster terkenal seperti Bobby Fischer. Fine juga also dianggap sebagai salah satu pemain terbaik dalam catur kilat di dunia - bahkan pada awal tahun 1930-an, ia dapat bertanding melawan juara catur dunia saat itu, Alexander Alekhine, meskipun Fine mengakui bahwa beberapa kali ketika ia bermain melawan pendahulu Alekhine, José Raúl Capablanca, ia dibantai "tanpa kasihan".

Pada tahun 1937 ia telah memenangkan serangkaian turnamen internasional dan menjadi salah satu pemain yang paling berhasil di dunia. Ia telah mewakili AS dalam sejumlah Olimpiade Catur, dan tim AS terus-menerus memperoleh tempat pertama. Meskipun ia aktif dalam pertandingan-pertandingan AS, ia tidak pernah berhasil mencapai tempat pertama dalam Kejuaraan Catur Amerika Serikat. Biasnya ia menduduki tempat kedua setelah lawannya orang Amerika, Samuel Reshevsky. Namun demikian, rekor pertandingan internasional Fine pada 1930-an lebih unggul daripada rekor Reshevsky. Pada tahun 1938, Fine berusaha merebut tempat pertama bersama Paul Keres dalam pertandingan bergengsi Turnamen AVRO di Belanda. Ini adalah salah satu turnamen yang paling terkenal pada abad ke-20. Pertandingan ini diorganisir dengan harapan bahwa pemenang AVRO, sebuah turnamen round robin berganda, akan menjadi penantang berikutnya dari juara dunia Alexander Alekhine.

Permainan penting

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Pranala luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]