Panthera: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Short description|Genus dalam famili Felidae}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{bedakan|Pantera}} |
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| color = pink |
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{{Infobox spesies |
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| name = Panthera |
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| name = ''Panthera''<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id = 14000227 |pages=546–548 |heading=Genus ''Panthera''}}</ref> |
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| image = Panthera tigris tigris.jpg |
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| fossil_range = [[Miosen Akhir]] – sekarang, {{fossil_range|5.95|0}} |
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| image_width = 225px |
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| image = 4panthera3.0.png |
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| image_caption = [[Harimau]] |
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| image_caption = Dari atas ke bawah: [[harimau]], [[singa]], [[jaguar]], [[macan tutul]], [[macan tutul salju]] |
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| regnum = [[Hewan|Animalia]] |
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| image2_caption = |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| tipus_taxonomic = ''[[Leopard|Panthera pardus]]''<ref name=Allen1902/><br/><small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae edisi ke-10|1758]]</small> |
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| classis = [[Binatang menyusui|Mammalia]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = Spesies hidup |
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| ordo = [[Carnivora]] |
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| subdivision = ''[[Harimau|Panthera tigris]]''<br /> |
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| familia = [[Felidae]] |
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''[[Macan tutul salju|Panthera uncia]]''<br /> |
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| genus = '''''Panthera''''' |
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''[[Jaguar|Panthera onca]]''<br /> |
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| genus_authority = [[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1816 |
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''[[Singa|Panthera leo]]''<br /> |
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| subdivision_ranks = spesies |
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''[[Macan tutul|Panthera pardus]]'' |
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| subdivision = |
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lihat teks |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Panthera''' adalah salah satu genus dalam suku [[Felidae]], yang terdiri dari empat [[kucing]] besar. |
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'''Panthera''' adalah salah satu genus dalam famili [[Felidae]], yang dinamai dan dijelaskan oleh [[Lorenz Oken]] pada tahun 1816, yang menempatkan semua kucing berbintik di kelompok ini.<ref name=Allen1902>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=J. A. |year=1902 |title=Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie' |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=16 |issue=27 |pages=373−379 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/509//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B016a27.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oken |first1=L. |year=1816 |title=Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung |location=Jena |publisher=August Schmid & Comp. |page=1052 |chapter=1. Art, ''Panthera'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052}}</ref> [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] merevisi klasifikasi genus ini pada tahun 1916 yang terdiri dari [[harimau]] (''P. tigris''), [[singa]] (''P. leo''), [[jaguar]] (''P. onca''), dan [[macan tutul]] (''P. pardus'') berdasarkan fitur [[Tulang kranium|kranium]] umum.<ref name=Pocock1916>{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1916 |title=The Classification and Generic Nomenclature of ''F. uncia'' and its Allies |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=Series 8 |volume=XVIII |issue=105 |pages=314–316 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ser8annalsmagazi18londuoft#page/314/mode/2up |doi=10.1080/00222931608693854}}</ref> Hasil [[analisis genetik]] menujukkan bahwa [[macan tutul salju]] (awalnya ''Uncia uncia'') juga termasuk genus ''Panthera'' (''P. uncia''), sebuah klasifikasi yang diterima oleh asesor-asesor [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] pada tahun 2008.<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name=iucn1>{{cite iucn |author1=McCarthy, T.|author2=Mallon, D.|author3=Jackson, R.|author4=Zahler, P.|author5=McCarthy, K.|page=e.T22732A50664030 |title=''Panthera uncia'' |date=2017 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en }}</ref> |
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Harimau, singa, macan tutul, dan jaguar adalah keempat spesies kucing dengan struktur anatomi yang dapat membuatnya [[Auman|mengaum]]. Macan tutul salju hanya satu-satunya anggota yang tidak dapat mengaum dalam genus ini. Alasan utamanya karena awalnya dianggap sebagai [[osifikasi]] [[tulang hyoid]] yang belum lengkap. Namun, penelitian baru menunjukkan kemampuan mengaumnya adalah karena fitur [[Morfologi (biologi)|morfologis]] lain, khususnya [[laring]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peters, G. |last2=Hast, M. H. |year=1994 |title=Hyoid structure, laryngeal anatomy, and vocalization in felids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=87−104 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Zeitschrift-Saeugetierkunde_59_0087-0104.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Etimologi== |
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Kata ''Panther'' berasal dari [[bahasa Latin klasik]] ''panthēra'', dari [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]] ''pánthēr'' (πάνθηρ).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liddell, H. G. |last2=Scott, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1940 |chapter=πάνθηρ |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Secara [[Fonetik|fhonetis]] mirip dengan kata dalam [[bahasa Sanskerta]] पाण्डर ''pând-ara'' yang berarti 'kuning pucat, keputihan, putih'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macdonell, A. A. |year=1929 |title=A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=पाण्डर pând-ara |page=95 |chapter-url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0&searchhws=yes |access-date=2021-11-02 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190022/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0&searchhws=yes |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |
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== Spesies == |
== Spesies == |
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Spesies dan subspesies yang sudah [[punah]] ditandai dengan simbol † |
Spesies dan subspesies yang sudah [[punah]] ditandai dengan simbol † |
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* '''Genus''' ''Panthera'' |
* '''Genus''' ''Panthera'' |
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** ''Panthera gombaszoegensis'' [[punah|†]] |
** ''Panthera gombaszoegensis'' [[punah|†]] |
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** ''Panthera leo'' ([[Singa]]) |
** ''[[Panthera leo]]'' ([[Singa]]) |
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*** ''Panthera leo atrox'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera leo atrox'' [[punah|†]] (Singa Amerika) |
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*** ''Panthera leo azandica'' |
*** ''Panthera leo azandica'' |
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*** ''Panthera leo bleyenberghi'' |
*** ''Panthera leo bleyenberghi'' |
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*** ''Panthera leo europaea'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera leo europaea'' [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera leo fossilis'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera leo fossilis'' [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera leo hollisteri'' |
*** ''Panthera leo hollisteri'' |
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*** ''Panthera leo krugeri'' |
*** ''Panthera leo krugeri'' |
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*** ''Panthera leo leo'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera leo leo'' [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera leo roosevelti'' |
*** ''Panthera leo roosevelti'' |
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*** ''Panthera leo sinhaleyus'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera leo sinhaleyus'' [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera leo somaliensis'' |
*** ''Panthera leo somaliensis'' |
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*** ''Panthera leo spelaea'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera leo spelaea'' [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera leo senegalensis'' |
*** ''Panthera leo senegalensis'' |
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*** ''Panthera leo vereshchagini'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera leo vereshchagini'' [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera leo verneyi'' |
*** ''Panthera leo verneyi'' |
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** ''Panthera onca'' ([[Jaguar]]) |
** ''[[Panthera onca]]'' ([[Jaguar]]) |
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** ''Panthera palaeosinensis'' [[punah|†]] |
** ''Panthera palaeosinensis'' [[punah|†]] |
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** ''Panthera pardoides'' [[punah|†]] |
** ''Panthera pardoides'' [[punah|†]] |
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** ''Panthera pardus'' ([[Macan Tutul]]) |
** ''[[Panthera pardus]]'' ([[Macan Tutul]]) |
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*** ''Panthera pardus adersi'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera pardus adersi'' [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera pardus delacouri'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus delacouri'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus jarvesi'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus jarvesi'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus japonensis'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus japonensis'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus jarvisi'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus jarvisi'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus kotiya'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus kotiya'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus melas'' ([[Macan Kumbang]]) |
*** ''Panthera pardus melas'' ([[Macan Kumbang]]) |
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*** ''Panthera pardus nimr'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus nimr'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus nimr'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus nimr'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus orientalis'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus orientalis'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus panthera'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus panthera'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus pardus'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus pardus'' |
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*** ''Panthera pardus saxicolor'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus saxicolor'' ([[Macan tutul Persia]]) |
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*** ''Panthera pardus tulliana'' |
*** ''Panthera pardus tulliana'' |
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** ''Panthera schaubi'' [[punah|†]] |
** ''Panthera schaubi'' [[punah|†]] |
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** ''Panthera tigris'' ([[Harimau]]) |
** ''[[Panthera tigris]]'' ([[Harimau]]) |
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*** ''Panthera tigris altaica'' ([[Harimau Siberia]]) |
*** ''Panthera tigris altaica'' ([[Harimau Siberia]]) |
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*** ''Panthera tigris amoyensis'' |
*** ''Panthera tigris amoyensis'' |
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*** ''Panthera tigris balica'' ([[Harimau Bali]]) [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera tigris balica'' ([[Harimau Bali]]) [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera tigris corbetti'' |
*** ''Panthera tigris corbetti'' |
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*** ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'' |
*** ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'' |
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*** ''Panthera tigris sondaica'' ([[Harimau Jawa]]) [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera tigris sondaica'' ([[Harimau Jawa]]) [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera tigris sumatran'' ([[Harimau Sumatra]]) |
*** ''Panthera tigris sumatran'' ([[Harimau Sumatra]]) |
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*** ''Panthera tigris tigris'' |
*** ''Panthera tigris tigris'' |
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*** ''Panthera tigris trinilensis'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera tigris trinilensis'' [[punah|†]] |
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*** ''Panthera tigris virgata'' [[punah|†]] |
*** ''Panthera tigris virgata'' [[punah|†]] |
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** ''Panthera toscana'' [[punah|†]] |
** ''Panthera toscana'' [[punah|†]] (Singa Tuscany) |
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** ''Panthera youngi'' [[punah|†]] |
** ''Panthera youngi'' [[punah|†]] |
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==Lihat juga== |
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[[Kategori:Felidae]] |
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{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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* [[Hibrida Panthera|Hibrida ''Panthera'']] |
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* [[Panther (makhluk legenda)]] |
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{{colend}} |
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==Referensi== |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=Johnson2006>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W.E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W.J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=73–77 |pmid=16400146 |issue=5757 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Bacaan lebih lanjut== |
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* {{cite book |title=The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History |authors=Turner, A. and [[Mauricio Antón|Antón, M.]] |date=1997 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-10228-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66mRJSxIAfoC |language=en}} |
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==Pranala luar== |
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* {{cite web |title=The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats |work=[[PBS Eons]] |date=16 May 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPJnqWke5n8 |via=[[YouTube]] }} |
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{{Carnivora|Fe.}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q127960}} |
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[[Kategori:Panthera| ]] |
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[[ar:نمر (جنس)]] |
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[[ |
[[Kategori:Pantherinae]] |
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[[Kategori:Genera mamalia]] |
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[[be:Пантэры]] |
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[[be-x-old:Пантэры]] |
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[[bg:Пантери]] |
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[[bn:পানথেরা]] |
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[[br:Panthera]] |
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[[ca:Pantera]] |
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[[cs:Panthera]] |
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[[da:Panthera]] |
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[[de:Eigentliche Großkatzen]] |
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[[en:Panthera]] |
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[[eo:Panteroj]] |
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[[es:Panthera]] |
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[[et:Panter]] |
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[[fi:Suurkissat]] |
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[[fr:Panthera]] |
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[[he:פנתר]] |
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[[hr:Pantere]] |
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[[hu:Panthera]] |
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[[ia:Panthera]] |
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[[io:Pantero]] |
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[[it:Panthera]] |
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[[ja:ヒョウ属]] |
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[[ka:პანტერები]] |
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[[ko:표범속]] |
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[[la:Panthera]] |
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[[lt:Panteros]] |
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[[lv:Panteras]] |
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[[mk:Panthera]] |
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[[ml:പാന്തെറാ]] |
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[[ms:Panthera]] |
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[[ne:चितुवा]] |
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[[nl:Panthera]] |
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[[nn:Store kattedyr]] |
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[[no:Brølekatter]] |
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[[oc:Panthera]] |
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[[pl:Panthera]] |
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[[pt:Panthera]] |
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[[ru:Пантеры]] |
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[[sah:Бөдөҥ куоскалар уустара]] |
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[[simple:Panthera]] |
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[[sv:Panthera]] |
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[[th:Panthera]] |
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[[tr:Panthera]] |
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[[uk:Пантера]] |
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[[vi:Chi Báo]] |
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[[zh:豹属]] |
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[[zh-min-nan:Pà-sio̍k]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 17 Februari 2023 17.04
Panthera[1]
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Panthera ![]() | |
Taksonomi | |
Kelas | Mammalia |
Ordo | Carnivora |
Famili | Felidae |
Genus | Panthera ![]() Oken, 1816 |
Tipe taksonomi | Panthera pardus[2] Linnaeus, 1758 |
Tata nama | |
Sinonim takson | Leo (en) ![]() Tigris (en) ![]() ![]() |
Spesies hidup | |
Panthera tigris Panthera uncia |
Panthera adalah salah satu genus dalam famili Felidae, yang dinamai dan dijelaskan oleh Lorenz Oken pada tahun 1816, yang menempatkan semua kucing berbintik di kelompok ini.[2][3] Reginald Innes Pocock merevisi klasifikasi genus ini pada tahun 1916 yang terdiri dari harimau (P. tigris), singa (P. leo), jaguar (P. onca), dan macan tutul (P. pardus) berdasarkan fitur kranium umum.[4] Hasil analisis genetik menujukkan bahwa macan tutul salju (awalnya Uncia uncia) juga termasuk genus Panthera (P. uncia), sebuah klasifikasi yang diterima oleh asesor-asesor Daftar Merah IUCN pada tahun 2008.[5][6]
Harimau, singa, macan tutul, dan jaguar adalah keempat spesies kucing dengan struktur anatomi yang dapat membuatnya mengaum. Macan tutul salju hanya satu-satunya anggota yang tidak dapat mengaum dalam genus ini. Alasan utamanya karena awalnya dianggap sebagai osifikasi tulang hyoid yang belum lengkap. Namun, penelitian baru menunjukkan kemampuan mengaumnya adalah karena fitur morfologis lain, khususnya laring.[7]
Etimologi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kata Panther berasal dari bahasa Latin klasik panthēra, dari bahasa Yunani Kuno pánthēr (πάνθηρ).[8] Secara fhonetis mirip dengan kata dalam bahasa Sanskerta पाण्डर pând-ara yang berarti 'kuning pucat, keputihan, putih'.[9]
Spesies
[sunting | sunting sumber]Spesies dan subspesies yang sudah punah ditandai dengan simbol †
- Genus Panthera
- Panthera gombaszoegensis †
- Panthera leo (Singa)
- Panthera leo atrox † (Singa Amerika)
- Panthera leo azandica
- Panthera leo bleyenberghi
- Panthera leo europaea †
- Panthera leo fossilis †
- Panthera leo hollisteri
- Panthera leo krugeri
- Panthera leo leo †
- Panthera leo melanochaita †
- Panthera leo massaicus
- Panthera leo nubica
- Panthera leo persica
- Panthera leo roosevelti
- Panthera leo sinhaleyus †
- Panthera leo somaliensis
- Panthera leo spelaea †
- Panthera leo senegalensis
- Panthera leo vereshchagini †
- Panthera leo verneyi
- Panthera onca (Jaguar)
- Panthera palaeosinensis †
- Panthera pardoides †
- Panthera pardus (Macan Tutul)
- Panthera pardus adersi †
- Panthera pardus delacouri
- Panthera pardus fusca
- Panthera pardus jarvesi
- Panthera pardus japonensis
- Panthera pardus jarvisi
- Panthera pardus kotiya
- Panthera pardus melas (Macan Kumbang)
- Panthera pardus nimr
- Panthera pardus nimr
- Panthera pardus orientalis
- Panthera pardus panthera
- Panthera pardus pardus
- Panthera pardus saxicolor (Macan tutul Persia)
- Panthera pardus tulliana
- Panthera schaubi †
- Panthera tigris (Harimau)
- Panthera tigris altaica (Harimau Siberia)
- Panthera tigris amoyensis
- Panthera tigris balica (Harimau Bali) †
- Panthera tigris corbetti
- Panthera tigris jacksoni
- Panthera tigris sondaica (Harimau Jawa) †
- Panthera tigris sumatran (Harimau Sumatra)
- Panthera tigris tigris
- Panthera tigris trinilensis †
- Panthera tigris virgata †
- Panthera toscana † (Singa Tuscany)
- Panthera youngi †
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005-11-16). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), ed. Mammal Species of the World (edisi ke-3rd edition). Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 546–548. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
- ^ a b Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 16 (27): 373−379.
- ^ Oken, L. (1816). "1. Art, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. hlm. 1052.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. (1916). "The Classification and Generic Nomenclature of F. uncia and its Allies". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. Series 8. XVIII (105): 314–316. doi:10.1080/00222931608693854.
- ^ Johnson, W.E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S.J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
- ^ McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia": e.T22732A50664030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en.
- ^ Peters, G.; Hast, M. H. (1994). "Hyoid structure, laryngeal anatomy, and vocalization in felids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 59 (2): 87−104.
- ^ Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. (1940). "πάνθηρ". A Greek-English Lexicon (edisi ke-Revised and augmented). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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Bacaan lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Turner, A. and Antón, M. (1997). The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History (dalam bahasa Inggris). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10228-5.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- "The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats". PBS Eons. 16 May 2019 – via YouTube.