Bahasa Lombard: Perbedaan antara revisi

Rumpun bahasa
	Indo-Eropa Italik Roman Roman Barat Gallo-Roman Gallo-Italik Bahasa Lombard; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Bahasa Lombard
lombard/lumbaart (WL)
lombard (EL)
Bahasa Lombard lombard/lumbaart (WL); lombard (EL)
Dituturkan di	Italia, Swiss
Wilayah	Italia:; Lombardia; Piemonte; Tirol Selatan; Trentino; Swiss:; Graubünden; Ticino; Brasil:; Santa Catarina
Penutur	3,9 juta (2002) Perincian data penutur Jumlah penutur beserta (jika ada) metode pengambilan, jenis, tanggal, dan tempat. 3.900.000 (2002);
Rumpun bahasa
Rumpun bahasa
	Indo-Eropa Italik Roman Roman Barat Gallo-Roman Gallo-Italik Bahasa Lombard; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialek	Lombard Barat Lombard Timur
Kode bahasa
ISO 639-3	lmo
Glottolog	lomb1257
Linguasfer	51-AAA-oc & 51-AAA-od
IETF	lmo
Status pemertahanan
Status pemertahanan
	Punah; EXSingkatan dari Extinct (Punah) Terancam; CRSingkatan dari Critically endangered (Terancam Kritis) SESingkatan dari Severely endangered (Terancam berat) DESingkatan dari Devinitely endangered (Terancam) VUSingkatan dari Vulnerable (Rentan) Aman; NESingkatan dari Not Endangered (Tidak terancam) ICHEL Red Book: Definitely Endangered Bahasa Lombard diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa terancam punah (DE) pada Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan [sunting di Wikidata]
	C10; Kategori 10Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa telah punah (Extinct) C9; Kategori 9Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa sudah ditinggalkan dan hanya segelintir yang menuturkannya (Dormant) C8b; Kategori 8bKategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa hampir punah (Nearly extinct) C8a; Kategori 8aKategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa sangat sedikit dituturkan dan terancam berat untuk punah (Moribund) C7; Kategori 7Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mulai mengalami penurunan ataupun penutur mulai berpindah menggunakan bahasa lain (Shifting) C6b; Kategori 6bKategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mulai terancam (Threatened) C6a; Kategori 6aKategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa masih cukup banyak dituturkan (Vigorous) C5; Kategori 5Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mengalami pertumbuhan populasi penutur (Developing) C4; Kategori 4Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa digunakan dalam institusi pendidikan (Educational) C3; Kategori 3Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa digunakan cukup luas (Wider Communication) C2; Kategori 2Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan di berbagai wilayah (Provincial) C1; Kategori 1Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa nasional maupun bahasa resmi dari suatu negara (National) C0; Kategori 0Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa merupakan bahasa pengantar internasional ataupun bahasa yang digunakan pada kancah antar bangsa (International) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 EGIDS SIL Ethnologue: C6a VigorousBahasa Lombard dikategorikan sebagai C6a Vigorous menurut SIL Ethnologue, artinya bahasa ini masih dituturkan dan digunakan oleh sebagian wilayah Buka versi koordinat status pemertahanan rinci [sunting di Wikidata]
Sampel
	Sampel teksLogo Wikipedia dalam bahasa Lombard yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.
	Sampel teks lainnya
Lokasi penuturan
	Lokasi penuturan Bahasa Lombard
	Kawasan berbahasa Lombard dengan warna biru, dengan dialek peralihan antara bahasa Lombard dan Bahasa Emilian dengan warna yang lebih terang. Garis hijau menandai bagian dari varietas Barat ke Timur.
	Peta bahasa lain
Artikel ini mengandung simbol fonetik IPA. Tanpa bantuan render yang baik, Anda akan melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain, bukan karakter Unicode. Untuk pengenalan mengenai simbol IPA, lihat Bantuan:IPA.
	Portal Bahasa
	L • B • PW

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Bahasa Lombard (nama asli lumbàart, lumbard or lombard, bergantung pada ortografi; diucapkan [lũˈbɑːrt] atau [lomˈbart]) ialah bahasa^[11] milik kelompok Cisalpine atau Gallo-Italik, dalam bahasa Roman.^[12] Ini adalah kelompok varietas homogen yang digunakan oleh setidaknya 3.500.000 penutur asli di Italia Utara (sebagian besar Lombardia dan beberapa kawasan di daerah tetangga, terutama sisi timur Piemonte), Selatan Swiss (Kanton Ticino dan Graubünden),^[12] dan Brasil (Botuverá, Santa Catarina).^[4] Bahasa yang paling dekat dengan bahasa Lombard adalah Franco-Provençal, bahasa Prancis, bahasa Romania, bahasa Occitan,^[13]^[14] dan Bahasa Piemonte.^[15]

Pria muda yang bertutur dialek Lombard Timur (kosakata dipengaruhi bahasa Italia)

Lihat pula

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups. Westport.
^ ^a ^b Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. New York.
^ ^a ^b Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy. Berne.
^ ^a ^b Spoken in Botuverá, in Brazil, municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between Treviglio and Crema. A thesis of Leiden University about Brasilian Bergamasque: [1].
^ Bahasa Lombard di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)
^ https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lmo/; diakses pada: 27 November 2018.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Lombard". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
^ "Bahasa Lombard". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
^ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: LMO". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-08-19. Identifier: LMO / Name: Lombard / Status: Active / Code set: 639-3 / Scope: Individual / Type: Living
^ ^a ^b Jones, Mary C.; Soria, Claudia (2015). "Assessing the effect of official recognition on the vitality of endangered languages: a case of study from Italy". Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 130. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-04-21. Lombard (Lumbard, ISO 639-9 lmo) is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties (Tamburelli 2014: 9) belonging to the Gallo-Italic group. It is spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy, in the Novara province of Piedmont, and in Switzerland. Mutual intelligibility between speakers of Lombard and monolingual Italian speakers has been reported as very low (Tamburelli 2014). Although some Lombard varieties, Milanese in particular, enjoy a rather long and prestigious literary tradition, Lombard is now mostly used in informal domains. According to Ethnologue, Piedmontese and Lombard are spoken by between 1,600,000 and 2,000,000 speakers and around 3,500,000 speakers respectively. These are very high figures for languages that have never been recognised officially nor systematically taught in school
^ "Lombard". thefreedictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2018.
^ Bishop, Caroline (2 March 2017). "18 interesting facts about Switzerland's fourth language, Romansh". www.thelocal.ch.
^ Bonfadini, Giovanni. "lombardi, dialetti" [Lombard dialects]. Enciclopedia Treccani (dalam bahasa Italia).

Daftar pustaka

Agnoletto, Attilio (1992). San Giorgio su Legnano - storia, società, ambiente. SBN IT\ICCU\CFI\0249761.
D'Ilario, Giorgio (2003). Dizionario legnanese. Artigianservice. SBN IT\ICCU\MIL\0625963.
Bernard Comrie, Stephen Matthews, Maria Polinsky (eds.), The Atlas of languages: the origin and development of languages throughout the world. New York 2003, Facts On File. p. 40.
Brevini, Franco - Lo stile lombardo: la tradizione letteraria da Bonvesin da la Riva a Franco Loi / Franco Brevini - Pantarei, Lugan - 1984 (Lombard style: literary tradition from Bonvesin da la Riva to Franco Loi )
Glauco Sanga: La lingua Lombarda, in Koiné in Italia, dalle origini al 500 (Koinés in Italy, from the origin to 1500), Lubrina publisher, Bèrghem.
Claudio Beretta: Letteratura dialettale milanese. Itinerario antologico-critico dalle origini ai nostri giorni - Hoepli, 2003.
G. Hull: "The linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia, PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 1982; published as The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language, 2 vols. Sydney: Beta Crucis Editions, 2017.
Jørgen G. Bosoni: «Una proposta di grafia unificata per le varietà linguistiche lombarde: regole per la trascrizione», in Bollettino della Società Storica dell’Alta Valtellina 6/2003, p. 195-298 (Società Storica Alta Valtellina: Bormio, 2003). A comprehensive description of a unified set of writing rules for all the Lombard varieties of Switzerland and Italy, with IPA transcriptions and examples.
Tamburelli, M. (2014). Uncovering the ‘hidden’ multilingualism of Europe: an Italian case study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3), 252-270.
NED Editori: I quatter Vangeli de Mattee, March, Luca E Gioann - 2002.
Stephen A. Wurm: Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris 2001, UNESCO Publishing, p. 29.
Studi di lingua e letteratura lombarda offerti a Maurizio Vitale, (Studies in Lombard language and literature) Pisa: Giardini, 1983
A cura di Pierluigi Beltrami, Bruno Ferrari, Luciano Tibiletti, Giorgio D'Ilario: Canzoniere Lombardo - Varesina Grafica Editrice, 1970.
Sanga, Glauco. 1984. Dialettologia Lombarda. University of Pavia. 346pp.

Pranala luar

Far Lombard This Lombard language association website is a place where you can learn lombard through texts and audio visual materials.
Lombard language digital library
Learn Lombard online
Learn Lombard Italian site
Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia del Cantone Ticino.
Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Documenti orali della Svizzera italiana. (dalam bahasa Italia)
Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca Diarsipkan 2006-04-22 di Wayback Machine..
LSI - Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana.
RTSI: Acquarelli popolari, some video and audio documents (interviews, recordings, etc. of writers from Ticino) in Ticinese varieties (please notice that the metalanguage of this site is Italian, and that some of the interviews are in Italian rather than in Ticinese Lombard).
UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. Potentially endangered languages, where Lombard is classified as a potentially endangered language.
VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana Diarsipkan 2012-06-27 di Wayback Machine..
in_lombard website dedicated to the Lombard language (in English)
Lombard basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

Artikel bertopik bahasa ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[JMI-1] Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups. Westport.

[CMO-2] Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. New York.

[AFI-3] Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy. Berne.

[auto-4] Spoken in Botuverá, in Brazil, municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between Treviglio and Crema. A thesis of Leiden University about Brasilian Bergamasque: [1].

[e18-5] Bahasa Lombard di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)

[wikidata-d015ac1cac4afc82a8e9f541f14143eb262d896c-v3-6] ttps://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lmo/; diakses pada: 27 November 2018.

[Glottolog-7] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Lombard". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[8] "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.

[9] "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.

[10] "Bahasa Lombard". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.

[11] "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: LMO". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-08-19. Identifier: LMO / Name: Lombard / Status: Active / Code set: 639-3 / Scope: Individual / Type: Living

[:0-12] Jones, Mary C.; Soria, Claudia (2015). "Assessing the effect of official recognition on the vitality of endangered languages: a case of study from Italy". Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 130. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-04-21. Lombard (Lumbard, ISO 639-9 lmo) is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties (Tamburelli 2014: 9) belonging to the Gallo-Italic group. It is spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy, in the Novara province of Piedmont, and in Switzerland. Mutual intelligibility between speakers of Lombard and monolingual Italian speakers has been reported as very low (Tamburelli 2014). Although some Lombard varieties, Milanese in particular, enjoy a rather long and prestigious literary tradition, Lombard is now mostly used in informal domains. According to Ethnologue, Piedmontese and Lombard are spoken by between 1,600,000 and 2,000,000 speakers and around 3,500,000 speakers respectively. These are very high figures for languages that have never been recognised officially nor systematically taught in school

[13] "Lombard". thefreedictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2018.

[14] Bishop, Caroline (2 March 2017). "18 interesting facts about Switzerland's fourth language, Romansh". www.thelocal.ch.

[15] Bonfadini, Giovanni. "lombardi, dialetti" [Lombard dialects]. Enciclopedia Treccani (dalam bahasa Italia).

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@@ Baris 5: / Baris 5: @@
 |nativename={{lang|lmo|lombard/lumbaart}} ([[Bahasa Lombard Barat|WL]])<br/>{{lang|lmo|lombard}} ([[Bahasa Lombard Timur|EL]])
 |states= [[Italia]], [[Swiss]]
-|region=Italia:<ref name=JMI>{{cite book |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |first=James |last=Minahan |year=2000 |place=Westport}}</ref><ref name=CMO>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |first=Christopher |last=Moseley |year=2007 |place=New York}}</ref><ref name=AFI>{{cite book |title=Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy |first=Paolo |last=Coluzzi |year=2007 |place=Berne}}</ref><BR>[[Lombardia]]<BR>[[Piemonte]]<BR>[[Tirol Selatan]]<BR>[[Trentino]]<br />Swiss:<ref name=JMI/><ref name=CMO/><ref name=AFI/><BR>[[Graubünden]]<BR>[[Ticino]]<br />Brasil:<ref name="auto">Spoken in [[Botuverá]], in [[Brazil]], municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between [[Treviglio]] and [[Crema, Lombardy|Crema]]. A thesis of [[Leiden University]] about ''Brasilian Bergamasque'': [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/52581/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1].</ref><BR>[[Santa Catarina]]
+|region=Italia:<ref name=JMI>{{cite book |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |url=https://archive.org/details/oneeuropemanynat0000mina |first=James |last=Minahan |year=2000 |place=Westport}}</ref><ref name=CMO>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |first=Christopher |last=Moseley |year=2007 |place=New York}}</ref><ref name=AFI>{{cite book |title=Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy |first=Paolo |last=Coluzzi |year=2007 |place=Berne}}</ref><br>[[Lombardia]]<br>[[Piemonte]]<br>[[Tirol Selatan]]<br>[[Trentino]]<br />Swiss:<ref name=JMI/><ref name=CMO/><ref name=AFI/><br>[[Graubünden]]<br>[[Ticino]]<br />Brasil:<ref name="auto">Spoken in [[Botuverá]], in [[Brazil]], municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between [[Treviglio]] and [[Crema, Lombardy|Crema]]. A thesis of [[Leiden University]] about ''Brasilian Bergamasque'': [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/52581/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1].</ref><br>[[Santa Catarina]]
 |speakers= 3,9 juta
 |date=2002
@@ Baris 68: / Baris 68: @@
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050921094359/http://www.ti.ch/Decs/DC/CDE/ Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia del Cantone Ticino].
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060101003809/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/documentiorali.asp Repubblica e Cantone Ticino] Documenti orali della Svizzera italiana. {{in lang|it}}
-* [http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/ Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca].
+* [http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/ Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422040428/http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/ |date=2006-04-22 }}.
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123045803/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/lessico.asp?menu=11 LSI - Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana].
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050305060240/http://www.rtsi.ch/scrittori/ RTSI: Acquarelli popolari], some video and audio documents (interviews, recordings, etc. of writers from [[Ticino]]) in [[Ticinese dialect|Ticinese]] varieties (please notice that the [[metalanguage]] of this site is Italian, and that some of the interviews are in Italian rather than in Ticinese Lombard).
 * [http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html#potentially UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. Potentially endangered languages], where Lombard is classified as a potentially endangered language.
-* [http://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/ac/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/ VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana].
+* [http://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/ac/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/ VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627042915/http://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/ac/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/ |date=2012-06-27 }}.
 * [http://inlombard.eu5.net/index.html in_lombard] website dedicated to the Lombard language (in English)
 * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0 Lombard basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]