Lompat ke isi

Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Mandarin: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnyaRevisi selanjutnya →
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Kucing gelap (bicara | kontrib)
910 suntingan
mengembalikan suntingan
Tag: Pengembalian manual VisualEditor pranala ke halaman disambiguasi
Kucing gelap (bicara | kontrib)
910 suntingan
tidak perlu karena halaman ini dikhususkan untuk pengucapan ipa bahasa mandarin,
Tag: gambar rusak VisualEditor-alih
Baris 190: Baris 190:
|}
|}
|}
|}

== Urutan [[bopomofo]] ==
[[Berkas:Bopomofo.png|thumb|300px|]]
{{Bopomofo}}
;Konsonan
* bo po mo fo (dibaca: po bo mo fo; b dibaca p, p dibaca b)
* de te ne le (dibaca: te de ne le; d dibaca t, t dibaca d)
* ge ke he (dibaca: ke ge he; g dibaca k, k dibaca g)
* ji qi xi (dibaca: ci ji si; j dibaca c, q dibaca j, x dibaca s)
* zhi chi shi ri (dibaca: che jhe she re; zh dibaca ch, ch dibaca jh, huruf i di belakang zh/ch/sh/r dibaca e)
* zi ci si (dibaca: ce je se; z dibaca c, c dibaca j, huruf i di belakang z/c/s dibaca e)
;Vokal
* a o [[pepet|e]] é
* ai ei au ou
* an en ang eng
* i u ü<ref>terkadang ditulis dengan graf /v/ atau /yu/ apabila u umlaut (ü) tidak tersedia</ref> er
Beberapa perbedaan antara penulisan pinyin dengan pengejaan dalam bahasa Indonesia:
* -ou seringkali dibaca -o
* -ui dibaca -ué
* -un dibaca -uên, tetapi -ün ''tidak'' dibaca -üên, melainkan tetap -ün
* -ian dibaca -ién, kecuali jika dipisah tanda petik tunggal, mis: {{wikt|xian}} (/sién/) vs. [[Xi'an]] (/si an/)
Dua macam bunyi "i"
* Semua konsonan dapat diberi bunyi "i", kecuali "zh", "ch", "sh", "r", dan "z", "c", "s"
* "zh", "ch", "sh", "r", dan "z", "c", "s" ditulis dengan huruf "i": "zhi", "chi", "shi", "ri", dan "zi", "ci", "si", tetapi dibaca dengan suara "[[pepet|e]]" "/che/", "/jhe/", "/she/", "/re/", dan "/ce/", "/je/", "/se/"
* Bunyi "/ci/", "/ji/", "/si/" ditulis dengan "ji", "qi", "xi"

== Indeks pinyin Tionghoa ==
{{utama|wikt:Indeks:Pinyin Tionghoa}}
Terdapat 430 kemungkinan grafem dalam pinyin Tionghoa, tanpa menggunakan marka nada (''tone marks'').
{{col|3}}
# a
## a
## ai
## an
## ang
## ao
# b
## ba - /pa/
## bai - /pai/
## ban - /pan/
## bang - /pang/
## bao - /pao/
## bei - /pei/
## ben - /pen/
## beng - /peng/*
## bi - /pi/
## bian - /pien/
## biao - /piao/
## bie - /pie/
## bin - /pin/*
## bing - /ping/
## bo - /po/
## bu - /pu/
# c
## ca - /ja/*
## cai - /jai/
## can - /jan/
## cang - /jang/
## cao - /jao/
## ce - /je/
## cen - /jen/*
## ceng - /jeng/*
## cha - /jha/
## chai - /jhai/
## chan - /jhan/
## chang - /jhang/
## chao - /jhao/
## che - /jhe/
## chen - /jhen/
## cheng - /jheng/
## chi - /jhi/
## chong - /jhong/
## chou - /jho/
## chu - /jhu/
## chua - /jhua/*
## chuai - /jhuai/*
## chuan - /jhuan/
## chuang - /jhuang/
## chui - /jhui/
## chun - /jhuen/
## chuo - /jhuo/
## ci - /ji/
## cong - /jong/
## cou - /jo/*
## cu - /ju/
## cuan - /juan/
## cui - /jui/
## cun - /juen/
## cuo - /juo/
# d
## da - /ta/
## dai - /tai/
## dan - /tan/
## dang - /tang/
## dao - /tao/
## de - /te/
## dei - /tei/*
## den - /ten/*
## deng - /teng/
## di - /ti/
## dian - /tien/
## diao - /tiao/
## die - /tie/
## ding - /ting/
## diu - /tiu/
## dong - /tong/
## dou - /to/
## du - /tu/
## duan - /tuan/
## dui - /tui/
## dun - /tuen/
## duo - /tuo/
# e
## e
## en
## eng
## er
# f
## fa
## fan
## fang
## fei
## fen
## feng
## fo/fou
## fu
# g
## ga - /ka/*
## gai - /kai/
## gan - /kan/
## gang - /kang/
## gao - /kao/
## ge - /ke/
## gei - /kei/
## gen - /ken/
## geng - /keng/
## gong - /kong/
## gou - /ko/
## gu - /ku/
## gua - /kua/
## guai - /kuai/
## guan - /kuan/
## guang - /kuang
## gui - /kue/
## gun - /kuen/
## guo - /kuo/
# h
## ha
## hai
## han
## hang
## hao
## he
## hei
## hen
## heng
## hm
## hong
## hou - /ho/
## hu
## hua
## huai
## huan
## huang
## hui
## hun
## huo
# j
## ji
## jia
## jian
## jiang
## jiao
## jie
## jin
## jing
## jiong
## jiu
## ju
## juan
## jue
## jun
# k
## ka - /ga/*
## kai - /gai/
## kan - /gan/
## kang - /gang/
## kao - /gao/
## ke - /ge/
## ken - /gen/
## keng - /geng/*
## kong - /gong/
## kou - /go/
## ku - /gu/
## kua - /gua/*
## kuai - /guai/
## kuan - /guan/*
## kuang - /guang/
## kui - /gue/
## kun - /guen/
## kuo - /guo/*
# l
## la
## lai
## lan
## lang
## lao
## le
## lei
## leng
## li
## lia*
## lian
## liang
## liao
## lie
## lin
## ling
## liu
## lo*
## long
## lou - /lo/
## lu
## lü
## luan
## lüe*
## lun - /luen/
## luo
# m
## m*
## ma
## mai
## man
## mang
## mao
## me
## mei
## men
## meng
## mi
## mian - /mien/
## miao
## mie
## min
## ming
## miu*
## mo
## mou - /mo/
## mu
# n
## na
## nai
## nan
## nang
## nao
## ne
## nei
## nen*
## neng
## ni
## nian - /nien/
## niang
## niao
## nie*
## nin
## ning
## niu
## nong
## nou - /no/*
## nu
## nü
## nuan
## nüe*
## nuo
# o
## o/ou
# p
## pa - /ba/
## pai - /bai/
## pan - /ban/
## pang - /bang/
## pao - /bao/
## pei - /bei/
## pen - /ben/*
## peng - /beng/
## pi - /bi/
## pian - /bian/
## piao - /biao/
## pie - /bie/*
## pin - /bin/
## ping - /bing/
## po - /bo/
## pou - /bo/
## pu - /bu/
# q
## qi - /ji/
## qia - /jia/*
## qian - /jien/
## qiang - /jiang/
## qiao - /jiao/
## qie - /jie/
## qin - /jin/
## qing - /jing/
## qiong - /jiong/
## qiu - /jiu/
## qu - /jü/
## quan - /jüen/
## que - /jüe/
## qun - /jün/
# r
## ran
## rang
## rao
## re
## ren
## reng
## ri - /re/
## rong
## rou - /ro/
## ru
## ruan
## rui
## run - /ruen/*
## ruo
# s
## sa
## sai
## san
## sang
## sao
## se
## sen
## seng*
## sha
## shai*
## shan
## shang
## shao
## she
## shei*
## shen
## sheng
## shi
## shou - /sho/
## shu
## shua*
## shuai
## shuan*
## shuang
## shui
## shun - /shuen/
## shuo
## si - /se/
## song
## sou - /so/
## su
## suan
## sui
## sun - /suen/
## suo
# t
## ta - /da/
## tai - /dai/
## tan - /dan/
## tang - /dang/
## tao - /dao/
## te - /de/
## teng - /deng/
## ti - /di/
## tian - /dien/
## tiao - /diao/
## tie - /die/
## ting - /ding/
## tong - /dong/
## tou - /do/
## tu - /du/
## tuan - /duan/
## tui - /dui/
## tun - /duen/
## tuo - /duo/
# w
## wa
## wai
## wan
## wang
## wei
## wen
## weng - /ong/
## wo
## wu - /u/
# x
## xi - /si/
## xia - /sia/
## xian - /sien/
## xiang - /siang/
## xiao - /siao/
## xie - /sie/
## xin - /sin/
## xing - /sing/
## xiong - /siong/
## xiu - /siu/
## xu - /sü/
## xuan - /süen/
## xue - /süe/
## xun - /sün/
# y
## ya
## yai*
## yan - /yen/
## yang
## yao
## ye
## yi - /i/
## yin - /in/
## ying - /ing/
## yo*
## yong
## you - /yo/
## yu - /ü/
## yuan - /yuen/
## yue - /ye/
## yun - /yün/
# z
## za - /ca/
## zai - /cai/
## zan - /can/
## zang - /cang/
## zao - /cao/
## ze - /ce/
## zei - /cei/*
## zen - /cen/
## zeng - /ceng/
## zha - /cha/
## zhai - /chai/
## zhan - /chan/
## zhang - /chang/
## zhao - /chao/
## zhe - /che/
## zhei - /chei/*
## zhen - /chen/
## zheng - /cheng/
## zhi - /chi/
## zhong - /chong/
## zhou - /chou/
## zhu - /chu/
## zhua - /chua/
## zhuai - /chuai/*
## zhuan - /chuan/
## zhuang - /chuang/
## zhui - /chui/
## zhun - /chun/
## zhuo - /chuo/
## zi - /ce/
## zong - /cong/
## zou - /cou/
## zu - /cu/
## zuan - /cuan/
## zui - /cui/
## zun - /cuen/
## zuo - /cuo/
{{end-col}}
<sup>*</sup>Jarang dipakai

== Initials and finals ==
[[Berkas:DifficultChineseSpeechSounds.svg|thumb|400px|"ci", "ji", "si", "che", "jhe", "she", "re", "ze", "je", "se".]]
Unlike European languages, clusters of letters – initials ({{lang-zh|s=声母|t=聲母|p=shēngmǔ}}) and finals ({{lang-zh|s=韵母|t=韻母|p=yùnmǔ}}) – and not consonant and vowel letters, form the fundamental elements in pinyin (and most other phonetic systems used to describe the Han language). Every Mandarin syllable can be spelled with exactly one initial followed by one final, except for the special syllable ''er'' or when a trailing ''-r'' is considered part of a syllable (see below). The latter case, though a common practice in some sub-dialects, is rarely used in official publications. One exception is the city [[Harbin]] ({{lang-zh|s=哈尔滨|t=哈爾濱|IPA=ha er pin}}), whose name comes from the [[Manchu language]].

Even though most initials contain a consonant, finals are not always simple vowels, especially in compound finals ({{lang-zh|s=复韵母|t=複韻母|p=fuyunmu}}), i.e., when a "medial" is placed in front of the final. For example, the medials {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} are pronounced with such tight openings at the beginning of a final that some native Chinese speakers (especially when singing) pronounce ''yī'' ({{lang-zh|s=衣|t=衣}}, clothes, officially pronounced {{IPA|/í/}}) as {{IPA|/jí/}} and ''wéi'' ({{lang-zh|s=围|t=圍}}, to enclose, officially pronounced {{IPA|/uěi/}}) as {{IPA|/wěi/}} or {{IPA|/wuěi/}}. Often these medials are treated as separate from the finals rather than as part of them; this convention is followed in the chart of finals below.

=== Initials ===
In each cell below, first the bold letters indicate pinyin, followed in brackets by the symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
!colspan=2|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]!!colspan=2|[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|-align=center
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ||style="background: #ccf;"|[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]]]|| ||
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]]]|| || || ||
|-align=center
!rowspan=2|[[Plosive]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' [p]]]|| ||
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' [t]]]|| || || ||
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' [k]]]
|-align=center
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' [pʰ]]]|| ||
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' [tʰ]]]|| || || ||
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' [kʰ]]]
|-align=center
!rowspan=2|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
| || || ||style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>z</big>''' [ts]]]||
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>zh</big>''' [ʈʂ]]]||
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [tɕ]]]||
|-align=center
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
| || || ||style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' [tsʰ]]]||
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' [ʈʂʰ]]]||
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>q</big>''' [tɕʰ]]]||
|-align=center
!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || ||style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>f</big>''' [f]]]
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]]]||
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>sh</big>''' [ʂ]]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiced retroflex sibilant|'''<big>r</big>''' [ʐ~ɻ]<sup>1</sup>]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>x</big>''' [ɕ]]]
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' [x]]]
|-align=center
!colspan=2|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || || || ||style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]]]|| || || ||
|-align=center
!colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|colspan=9|'''<big>y</big>''' [j/ɥ]<sup>2</sup> and '''<big>w</big>''' [w]<sup>2, 3</sup>
|}

<sup>1</sup> "r" may phonetically be {{IPA|[ʐ]}} (a [[voiced retroflex fricative]]) or {{IPA|[ɻ]}} (a [[retroflex approximant]]). This pronunciation varies among different speakers, and is not two different phonemes.<br>
<sup>2</sup> the letters "w" and "y" are not included in the table of initials in the official pinyin system. They are an orthographic convention for the medials "i", "u" and "ü" when no initial is present. When "i", "u" or "ü" are finals and no initial is present, they are spelled "yi", "wu", and "yu", respectively.<br>
<sup>3</sup> "y" is pronounced {{IPA|[ɥ]}} (a [[labial-palatal approximant]]) before "u".

The conventional order (excluding ''w'' and ''y''), derived from the zhuyin system, is:
:{|cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|style="background: #ccf;"|'''<big>b&nbsp;&nbsp;p&nbsp;&nbsp;m&nbsp;&nbsp;f&nbsp;</big>'''
|style="background: #cfc;"|'''<big>&nbsp;d&nbsp;&nbsp;t&nbsp;&nbsp;n&nbsp;&nbsp;l&nbsp;</big>'''
|style="background: #fcc;"|'''<big>&nbsp;g&nbsp;&nbsp;k&nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;</big>'''
|style="background: #fcf;"|'''<big>&nbsp;j&nbsp;&nbsp;q&nbsp;&nbsp;x&nbsp;</big>'''
|style="background: #cff;"|'''<big>&nbsp;zh&nbsp;&nbsp;ch&nbsp;&nbsp;sh&nbsp;&nbsp;r&nbsp;</big>'''
|style="background: #ffc;"|'''<big>&nbsp;z&nbsp;&nbsp;c&nbsp;&nbsp;s</big>'''
|}

=== Finals ===
{{mandarin vowels}}
The following chart gives the combinations of medials and finals based on an analysis that assumes just two vowel nuclei, /a/ and /ə/;<ref name="Hashimoto">{{Cite book
|first=Mantaro
|last=Hashimoto
|editor-first=Roman
|editor-last=Jakobson
|editor-link=Roman Jacobson
|editor2-first=Shigeo
|editor2-last=Kawamoto
|contribution=Notes on Mandarin Phonology
|title=Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics
|pages=207–220
|place=Tokyo
|publisher=TEC
|year=1970
|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}
}}</ref> various allophones result depending on phonetic context.

In each cell below, the first line indicates IPA, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an ''-r'', which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals.<sup>1</sup><ref>You can hear recordings of the [http://howtolearnchineseonline.com/mandarin-chinese-finals-vowels-pinyin Finals here]</ref>

The only syllable-final consonants in Standard Chinese are ''-n'' and ''-ng'', and ''-r'', which is attached as a grammatical suffix. A Chinese syllable ending with any other consonant either is from a non-Mandarin language (a southern Chinese language such as Cantonese, or a minority language of China), or indicates the use of a non-pinyin Romanization system (where final consonants may be used to indicate tones).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!rowspan=2|Final!!Nucleus
|colspan=5|{{IPA|/a/}}||colspan=5|{{IPA|/ə/}}||rowspan=2|∅
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!Coda
|∅||{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|/n/}}||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}||∅||{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|/n/}}||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
!rowspan=4|Medial
|∅||{{IPA|[ɑ]}}<br>a<br>-a||{{IPA|[aɪ̯]}}<br>ai<br>-ai||{{IPA|[ɑʊ̯]}}<br>ao<br>-ao
|{{IPA|[an]}}<br>an<br>-an||{{IPA|[ɑŋ]}}<br>ang<br>-ang
|{{IPA|[ɯ̯ʌ]}}<br>e<br>-e||{{IPA|[eɪ̯]}}<br>ei<br>-ei||{{IPA|[ɤʊ̯]}}<br>ou<br>-ou
|{{IPA|[ən]}}<br>en<br>-en||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}<br>eng<br>-eng||{{IPA|[ɨ]}}<br><br>-i
|-
|{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|[i̯ɑ]}}<br>ya<br>-ia|| ||{{IPA|[i̯ɑʊ̯]}}<br>yao<br>-iao
|{{IPA|[i̯ɛn]}}<br>yan<br>-ian||{{IPA|[i̯ɑŋ]}}<br>yang<br>-iang
|{{IPA|[i̯ɛ]}}<br>ye<br>-ie|| ||{{IPA|[i̯ɤʊ̯]}}<br>you<br>-iu
|{{IPA|[in]}}<br>yin<br>-in||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}<br>ying<br>-ing||{{IPA|[i]}}<br>yi<br>-i
|-
|{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|[u̯ɑ]}}<br>wa<br>-ua||{{IPA|[u̯aɪ̯]}}<br>wai<br>-uai||
|{{IPA|[u̯an]}}<br>wan<br>-uan||{{IPA|[u̯ɑŋ]}}<br>wang<br>-uang
|{{IPA|[u̯ɔ]}} <sup>3</sup><br>wo<br>-uo/-o||{{IPA|[u̯eɪ̯]}}<br>wei<br>-ui||
|{{IPA|[u̯ən]}}<br>wen<br>-un||{{IPA|[u̯əŋ], [ʊŋ]}} <sup>4</sup><br>weng<br>-ong||{{IPA|[u]}}<br>wu<br>-u
|-
|{{IPA|/y/}}|| || || ||{{IPA|[y̯ɛn]}}<br>yuan<br>-üan <sup>2</sup>|| ||{{IPA|[y̯œ]}}<br>yue<br>-üe <sup>2</sup>|| ||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}<br>yun<br>-ün <sup>2</sup>||{{IPA|[i̯ʊŋ]}}<br>yong<br>-iong||{{IPA|[y]}}<br>yu<br>-ü <sup>2</sup>
|}

<sup>1</sup> {{IPA|[ɑɻ]}} is written ''er''. For other finals formed by the suffix -r, pinyin does not use special orthography; one simply appends -r to the final that it is added to, without regard for any sound changes that may take place along the way. For information on sound changes related to final -r, please see [[Erhua#Rules]].<br />
<sup>2</sup> "ü" is written as "u" after j, q, x, or y.<br />
<sup>3</sup> "uo" is written as "o" after b, p, m, or f.<br />
<sup>4</sup> "weng" is pronounced {{IPA|[ʊŋ]}} (written as "ong") when it follows an initial.

Technically, ''i, u, ü'' without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, ''ê'' {{IPA|[ɛ]}} (欸, 誒) and syllabic nasals ''m'' (呒, 呣), ''n'' (嗯, 唔), ''ng'' (嗯, 𠮾) are used as [[interjection]]s.


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==

Revisi per 13 Juni 2023 09.46

Untuk Bantuan pengucapan dalam IPA, lihat Bantuan:Pengucapan.
 Seri Bantuan
Selamat datang! Halaman ini memberikan bantuan mengenai hal yang sering ditanyakan di Wikipedia. Untuk memulai, silakan mengeklik pranala yang Anda butuhkan di bawah ini, atau gunakan fitur pencari yang tersedia.
Bagian dari seri tentang
Halaman Bantuan Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia
Indeks Halaman Bantuan
A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Kategori
Bantuan Wikipedia
Dukungan multibahasa Wikipedia
FAQ Wikipedia
Bantuan gambar Wikipedia
Panduan Wikipedia
Markah wiki
Pedoman gaya Wikipedia
Pelatihan opsis
Program pembelajaran Wikipedia
Bantuan teks Wikipedia
Bagian dari seri tentang
Bantuan pengucapan dengan IPA

Tabel di bawah ini menunjukkan Alfabet Fonetis Internasional (International Phonetic Alphabet - IPA) yang dipakai untuk menulis pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin pada artikel-artikel di Wikipedia.

Konsonan
IPA Pinyin Bopomofo Bahasa Indonesia
pⓘ b ㄅ paku
[pʰ] p ㄆ batu
mⓘ m ㄇ mana
fⓘ f ㄈ fakir
tⓘ d ㄉ tetapi
[tʰ] t ㄊ delapan
nⓘ n-, -an, -en ㄋ, ㄢ, ㄣ negara
lⓘ l ㄌ lelaki
kⓘ g ㄍ kera
[kʰ] k ㄎ gerak
xⓘ h ㄏ hendak
tɕⓘ j ㄐ cicak
[tɕʰ] q ㄑ jinak
ɕⓘ x ㄒ siapa
tʂⓘ zh ㄓ pitcher (Inggris)
[tʂʰ] ch ㄔ church (Inggris)
ʂⓘ sh ㄕ sure (Inggris)
ʐⓘ r- ㄖ[1] Zsa Zsa (awal suku kata)
tsⓘ z ㄗ cecak
[tsʰ] c ㄘ jerapah
sⓘ s ㄙ sebuah
ɻⓘ -r ㄦ aria (akhir suku kata)
ŋⓘ -ng (-ang, -eng) ㄤ, ㄥ bolong
wⓘ w-, -u- ㄨ walau
jⓘ y-, -i- ㄧ ya
Templat:Error-small yu-, -ü-[2] ㄩ (simultan y dan w)
Vokal
IPA Pinyin Bopomofo Kesamaan dengan bahasa lain
aⓘ a (a, an) ㄚ, ㄢ Agak seperti car (inggris)
ɑⓘ a (ang), e (er) ㄤ, ㄦ car (Inggris)
ɔⓘ o (wo[3]) ㄛ pohon
ɤⓘ e ㄜ Agak seperti hurt (Inggris)
əⓘ e (en[4], eng) ㄣ, ㄥ gelas
ɛⓘ é (ye), a (yan, yuan) ㄝ,ㄧㄢ , ㄩㄢ teh
[aɪ] ai ㄞ capai
[eɪ] ei[4] ㄟ hei
[ɑʊ] au ㄠ kalau
[oʊ] ou[4] ㄡ hoe (Inggris)
iⓘ yi/-i (yi, yin, ying) ㄧ ini
uⓘ wu/-u ㄨ rumput
ʊⓘ o (ong) ㄨㄥ rumput
yⓘ yu/-ü[2] (yu, yun) ㄩ Agak seperti cute (Inggris)
œⓘ e (yue) ㄩㄝ jeune (Prancis)
[ɨ] i (si, zi, ci, shi, zhi, chi, ri) (berdengung)[5] ㄭ
Nasal[6]
[ɑ̃] ang (angr) Tak ada ekuivalen; nasal [ɑ]
[ə̃] eng (engr) Tak ada ekuivalen; nasal [ə]
[ʊ̃] ong (ongr) Tak ada ekuivalen; nasal [ʊ]
Bagian dari seri tentang
Bantuan pengucapan dengan IPA
IPA Pinyin Deskripsi
Nada
[ǎ ɤ̌] á, é pertengahan naik: ˧˥
[â ɤ̂] à, è tinggi jatuh: ˥˩
[á ɤ́] ā, ē tinggi: ˥
[à, ɤ̀] ǎ, ě medial, rendah: ˩
awalnya, pertengahan jatuh: ˧˩
akhirnya, rendah naik: ˩˧
secara terpisah, menukik: ˧˩˧
[a, ɤ] a, e "datar":
rendah setelah nada jatuh [â];
pertengahan setelah semua nada lain

Lihat pula

Catatan

  1. ^ [ʐ] dapat diucap [ɻ].
  2. ^ a b ü ([y], [ɥ]) dieja u setelah j, q, x sebagai [u], [w] tidak dapat terjadi setelah konsonan tersebut.
  3. ^ uo dieja dengan o ketika didahului oleh b, p, m atau f, tetapi diucapkan sama.
  4. ^ a b c wei, you, wen dieja ui, iu, un masing dalam pinyin, tapi diucapkan identik, ketika didahului oleh konsonan.
  5. ^ Vokal sedikit "berdengung" Dalam suku kata shi, zhi, chi, ri, vokal juga ditarik: [ɨ ˞], bukan seperti ir dalam kata bird bahasa Inggris Amerika. Ini kadang-kadang tercantum sebagai suku kata frikatif ([z], [ʐ̩]), tapi ada frication kecil.
  6. ^ Hanya terjadi di erhua dan umumnya tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari persediaan vokal utama.
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa_Mandarin&oldid=23680922"