Pertempuran Kosovo: Perbedaan antara revisi
Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20230709)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
||
Baris 47: | Baris 47: | ||
{{Cnote2|B|n=3|'''Strength''': Estimate vary, although with the Ottomans having greater numbers; |
{{Cnote2|B|n=3|'''Strength''': Estimate vary, although with the Ottomans having greater numbers; |
||
*According to Sedlar: "Nearly the entire Christian fighting force (between 12,000 and 20,000 men) had been present at Kosovo, while the Ottomans (with 27,000 to 30,000 on the battlefield) retained numerous reserves in Anatolia."<ref>{{cite book|last = Sedlar|first = Jean W.|title = East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500|publisher = University of Washington Press|page=244|quote = Nearly the entire Christian fighting force (between 12,000 and 20,000 men) had been present at Kosovo, while the Ottomans (with 27,000 to 30,000 on the battlefield) retained numerous reserves in Anatolia.}}</ref> |
*According to Sedlar: "Nearly the entire Christian fighting force (between 12,000 and 20,000 men) had been present at Kosovo, while the Ottomans (with 27,000 to 30,000 on the battlefield) retained numerous reserves in Anatolia."<ref>{{cite book|last = Sedlar|first = Jean W.|title = East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500|year = 1994|url = https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop0003sedl|publisher = University of Washington Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop0003sedl/page/n263 244]|quote = Nearly the entire Christian fighting force (between 12,000 and 20,000 men) had been present at Kosovo, while the Ottomans (with 27,000 to 30,000 on the battlefield) retained numerous reserves in Anatolia.}}</ref> |
||
*According to J. K. Cox: "The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers."<ref name=Cox-30/> |
*According to J. K. Cox: "The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers."<ref name=Cox-30/> |
||
*According to Cowley: "On June 28, 1389, an Ottoman army of between thirty thousand and forty thousand under the command of Sultan Murad I defeated an army of Balkan allies numbering twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand under the command of Prince Lazar of Serbia at Kosovo Polje (Field of Blackbirds) in the central Balkans."<ref>{{cite book|last = Cowley|first = Robert|author2=Geoffrey Parker|title = The Reader's Companion to Military History|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Books|page=249|quote=On June 28, 1389, an Ottoman army of between thirty thousand and forty thousand under the command of Sultan Murad I defeated an army of Balkan allies numbering twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand under the command of Prince Lazar of Serbia at Kosovo Polje (Blackbird's Field) in the central Balkans.}}</ref>}} |
*According to Cowley: "On June 28, 1389, an Ottoman army of between thirty thousand and forty thousand under the command of Sultan Murad I defeated an army of Balkan allies numbering twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand under the command of Prince Lazar of Serbia at Kosovo Polje (Field of Blackbirds) in the central Balkans."<ref>{{cite book|last = Cowley|first = Robert|author2=Geoffrey Parker|title = The Reader's Companion to Military History|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Books|page=249|quote=On June 28, 1389, an Ottoman army of between thirty thousand and forty thousand under the command of Sultan Murad I defeated an army of Balkan allies numbering twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand under the command of Prince Lazar of Serbia at Kosovo Polje (Blackbird's Field) in the central Balkans.}}</ref>}} |
Revisi per 10 Juli 2023 11.19
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. (January 2012) |
Pertempuran Kosovo | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bagian dari the Perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa dan Peperangan Serbia-Utsmaniyah | |||||||
![]() Miniatur Rusia dari abad ke-16 tentang pertempuran ini | |||||||
| |||||||
Pihak terlibat | |||||||
![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() | ||||||
Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() | ||||||
Kekuatan | |||||||
~ 27.000–40.000[B] | ~ 12.000–30.000[B] | ||||||
Korban | |||||||
Sultan Murad I dan sebagian besar tentaranya[1][2] | Pangeran Lazar dan sebagian besar tentaranya[1][2] |
Pertempuran Kosovo (bahasa Serbia: Косовска битка/Kosovska bitka, bahasa Turki: Kosova Meydan Muharebesi) berlangsung pada tanggal 15 Juni 1389[A] antara pasukan yang dipimpin oleh Pangeran Serbia Lazar Hrebeljanović, dan pasukan penyerang dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah di bawah pimpinan Sultan Murad Hüdavendigâr. Pasukan di bawah pimpinan Pangeran Lazar terdiri dari para prajuritnya sendiri, suatu kontingen yang dipimpin oleh Vuk Branković, seorang bangsawan Serbia, dan suatu kontingen pimpinan Vlatko Vuković yang dikirim dari Kerajaan Bosnia oleh Raja Tvrtko I.[7] Pangeran Lazar adalah penguasa Serbia Moravia, dan merupakan yang terkuat di antara para penguasa daerah Serbia pada waktu itu, sedangkan Vuk Branković memerintah Distrik Brankovića yang terletak di salah satu wilayah Kosovo dan daerah lainnya, mengakui Lazar sebagai maharajanya. Pertempuran ini berlangsung di lapangan Kosovo,[a] sekitar 5 kilometer di sebelah barat laut kota Prishtina modern.
Catatan-catatan sejarah yang dapat diandalkan termasuk langka. Sebagian besar pasukan dari kedua belah pihak musnah dalam pertempuran ini; baik Lazar maupun Murad juga kehilangan nyawa dalam pertempuran. Meskipun pihak Utsmaniyah berhasil memusnahkan pasukan Serbia, mereka juga menderita banyak korban sehingga menunda perkembangan mereka. Pihak Serbia meninggalkan terlalu sedikit orang untuk dapat mempertahankan tanah mereka secara efektif, sementara pihak Turki memiliki lebih banyak tentara di timur. Konsekuensinya, satu demi satu, kepangeranan Serbia yang belum menjadi vasal Utsmaniyah menjadi turut bergabung pada tahun-tahun berikutnya.
Akibat
Pasukan dari kedua belah pihak binasa dalam pertempuran;[7] baik Lazar maupun Murad kehilangan nyawa mereka, dan sisa-sisa pasukan mereka akhirnya mundur dari medan perang. Bayezid I, putra Murad, mencekik Yakub Çelebi adiknya setelah mendengar bahwa ayah mereka telah meninggal sehingga ia menjadi satu-satunya pewaris singgasana Utsmaniyah.[8] Pihak Serbia hanya menyisakan terlalu sedikit orang untuk mempertahankan tanah mereka secara efektif, sedangkan pihak Turki memiliki lebih banyak tentara di timur.[7] Akibatnya berbagai kepangeranan Serbia yang belum menjadi vasal Utsmaniyah turut bergabung juga, satu demi satu, pada tahun-tahun berikutnya.[7] Selanjutnya dalam menanggapi tekanan Utsmaniyah,[9] beberapa bangsawan Serbia menikahkan putri mereka, termasuk putri Pangeran Lazar, dengan Bayezid.[10][11] Akibat dari pernikahan-pernikahan ini, Stefan Lazarević menjadi seorang sekutu setia Bayezid, memberi kontribusi pasukan yang signifikan dalam banyak pertempuran militer Bayezid selanjutnya, termasuk Pertempuran Nikopolis. Pada akhirnya Kedespotan Serbia dalam berbagai kesempatan berupaya untuk mengalahkan Utsmaniyah dalam kaitannya dengan bangsa Hungaria sampai kekalahan terakhirnya pada tahun 1459 dan 1540.[butuh rujukan]
Peninggalan
Pertempuran Kosovo ini sangat penting untuk identitas nasional, tradisi, dan sejarah Serbia.[12] Tanggal pertempuran ini tertanam dalam benak orang Serbia, dan versi Gaya Baru dari pertempuran ini adalah tanggal pembunuhan Adipati Agung Franz Ferdinand oleh seorang nasionalis Serbia, yang mana memicu Perang Dunia I.
Slobodan Milošević berpidato di Gazimestan, dekat Polje Kosovo, di mana ia mengungkit kutukan Kosovo.[butuh rujukan]
Makam Sultan Murad, sebuah situs di Polje Kosovo di mana organ-organ tubuh Murad I dikuburkan, memiliki suatu makna religius bagi kaum Muslim setempat. Sisa jenazah Murad yang lainnya dibawa ke Bursa, ibu kota Anatolianya, dan dimakamkan di sana di makam keduanya di kompleks Hüdavendigâr di Bursa. Sebuah monumen dibangun oleh Bayezid I putranya di Makam Sultan Murad di Polje Kosovo, menjadi contoh pertama arsitektur Utsmaniyah di wilayah Kosovo.[butuh rujukan]
Lihat pula
- Gazimestan
- Kutukan Kosovo
- Pertempuran Bileća
- Pertempuran Dubravnica
- Pertempuran Kosovo (1448)
- Pertempuran Pločnik
Catatan
- ^ Date: Some sources attempt to give the date as June 28 in the New-Style Gregorian calendar, but that was not adopted until 1582, and did not apply retrospectively (but see Proleptic Gregorian calendar)
- ^ a b c Strength: Estimate vary, although with the Ottomans having greater numbers;
- According to Sedlar: "Nearly the entire Christian fighting force (between 12,000 and 20,000 men) had been present at Kosovo, while the Ottomans (with 27,000 to 30,000 on the battlefield) retained numerous reserves in Anatolia."[13]
- According to J. K. Cox: "The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers."[6]
- According to Cowley: "On June 28, 1389, an Ottoman army of between thirty thousand and forty thousand under the command of Sultan Murad I defeated an army of Balkan allies numbering twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand under the command of Prince Lazar of Serbia at Kosovo Polje (Field of Blackbirds) in the central Balkans."[14]
- ^ According to some Turkish sources, the "Christian army" led by Prince Lazar included contingents of Bulgarians, Albanians, Wallachians, Germans and Bohemians.[15] Claims about such a coalition of Christian rulers first appeared about eighty years after the battle in a book written by an Ottoman author, Oruç of Edirne, and were repeated by later Turkish historians.[16] Some of them added also Franks, Czechs, and Bulgarians to the aforementioned troops, claiming that there were 500,000 soldiers in the "Christian coalition". The reason for the Ottomans to represent the Battle of Kosovo in this way might lie in the fact that it was the only battle in which an Ottoman sultan was killed.[16] The alleged participation of Đurađ II Balšić, the lord of Zeta, in Lazar's army is improbable: he had previously become an Ottoman vassal; he was in hostility with Lazar's ally Tvrtko I; and at the time of the battle he was most likely in Ulcinj.[17] The participation of Teodor Muzaka and other Albanians is suggested by a family history of the Muzaka (Musachi) family,[17] written in Naples in c. 1515 by John Musachi, who stated the following: "Lazar, the Despot of Serbia, and King Marko of Bulgaria (Bulgaria's monarch in 1389 was Tsar Ivan Shishman, who had been under the Ottoman overlordship since 1373. King Marko is referred to also as the king of Serbia in John Musachi's chronicle.) and Theodore Musachi, (Theodore Musachi is the younger brother of John Musachi's father, Gjin. According to the chronicle, Theodore died in the Battle of Kosovo, about 125 years before his nephew wrote the chronicle.) and the other Lords of Albania united and set off for battle, which the Christians lost."[18] Robert Elsie, expert on Albanian studies, characterizes John Musachi's chronicle as "no work of great scholarship" whose historical accounts are confusing, although it is an important source for late 15th-century Albania.[18]
Status Kosovo
- ^ a b Kosovo adalah subjek sengketa teritorial antara Republik Serbia dengan Republik Kosovo yang memproklamirkan kemerdekaannya secara sepihak. Majelis Kosovo menyatakan kemerdekaannya pada 17 Februari 2008, sementara Serbia mengklaimnya sebagai wilayahnya yang berdaulat. Kemerdekaan Kosovo diakui oleh 114 negara-negara anggota PBB.
Referensi
- ^ a b c (Fine 1994, hlm. 410)
Karena orang Turki juga menarik diri, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertempuran ini berakhir imbang.
- ^ a b c (Emmert 1990, hlm. ?)
Cukup mengejutkan, bahkan tidak mungkin dapat mengetahui dengan pasti dari bahan kontemporer yang masih terlestarikan apakah salah satu pihak memperoleh kemenangan dalam pertempuran. Ada sedikit indikasi bahwa Serbia mengalami kekalahan besar; dan laporan-laporan paling awal mengenai konflik ini menunjukkan sebaliknya, yaitu pasukan pihak Kristen yan memperoleh kemenangan.
- ^ Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520. Routledge. hlm. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8.
The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
- ^ Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. hlm. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2.
Kerugian di kedua belah pihak sangat mengerikan dan hasilnya tidak dapat disimpulkan kendati pihak Serbia tidak pernah sepenuhnya pulih.
- ^ John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8.
Pertempuran ini dikenang sebagai suatu kekalahan yang heroik, namun bukti sejarah mengemukakan suatu hasil imbang yang tak meyakinkan.
- ^ a b John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8.
Pasukan Utsmaniyah mungkin berjumlah antara 30.000-40.000. Mereka menghadapi sekitar 15.000-25.000 tentara Ortodoks Timur. [...] Laporan-laporan dari masa setelah pertempuran ini menggambarkan pertempuran di Kosovo sebagai suatu hal yang merupakan hasil imbang atau kemenangan pihak Kristen.
- ^ a b c d e (Fine 1994, hlm. 409–411)
- ^ Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN 0-230-57451-3.
- ^ Vamik D. Volkan (1998). Bloodlines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. Westview Press. hlm. 61. ISBN 978-0-8133-9038-3.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ Donald Quataert (11 August 2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 26. ISBN 978-0-521-83910-5.
- ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey By Stanford Jay Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, p. 24
- ^ Isabelle Dierauer (16 May 2013). Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict. University Press of America. hlm. 88. ISBN 978-0-7618-6106-5.
- ^ Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. hlm. 244.
Nearly the entire Christian fighting force (between 12,000 and 20,000 men) had been present at Kosovo, while the Ottomans (with 27,000 to 30,000 on the battlefield) retained numerous reserves in Anatolia.
- ^ Cowley, Robert; Geoffrey Parker. The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Books. hlm. 249.
On June 28, 1389, an Ottoman army of between thirty thousand and forty thousand under the command of Sultan Murad I defeated an army of Balkan allies numbering twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand under the command of Prince Lazar of Serbia at Kosovo Polje (Blackbird's Field) in the central Balkans.
- ^ Željko Fajfrić. "7. Bitka na Kosovu". Sveta loza kneza Lazara.
[...] Nije knez mogao računati ni na Vlaškog vojvodu Mirčeta jer je ovaj ratovao protiv Ugara po Poljskoj, ali ni na svoga zeta Bugarskog cara Šišmana. Još su neosnovanije bile tvrdnje da su knezu pomagali Albanci. Stoga svi kasniji navodi, naročito Turski, gde se tvrdi da je knez Lazar uspeo da okupi oko sebe Bugare, Albance, Vlahe pa čak Nemce i Čehe, jesu najobičnija izmišljotina koja je imala za zadatak da kneževu snagu preuveličaju. [Lazar could not count on Wallachian voivode Mirčeta as he was in war with the Hungarians in Poland, nor on Bulgarian Emperor Šišman. Even more ungrounded is the claim that Albanians aided Lazar. All the later mentions, particularly the Turkish, where it is claimed that Lazar managed to gather the Bulgarians, Albanians, Wallachians, and even Germans and Czechs, are the commonest of fabrications which have the intention to exaggerate the size of Lazar's forces.]
- ^ a b Antić, Čedomir (25 November 2010). "Bitka za bitku" (in Serbian). Politika Online.
- ^ a b Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. London: Macmillan. p. 62
- ^ a b Elsie, Robert (2003). "1515. John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty". Diarsipkan 2010-09-10 di Wayback Machine. Documents 16th to 18th centuries. Texts and Documents of Albanian History.
Sumber
- Vojna Akademija (1972). "Kosovska bitka". Vojna Enciklopedija (dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački zavod JNA.
- John V. A. Fine; John Van Antwerp Fine (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Emmert, Thomas Allan (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat" di www.deremilitari.org Galat: URL arsip tidak dikenal (diarsipkan tanggal 20110716072235). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9789992287552
Bacaan lanjutan
- Gliša Elezović; Neșrı̂ (1940). Boj na Kosovu 1389 g. u istoriji Mula Mehmeda Nešrije. Štamp. "Luč".
- Branislav Đerić (1989). Kosovska bitka: vojno-istorijska rasprava. Naučna knjiga.
- Ćirković, Sima M. (1990). Kosovska bitka u istoriografiji. Zmaj.
- Petar Tomac (1968). Kosovska bitka. Vojnoizdavački zavod.
- Jov Mišković (1933). Kosovska bitka 15. juna 1389. godine. Planeta.
- Nikola Kusovac (1988). Kosovska bitka: mit, legenda i stvarnost. Litera.
- Rade Mihaljčić (1989). The Battle of Kosovo in history and in popular tradition. Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod.
- Emmert, Thomas Allan (1990). Serbian Golgotha: Kosovo, 1389. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-175-3.
Pranala luar
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Charles Simic, ed. (1987). "Serbian Epic Poems - The Battle of Kosovo". Rastko. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-04. Diakses tanggal 2009-10-11.
- Battle of Kosovo animated battle map by Jonathan Webb
- Pertempuran yang melibatkan Serbia
- Sejarah Kosovo
- Pertempuran yang melibatkan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
- Pertempuran yang melibatkan Bosnia dan Herzegovina
- Pertempuran yang melibatkan Hungaria
- Pertempuran yang melibatkan Polandia
- Pertempuran yang melibatkan Bulgaria
- Pertempuran yang melibatkan Albania
- Konflik dalam tahun 1389
- Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dalam tahun 1389
- Hungaria dalam tahun 1389
- Polandia dalam tahun 1389
- Bulgaria dalam tahun 1389
- Albania dalam tahun 1389