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Baris 1: Baris 1:
:''Untuk Lagos sebagai negara bagian, lihat: [[Lagos (negara bagian Nigeria)]].''
{{Untuk|Lagos sebagai negara bagian|Lagos (negara bagian Nigeria)}}
<!-- Infobox starts !-->
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lagos
| official_name = Lagos Metropolitan Area <br> {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:85%; |{{native name|yo|Ìlú Èkó}}}}
| native_name ={{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:85%; |Èkó}}
| type = Metropolis
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/1/2
| image1 = 2014 Victoria Island Lagos Nigeria 15006436297.jpg
| image2 = 2014 Tinubu Square Lagos Nigeria 14640600637.jpg
| image3 = An array of iconic buildings in Lagos Nigeria starting with United Bank of Africa.jpg
| image4 = Lekki-Epe Expressway Sandfill Bustop.jpg
| image5 = National Theater in Lagos State-Nigeria.jpg
| image6 = Third Main-Land Bridge.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Searah jarum jam dari atas: [[Pulau Victoria, Lagos|Pulau Victoria]] dari Teluk Guinea, [[Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge]], [[Apapa|Apapa Port]], [[National Arts Theatre|National Arts Theatre, Iganmu]], [[Ikeja City Mall|The Ikeja City Mall]], dan [[Pulau Lagos|The Lagos Island CBD]].
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| nickname = '''Lasgidi'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|title=18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website|date=18 June 2012|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=2 October 2012|location=Abuja, Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|title=Eko 2012: Building Branding through Sports, Articles|date=22 August 2012|work=[[ThisDay]]|accessdate=2 October 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| motto = Èkó ò ní bàjé o!
| image_map = Location of Lagos.png
| map_caption = Lagos dalam [[Lagos (negara bagian Nigeria)|Negara Bagian Lagos]]
| pushpin_map = Nigeria
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Lagos di Nigeria
| latd = 6.455027
| longd = 3.384082
| coordinates_display = title
| coordinates_region = NG
| subdivision_type = Negara
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Daftar negara bagian di Nigeria|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lagos (negara bagian Nigeria)|Negara Bagian Lagos]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA(s)]]{{refn|group=note|Metropolitan Lagos terdiri dari 16 dari 20 LGA di Negara Bagian Lagos, yang tidak mencakup: [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Lagos State|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] dan [[Ikorodu]].<ref name="metrolagospop">{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php | title=Metro Lagos (Nigeria): Local Government Areas | publisher=City Population | date=21 March 2015 | accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="metropolitan Lagos">{{cite web | url=https://ng.boell.org/2015/07/02/lagos-and-its-potentials-economic-growth | title=Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth | date=2 July 2015 | accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref>}}
| subdivision_name2 = {{collapsible list|title=Daftar
|'''Pulau'''<hr>[[Amuwo-Odofin]]<br>[[Apapa]]<br>[[Eti-Osa]]<br>[[Lagos Island]]<br>'''Daratan utama'''<hr>[[Ajeromi-Ifelodun]]<br>[[Lagos Mainland]]<br>[[Surulere]]<br>'''Suburban'''<hr>[[Agege]]<br>[[Alimosho]]<br>[[Ifako-Ijaiye]]<br>[[Ikeja]]<br>[[Kosofe]]<br>[[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]]<br>[[Ojo, Lagos State|Ojo]]<br>[[Oshodi-Isolo]]<br>[[Shomolu]] |}}
| established_title = Dihuni
| established_date = 15th century
| founder = Subgrup [[Suku Awori|Awori]] dari [[Bangsa Yoruba|Yoruba]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title1 = [[Oba dari Lagos|Oba]]
| leader_name1 = [[Rilwan Akiolu]] I
| area_footnotes = <ref name="metrolagospop"/>
| area_total_km2 = 1171,28
| area_land_km2 = 999,6
| area_water_km2 = 171,68
| area_urban_km2 = 907
| area_metro_km2 = 2706,7
| elevation_m = 41
| elevation_ft = 135
| population_footnotes ={{refn|group=note|Metropolitan Lagos terdiri dari 16 dari 20 LGA di Negara Bagian Lagos, yang tidak mencakup: [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Negara Bagian Lagos|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] dan [[Ikorodu]].<ref name="metrolagospop"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA025 | title=Lagos (State, Nigeria) | publisher=population.de | accessdate=25 July 2016}}</ref>}}
| population_total = 8048430
| population_density_km2 = 6871
| population_as_of = sensus 2006
| population_rank = [[Daftar kota di Nigeria menurut populasi|1]]
| population_est = 23437435
| pop_est_as_of = 2018 oleh [[Lagos State Government|LASG]]<ref name="Lagos State Government">{{cite web|url=http://mepb.lagosstate.gov.ng/storage/sites/29/2020/08/Abstract-of-Local-Government-Statistics-Y2019.pdf |title=2019 Abstract of Local Government Statistics |author=Lagos Bureau of Statistics |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref>
| population_urban = 14862000<ref name=Demographia>{{cite book|author1=Demographia|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|date=January 2015|edition=11th|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 14469
| population_metro = 21320000 (perkiraan)<ref name="Lagos State Government" />
| population_density_metro_km2 = 7759
| population_demonym = Lagosian
| demographics_type1 = [[Daftar kota menurut PDB|PDB]]
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics1_title3 =
| demographics1_info3 =
| gini =
| gini_year =
| gini_category =
| area_code = [[Nomor telepon di Nigeria|010]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA87&redir_esc=y|title= Bradt Travel Guides|edition=3rd|publisher=Paperback|isbn=978-1-8416-2397-9|author=Lizzie Williams|page=87|accessdate=July 26, 2014}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Waktu Afrika Barat|WAT]] (UTC+1)
| utc_offset = +1
| blank_name = [[Klasifikasi iklim Köppen|Iklim]]
| blank_info = [[Iklim sabana tropis|Aw]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}} <!-- Infobox ends !-->

'''Lagos''' ialah kota terbesar di [[Nigeria]] dan merupakan [[ibu kota]] Nigeria hingga tahun [[1991]]. Dari [[abad ke-18]] sampai pertengahan [[abad ke-19]] merupakan pasar budak yang penting. Menjadi milik [[Inggris]] (1861); lalu dengan daerah sekitarnya menjadi jajahan berpemerintahan sendiri (1886) dan digabungkan dengan protektorat Nigeria Selatan (1896). Daerah ini merupakan ujung jalur [[kereta api]] yang menghubungkan kota ini dengan daerah pedalaman. Lagos adalah pengekspor [[minyak kelapa sawit]] dan kacang tanah.
'''Lagos''' ialah kota terbesar di [[Nigeria]] dan merupakan [[ibu kota]] Nigeria hingga tahun [[1991]]. Dari [[abad ke-18]] sampai pertengahan [[abad ke-19]] merupakan pasar budak yang penting. Menjadi milik [[Inggris]] (1861); lalu dengan daerah sekitarnya menjadi jajahan berpemerintahan sendiri (1886) dan digabungkan dengan protektorat Nigeria Selatan (1896). Daerah ini merupakan ujung jalur [[kereta api]] yang menghubungkan kota ini dengan daerah pedalaman. Lagos adalah pengekspor [[minyak kelapa sawit]] dan kacang tanah.

== Geografi ==
=== Iklim ===
{{Weather box
|location = Lagos ([[Bandar Udara Internasional Murtala Muhammed]]) 1961–1990, ekstrem: 1886–present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 40.0
|Feb record high C = 37.1
|Mar record high C = 37.0
|Apr record high C = 39.6
|May record high C = 37.0
|Jun record high C = 37.6
|Jul record high C = 33.2
|Aug record high C = 33.0
|Sep record high C = 33.2
|Oct record high C = 33.7
|Nov record high C = 39.9
|Dec record high C = 36.4
|year record high C = 40.0
|Jan high C = 32.2
|Feb high C = 33.2
|Mar high C = 32.9
|Apr high C = 32.2
|May high C = 30.9
|Jun high C = 29.3
|Jul high C = 28.2
|Aug high C = 28.3
|Sep high C = 28.9
|Oct high C = 30.3
|Nov high C = 31.4
|Dec high C = 31.8
|year high C = 30.8
|Jan mean C = 27.3
|Feb mean C = 28.4
|Mar mean C = 28.5
|Apr mean C = 28.0
|May mean C = 27.0
|Jun mean C = 25.6
|Jul mean C = 25.2
|Aug mean C = 25.0
|Sep mean C = 25.5
|Oct mean C = 26.4
|Nov mean C = 27.2
|Dec mean C = 27.2
|year mean C = 26.8
|Jan low C = 22.4
|Feb low C = 23.7
|Mar low C = 24.1
|Apr low C = 23.7
|May low C = 23.2
|Jun low C = 21.9
|Jul low C = 22.3
|Aug low C = 21.8
|Sep low C = 22.1
|Oct low C = 22.4
|Nov low C = 23.0
|Dec low C = 22.5
|year low C = 22.8
|Jan record low C = 12.6
|Feb record low C = 16.1
|Mar record low C = 14.0
|Apr record low C = 14.9
|May record low C = 20.0
|Jun record low C = 21.2
|Jul record low C = 15.0
|Aug record low C = 19.0
|Sep record low C = 13.0
|Oct record low C = 17.9
|Nov record low C = 11.1
|Dec record low C = 11.6
|year record low C = 11.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 13.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 40.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 84.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 146.3
|May precipitation mm = 202.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 315.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 243.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 121.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 160.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 125.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 39.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 14.8
|year precipitation mm = 1506.6
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1.5
|Feb precipitation days = 2.8
|Mar precipitation days = 6.6
|Apr precipitation days = 9.0
|May precipitation days = 12.5
|Jun precipitation days = 16.2
|Jul precipitation days = 13.2
|Aug precipitation days = 11.6
|Sep precipitation days = 12.7
|Oct precipitation days = 11.2
|Nov precipitation days = 4.9
|Dec precipitation days = 2.1
|year precipitation days = 104.3
|Jan humidity = 81
|Feb humidity = 79
|Mar humidity = 76
|Apr humidity = 82
|May humidity = 84
|Jun humidity = 87
|Jul humidity = 87
|Aug humidity = 85
|Sep humidity = 86
|Oct humidity = 87
|Nov humidity = 84
|Dec humidity = 82
|year humidity = 83
|Jan sun = 164.3
|Feb sun = 168.0
|Mar sun = 173.6
|Apr sun = 180.0
|May sun = 176.7
|Jun sun = 114.0
|Jul sun = 99.2
|Aug sun = 108.5
|Sep sun = 114.0
|Oct sun = 167.4
|Nov sun = 186.0
|Dec sun = 192.2
|year sun = 1843.9
| source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (kelembaban, 1952–1967),<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_652010_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Lagos-Ikeja (Flugh.) / Nigeria
| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
| accessdate = 7 Juli 2016}}</ref> NOAA (matahari)<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65201.TXT
| title = Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = 7 Juli 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (rekor tinggi dan rendah)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1769
| title = Station Murtala
| publisher = Meteo Climat
| language = bahasa Prancis
| accessdate = 7 Juli 2016}}</ref>
}}

== Catatan ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* 1993, Ensiklopedi Umum, Yogyakarta:Penerbit Kanisius.
* {{cite encyclopedia|date=1993|title=Ensiklopedi Umum|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Penerbit Kanisius}}


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links | commons=Lagos, Nigeria | voy=Lagos}}
* {{en}} [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ Situs resmi]
* {{Official website|http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/}}
* [http://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ State Judiciary]

{{Authority control}}


[[Kategori:Kota di Nigeria]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Nigeria]]



[[af:Lagos]]
{{Nigeria-geo-stub}}
[[an:Lagos]]
[[ar:لاغوس]]
[[arz:لاجوس]]
[[az:Laqos]]
[[bat-smg:Laguosos]]
[[be:Горад Лагас]]
[[be-x-old:Лагас]]
[[bg:Лагос]]
[[bn:লেগোস]]
[[br:Lagos]]
[[bs:Lagos]]
[[ca:Lagos]]
[[cs:Lagos]]
[[cy:Lagos]]
[[da:Lagos]]
[[de:Lagos]]
[[en:Lagos]]
[[eo:Lagoso]]
[[es:Lagos]]
[[et:Lagos]]
[[eu:Lagos]]
[[fa:لاگوس]]
[[fi:Lagos]]
[[fr:Lagos (Nigeria)]]
[[frp:Lagos]]
[[ga:Lagos]]
[[gl:Lagos, Nixeria]]
[[he:לאגוס]]
[[hi:लागोस]]
[[hif:Lagos]]
[[hr:Lagos]]
[[hu:Lagos]]
[[hy:Լագոս]]
[[ig:Lagos]]
[[io:Lagos]]
[[is:Lagos]]
[[it:Lagos]]
[[ja:ラゴス]]
[[ka:ლაგოსი]]
[[kn:ಲಾಗೊಸ್]]
[[ko:라고스]]
[[kw:Lagos]]
[[la:Lacupolis]]
[[lmo:Lagos]]
[[lt:Lagosas]]
[[lv:Lagosa]]
[[mk:Лагос]]
[[ml:ലാഗോസ്]]
[[mr:लागोस]]
[[ms:Lagos]]
[[mwl:Lagos (Nigéria)]]
[[nl:Lagos (Nigeria)]]
[[nn:Lagos]]
[[no:Lagos]]
[[oc:Lagos]]
[[pap:Lagos]]
[[pl:Lagos]]
[[pms:Lagos]]
[[pt:Lagos (Nigéria)]]
[[ro:Lagos]]
[[ru:Лагос]]
[[sah:Лагос]]
[[scn:Lagos]]
[[sh:Lagos]]
[[simple:Lagos]]
[[sk:Lagos]]
[[sl:Lagos]]
[[sr:Лагос]]
[[sv:Lagos]]
[[sw:Lagos]]
[[ta:லேகோஸ்]]
[[tg:Лагос]]
[[th:ลากอส]]
[[tr:Lagos]]
[[uk:Лагос (місто)]]
[[ur:لاگوس]]
[[vi:Lagos]]
[[war:Lagos]]
[[yi:לאגאס]]
[[yo:Èkó]]
[[zh:拉哥斯]]
[[zh-yue:拉哥斯]]

Revisi terkini sejak 1 September 2023 14.12

Lagos
  • Èkó
Metropolis
Lagos Metropolitan Area
  • Ìlú Èkó  (Yoruba)
Julukan: 
Lasgidi[3][4]
Motto: 
Èkó ò ní bàjé o!
Lagos dalam Negara Bagian Lagos
Negara Nigeria
StateNegara Bagian Lagos
LGA(s)[note 1]
Dihuni15th century
PendiriSubgrup Awori dari Yoruba
Pemerintahan
 • ObaRilwan Akiolu I
Luas
 • Metropolis1.171,28 km2 (452,23 sq mi)
 • Luas daratan999,6 km2 (385,9 sq mi)
 • Luas perairan171,68 km2 (66,29 sq mi)
 • Luas perkotaan
907 km2 (350 sq mi)
 • Luas metropolitan
2.706,7 km2 (1,045,1 sq mi)
Ketinggian
41 m (135 ft)
Populasi
 (sensus 2006)[note 2]
 • Metropolis8.048.430
 • Perkiraan 
(2018 oleh LASG[5])
23.437.435
 • Peringkat1
 • Kepadatan6.871/km2 (17,800/sq mi)
 • Perkotaan
14.862.000[6]
 • Kepadatan perkotaan14.469/km2 (37,470/sq mi)
 • Metropolitan
21.320.000 (perkiraan)[5]
 • Kepadatan metropolitan7.759/km2 (20,100/sq mi)
DemonimLagosian
PDB
Zona waktuUTC+1 (WAT (UTC+1))
Kode area telepon010[8]
IklimAw

Lagos ialah kota terbesar di Nigeria dan merupakan ibu kota Nigeria hingga tahun 1991. Dari abad ke-18 sampai pertengahan abad ke-19 merupakan pasar budak yang penting. Menjadi milik Inggris (1861); lalu dengan daerah sekitarnya menjadi jajahan berpemerintahan sendiri (1886) dan digabungkan dengan protektorat Nigeria Selatan (1896). Daerah ini merupakan ujung jalur kereta api yang menghubungkan kota ini dengan daerah pedalaman. Lagos adalah pengekspor minyak kelapa sawit dan kacang tanah.

Data iklim Lagos (Bandar Udara Internasional Murtala Muhammed) 1961–1990, ekstrem: 1886–present
Bulan Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des Tahun
Rekor tertinggi °C (°F) 40.0
(104)
37.1
(98.8)
37.0
(98.6)
39.6
(103.3)
37.0
(98.6)
37.6
(99.7)
33.2
(91.8)
33.0
(91.4)
33.2
(91.8)
33.7
(92.7)
39.9
(103.8)
36.4
(97.5)
40.0
(104)
Rata-rata tertinggi °C (°F) 32.2
(90)
33.2
(91.8)
32.9
(91.2)
32.2
(90)
30.9
(87.6)
29.3
(84.7)
28.2
(82.8)
28.3
(82.9)
28.9
(84)
30.3
(86.5)
31.4
(88.5)
31.8
(89.2)
30.8
(87.4)
Rata-rata harian °C (°F) 27.3
(81.1)
28.4
(83.1)
28.5
(83.3)
28.0
(82.4)
27.0
(80.6)
25.6
(78.1)
25.2
(77.4)
25.0
(77)
25.5
(77.9)
26.4
(79.5)
27.2
(81)
27.2
(81)
26.8
(80.2)
Rata-rata terendah °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3)
23.7
(74.7)
24.1
(75.4)
23.7
(74.7)
23.2
(73.8)
21.9
(71.4)
22.3
(72.1)
21.8
(71.2)
22.1
(71.8)
22.4
(72.3)
23.0
(73.4)
22.5
(72.5)
22.8
(73)
Rekor terendah °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7)
16.1
(61)
14.0
(57.2)
14.9
(58.8)
20.0
(68)
21.2
(70.2)
15.0
(59)
19.0
(66.2)
13.0
(55.4)
17.9
(64.2)
11.1
(52)
11.6
(52.9)
11.1
(52)
Presipitasi mm (inci) 13.2
(0.52)
40.6
(1.598)
84.3
(3.319)
146.3
(5.76)
202.4
(7.969)
315.5
(12.421)
243.0
(9.567)
121.7
(4.791)
160.0
(6.299)
125.1
(4.925)
39.7
(1.563)
14.8
(0.583)
1.506,6
(59,315)
Rata-rata hari hujan atau bersalju (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.5 2.8 6.6 9.0 12.5 16.2 13.2 11.6 12.7 11.2 4.9 2.1 104.3
% kelembapan 81 79 76 82 84 87 87 85 86 87 84 82 83
Rata-rata sinar matahari bulanan 164.3 168.0 173.6 180.0 176.7 114.0 99.2 108.5 114.0 167.4 186.0 192.2 1.843,9
Sumber #1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (kelembaban, 1952–1967),[9] NOAA (matahari)[10]
Sumber #2: Meteo Climat (rekor tinggi dan rendah)[11]
  1. ^ Metropolitan Lagos terdiri dari 16 dari 20 LGA di Negara Bagian Lagos, yang tidak mencakup: Badagry, Epe, Ibeju-Lekki dan Ikorodu.[1][2]
  2. ^ Metropolitan Lagos terdiri dari 16 dari 20 LGA di Negara Bagian Lagos, yang tidak mencakup: Badagry, Epe, Ibeju-Lekki dan Ikorodu.[1][7]

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ a b c "Metro Lagos (Nigeria): Local Government Areas". City Population. 21 March 2015. Diakses tanggal 26 October 2015. 
  2. ^ "Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth". 2 July 2015. Diakses tanggal 26 October 2015. 
  3. ^ "18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website". Premium Times. Abuja, Nigeria. 18 June 2012. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2012. 
  4. ^ "Eko 2012: Building Branding through Sports, Articles". ThisDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 22 August 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-12-24. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2012. 
  5. ^ a b Lagos Bureau of Statistics. "2019 Abstract of Local Government Statistics" (PDF). Diakses tanggal January 1, 2021. 
  6. ^ Demographia (January 2015). Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (edisi ke-11th). Diakses tanggal 2 March 2015. 
  7. ^ "Lagos (State, Nigeria)". population.de. Diakses tanggal 25 July 2016. 
  8. ^ Lizzie Williams. Bradt Travel Guides (edisi ke-3rd). Paperback. hlm. 87. ISBN 978-1-8416-2397-9. Diakses tanggal July 26, 2014. 
  9. ^ "Klimatafel von Lagos-Ikeja (Flugh.) / Nigeria" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Diakses tanggal 7 Juli 2016. 
  10. ^ "Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Diakses tanggal 7 Juli 2016. 
  11. ^ "Station Murtala" (dalam bahasa bahasa Prancis). Meteo Climat. Diakses tanggal 7 Juli 2016. 
  • Ensiklopedi Umum. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. 1993. 

Pranala luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]