Urartu: Perbedaan antara revisi

Kerajaan Urartu
**Ուրարտու**
**Արարատյան Թագավորություն**

Biainili^[1]
Kerajaan Urartu Ուրարտու Արարատյան Թագավորություն; Biainili
860 SM–590 SM
	Urartu, abad ke-9 sampai ke–6 SM.
Ibu kota	Arzashkun; Tushpa (setelah 832 SM)
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Urartu; Asyur; Proto-Armenia
Agama	Polytheism
Pemerintahan	Monarki
• 858-844	Arame
• 844-828	Sarduri I
• 828-810	Ishpuini
• 810-785	Menuas
• 785-753	Argishti I
• 753-735	Sarduri II
Era Sejarah	Zaman Besi, Prasejarah
• Didirikan	860 SM
• Dibubarkan	590 SM
	Digantikan oleh
ksrKekaisaran Media
Satrap Armenia
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Urartu (bahasa Armenia: Ուրարտու - Urartu, bahasa Akkadia Asyur: māt Urarṭu;^[3] bahasa Akkadia Babel: Urashtu), adalah nama lain dari Kerajaan Ararat yang tercatat dalam Alkitab (bahasa Armenia: Արարատյան Թագավորություն) atau Kerajaan Van (bahasa Armenia: Վանի Թագավորություն, Urartian: Biai, Biainili;^[4]) adalah suatu kerajaan dari Zaman Besi yang berpusat pada Danau Van di dataran tinggi Armenia.

Secara sempit, Urartu adalah istilah Asyur untuk wilayah geografis, sedangkan "kerajaan Urartu" atau "negeri-negeri Biainili" adalah istilah yang digunakan oleh historiografi modern untuk negeri Proto-Armenian berbahasa Hurro-Urartian dari Zaman Besi yang muncul di wilayah itu.^[2]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Nama

Nama Urartu berasal dari sumber-sumber Asyur yang menggunakan bahasa Akkadia: raja Asyur, Salmaneser I (1263–1234 SM) mencatat serangan ke wilayah ini dengan menaklukkan seluruh teritori "Uruatri."^[9]^[10] Teks Salmaneser menggunakan nama "Urartu" untuk wilayah geografis, bukan suatu kerajaan, dan menyebut nama delapan "negeri" yang berada di dalam daerah Urartu (yang belum bersatu pada waktu terjadinya serangan militer itu) . "Urartu" merupakan cognate dengan istilah Alkitab "Ararat," Akkadia "Urashtu," dan Armenia "Ayrarat." Nama yang digunakan oleh penduduk setempat sebagai toponim adalah Biainili (atau Biaineli), yang membentuk akar kata bahasa Armenia Վան ("Van"),^[11] sehingga muncul nama "Kerajaan Van (Bianili)" atau "Vannic Kingdom."

Etnogenesis Armenia

Bahasa Urartu dipakai oleh kalangan elit kerajaan, tetapi penduduknya kemungkinan multietnis, dan di akhir masa Urartu kebanyakan berbahasa (pre-Proto-) Armenia.^[5] Menurut teori ini, penduduk berbahasa Armenia merupakan keturunan orang proto-Armenian yang bermigrasi ke dataran tinggi Armenia sekitar abad ke-7 SM, bercampur dengan penduduk setempat yang berbahasa Hurrian (ini disebut "Teori Frigia" ("Phrygian theory"), pertama kali dikemukakan oleh Herodotus). Menurut Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture:

Orang Armenia menurut Diakonoff, merupakan campuran dari orang Hurria (dan Urartu), Luvian dan Proto-Armenian Mushki yang membawa bahasa IE (Indo-European; "Indo-Eropa") mereka ke arah timur melintasi Anatolia. Setelah tiba di teritori bersejarahnya, Proto-Armenia tampaknya mengalami pengaruh kuat dari bahasa-bahasa yang kemudian digantikannya. Fonologi Armenia, misalnya, tampak telah dipengaruhi oleh budaya Urartu, menunjukkan masa panjang pemakaian bersama dua bahasa itu.^[12]

Penemuan kembali Urartu telah memainkan peran penting dalam nasionalisme Armenia pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20.^[13]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Paul Zimansky, Urartian material culture as state assemblage, Bulletin of the American Association of Oriental Research 299, 1995, 105.
^ ^a ^b Diakonoff, Igor M (1992). "First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia". Annual of Armenian Linguistics. 13: 51–54. ISSN 0271-9800.
^ Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65.
^ Templat:Armenian Van-Vaspurakan 2000
^ ^a ^b Róna-Tas, András.Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1999 p. 76 ISBN 963-9116-48-3.
^ Greppin, John A. C. (1991). "Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 3 (4): 720–730. doi:10.2307/603403. Even for now, however, it seems difficult to deny that the Armenians had contact, at an early date, with a Hurro-Urartian people.
^ Chahin, M. (2001). The kingdom of Armenia: a history (edisi ke-2. rev. ed.). Richmond: Curzon. hlm. 182. ISBN 0700714529. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)
^ Scarre, edited by Chris (2013). Human past : world prehistory and the development of human societies (edisi ke-3rd ed., completely rev. and updated.). W W Norton. ISBN 0500290636.
^ Abram Rigg Jr., Horace. "A Note on the Names Armânum and Urartu". Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1937), pp. 416–418.
^ Zimansky, Paul E. Ancient Ararat: A Handbook of Urartian Studies. Delmar, N. Y.: Caravan Books, 1998, p. 28. ISBN 0-88206-091-0.
^ I. M. Diakonoff, "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian." Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 105, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 1985), pp. 597–603
^ “Armenians” dalam ""Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture atau EIEC, disunting oleh J. P. Mallory dan Douglas Q. Adams, terbitan tahun 1997 oleh Fitzroy Dearborn.
^ Anne Elizabeth Redgate, The Armenians, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-521-48065-9, p. 276.

Pustaka

Ashkharbek Kalantar, Materials on Armenian and Urartian History (with a contribution by Mirjo Salvini), Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 4 – Hors Série, Neuchâtel, Paris, 2004;ISBN 978-2-940032-14-3
Boris B. Piotrovsky, The Ancient Civilization of Urartu (translated from Russian by James Hogarth), New York:Cowles Book Company, 1969.
M. Salvini, Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer, Darmstadt 1995.
R. B. Wartke, Urartu — Das Reich am Ararat In: Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, Bd. 59, Mainz 1993.
P. E. Zimansky, Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State, [Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization], Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1985.
P. E. Zimansky, Ancient Ararat. A Handbook of Urartian Studies, New York 1998.

Pranala luar

Livius History of Urartu/Armenia Diarsipkan 2013-09-11 di Wayback Machine.
Historical Maps of Urartu at WikiMedia Commons
An Urartian Ozymandias Diarsipkan 2008-10-12 di Wayback Machine. – article by Paul Zimansky, Biblical Archaeologist
Urartu Civilization
Urartu (Greek Ararat)
Capital and Periphery in the Kingdom of Urartu, Yehuda Dagan, Israel Antiquities Authority

[1] Paul Zimansky, Urartian material culture as state assemblage, Bulletin of the American Association of Oriental Research 299, 1995, 105.

[Diakonoff_1992_51–54-2] Diakonoff, Igor M (1992). "First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia". Annual of Armenian Linguistics. 13: 51–54. ISSN 0271-9800.

[3] Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65.

[Hewsen-2000-4] Templat:Armenian Van-Vaspurakan 2000

[andrastas-5] Róna-Tas, András.Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1999 p. 76 ISBN 963-9116-48-3.

[6] Greppin, John A. C. (1991). "Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 3 (4): 720–730. doi:10.2307/603403. Even for now, however, it seems difficult to deny that the Armenians had contact, at an early date, with a Hurro-Urartian people.

[chahin-7] Chahin, M. (2001). The kingdom of Armenia: a history (edisi ke-2. rev. ed.). Richmond: Curzon. hlm. 182. ISBN 0700714529. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)

[8] Scarre, edited by Chris (2013). Human past : world prehistory and the development of human societies (edisi ke-3rd ed., completely rev. and updated.). W W Norton. ISBN 0500290636.

[9] Abram Rigg Jr., Horace. "A Note on the Names Armânum and Urartu". Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1937), pp. 416–418.

[10] Zimansky, Paul E. Ancient Ararat: A Handbook of Urartian Studies. Delmar, N. Y.: Caravan Books, 1998, p. 28. ISBN 0-88206-091-0.

[11] I. M. Diakonoff, "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian." Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 105, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 1985), pp. 597–603

[12] “Armenians” dalam ""Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture atau EIEC, disunting oleh J. P. Mallory dan Douglas Q. Adams, terbitan tahun 1997 oleh Fitzroy Dearborn.

[13] Anne Elizabeth Redgate, The Armenians, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-521-48065-9, p. 276.

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@@ Baris 16: / Baris 16: @@
 |image_map              = 13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif
 |image_map_caption      = Urartu, abad ke-9 sampai ke–6 SM.
-|s1           = Median Empire
+|s1           = Kekaisaran Media
 |flag_s1      = Median Empire.svg
-|s2           = Satrapy of Armenia
+|s2           = Satrap Armenia
 |flag_s2      = Yervanduni Armenia, IV-II BC.gif
 |
 |capital                = [[Arzashkun]]<br>[[Tushpa]] (setelah 832&nbsp;SM)
-|common_languages       = [[bahasa Urartu]]<br/>[[Proto-Armenian]]<ref name="Diakonoff 1992 51–54">{{cite journal|last=Diakonoff|first=Igor M|title=First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia|journal=Annual of Armenian Linguistics|year=1992|volume=13|pages=51–54|issn=0271-9800}}</ref>
+|common_languages       = [[Bahasa Urartu|Urartu]]<br/>[[Bahasa Akkadia|Asyur]]<br/>[[Bahasa Proto-Armenia|Proto-Armenia]]<ref name="Diakonoff 1992 51–54">{{cite journal|last=Diakonoff|first=Igor M|title=First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia|journal=Annual of Armenian Linguistics|year=1992|volume=13|pages=51–54|issn=0271-9800}}</ref>
 |religion               = [[:en:religions of the Ancient Near East|Polytheism]]
 |currency               =
@@ Baris 149: / Baris 149: @@
 ==Religion==
 [[File:Khaldi.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Depiction of the Urartian god [[Khaldi (god)|Khaldi]]]]
-With the expansion of Urartian territory, many of the gods worshiped by conquered peoples were incorporated into the Urartian pantheon, as a mean to confirm the annexation of territories and promote political stability. However, although the Urartians incorporated many deities into their pantheon, they appeared to be selective in their choices. Although many Urartian kings made conquests in the North, such as the [[Lake Sevan|Sevan]] region, many of those peoples' gods remain excluded. This was most likely the case because Urartians considered the people in the North to be barbaric, and disliked their deities as much as they did them. Good examples of incorporated deities however are the goddesses [[Bagvarti]] (Bagmashtu) and [[Selardi]]. On Mheri-Dur, or Meher-Tur (the "Gate of Mehr"), overlooking modern [[Van (Turkey)|Van]], an inscription lists a total of 79 deities, and what type of sacrificial offerings should be made to each; goats, sheep, cattle, and other animals served as the sacrificial offerings. Urartians did not practice human sacrifice.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Kingdom of Armenia|last=Chahin |first=Mark|year=1987 |publisher=Dorset Press|isbn=0-88029-609-7|accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>
+With the expansion of Urartian territory, many of the gods worshiped by conquered peoples were incorporated into the Urartian pantheon, as a mean to confirm the annexation of territories and promote political stability. However, although the Urartians incorporated many deities into their pantheon, they appeared to be selective in their choices. Although many Urartian kings made conquests in the North, such as the [[Lake Sevan|Sevan]] region, many of those peoples' gods remain excluded. This was most likely the case because Urartians considered the people in the North to be barbaric, and disliked their deities as much as they did them. Good examples of incorporated deities however are the goddesses [[Bagvarti]] (Bagmashtu) and [[Selardi]]. On Mheri-Dur, or Meher-Tur (the "Gate of Mehr"), overlooking modern [[Van (Turkey)|Van]], an inscription lists a total of 79 deities, and what type of sacrificial offerings should be made to each; goats, sheep, cattle, and other animals served as the sacrificial offerings. Urartians did not practice human sacrifice.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Kingdom of Armenia|url= https://archive.org/details/kingdomofarmenia0000chah|last=Chahin |first=Mark|year=1987 |publisher=Dorset Press|isbn=0-88029-609-7|accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>
 The pantheon was headed by a triad made up of Khaldi (the supreme god), Theispas (Teisheba) god of thunder and storms, as well as sometimes war, and Shivini a solar god. Their king was also the chief-priest or envoy of Khaldi. Some temples to Khaldi were part of the royal palace complex while others were independent structures.
@@ Baris 178: / Baris 178: @@
 The Iron Age Urartian state was the successor of the Late Bronze Age [[Hurrian]] state of [[Mitanni]], and the Urartian language spoken by the ruling class is the successor of the Hurrian language (see [[Hurro-Urartian]]).<ref name="Ancient Hurrians">Diakonov Igor M., Starostin S.A. ''Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Languages''. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, R. Kitzinger, München, 1986; [http://history-world.org/hurrians.htm Ancient Hurrians]</ref><ref>Piotrovsky. ''Ancient Civilization of Urartu'' p. ?.</ref>
 The Urartian state was in turn succeeded in the area in the 6th century BC by the [[Indo-European]] speaking [[Orontid Dynasty|Orontid Armenian kingdom]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074433/Urartu Urartu on Britannica]</ref> The presence of a [[Proto-Armenian]] population in the area  already during Urartian rule is subject to speculation:
-It is generally assumed that Proto-Armenian speakers entered [[Anatolia]] from around 1200&nbsp;BC, ultimately deriving from a [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkans]] context, and over the following centuries spread east to the [[Armenian Highland]].<ref name="SAE"/><ref name="Dyakonov et al.">Dyakonov, I.M., V.D. Neronova, and I.S. Sventsitskaya. ''[http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000002/st21.shtml History of the Ancient World]''. vol. ii, Moscow, 1983.</ref><ref>"Armenian origins: An overview of ancient and modern sources and theories", by Thomas J. Samuelian, Iravunq, 2000, 34 p., ASIN: B0006E8NC26; p. 14</ref> A competing theory suggested by [[Thomas Gamkrelidze]] and [[Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|Vyacheslav V. Ivanov]] in 1984 places the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] homeland in the [[Armenian Highland]], see [[Armenian hypothesis]], which would entail the presence of [[Proto-Armenian]]s in the area during the entire lifetime of the Urartian state.<ref name="See Gamkrelidze 1995">See Gamkrelidze, Thomas and Vyacheslav Ivanov ''Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-language and a Proto-culture''. New York : M. de Gruyter, 1995.</ref> According to historian M. Chahin, "Urartian history is part of Armenian history, in the same sense that the history of the ancient Britons is part of English history, and that of the Gauls is part of French history. Armenians can legitimately claim, through Urartu, an historical continuity of some 4000 years; their history is among those of the most ancient peoples in the world."<ref name=chahin />
+It is generally assumed that Proto-Armenian speakers entered [[Anatolia]] from around 1200&nbsp;BC, ultimately deriving from a [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkans]] context, and over the following centuries spread east to the [[Armenian Highland]].<ref name="SAE"/><ref name="Dyakonov et al.">Dyakonov, I.M., V.D. Neronova, and I.S. Sventsitskaya. ''[http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000002/st21.shtml History of the Ancient World]''. vol. ii, Moscow, 1983.</ref><ref>"Armenian origins: An overview of ancient and modern sources and theories", by Thomas J. Samuelian, Iravunq, 2000, 34 p., ASIN: B0006E8NC26; p. 14</ref> A competing theory suggested by [[Thomas Gamkrelidze]] and [[Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|Vyacheslav V. Ivanov]] in 1984 places the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] homeland in the [[Armenian Highland]], see [[Armenian hypothesis]], which would entail the presence of [[Proto-Armenian]]s in the area during the entire lifetime of the Urartian state.<ref name="See Gamkrelidze 1995">See Gamkrelidze, Thomas and Vyacheslav Ivanov ''Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-language and a Proto-culture''. New York: M. de Gruyter, 1995.</ref> According to historian M. Chahin, "Urartian history is part of Armenian history, in the same sense that the history of the ancient Britons is part of English history, and that of the Gauls is part of French history. Armenians can legitimately claim, through Urartu, an historical continuity of some 4000 years; their history is among those of the most ancient peoples in the world."<ref name=chahin />
 After the disappearance of Urartu as a political entity at the hands of [[Assyria]], the Armenians eventually came to dominate the highlands after the fall of the [[Neo Assyrian Empire]], absorbing portions of the previous Urartian culture in the process.<ref>[http://www.starspring.com/ascender/urartu/urartu.html Star Spring Urartu]</ref> The Armenians became, thus, the direct successors of the kingdom of Urartu and inherited their domain.
@@ Baris 217: / Baris 217: @@
 == Pranala luar ==
 {{commons|Urartu}}
-* [http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/armenia/urartu.html Livius History of Urartu/Armenia]
+* [http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/armenia/urartu.html Livius History of Urartu/Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911062456/http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/armenia/urartu.html |date=2013-09-11 }}
 * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Urartu Historical Maps of Urartu at WikiMedia Commons]
-* [http://www.asor.org/pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html An Urartian Ozymandias] – article by Paul Zimansky, ''Biblical Archaeologist''
+* [http://www.asor.org/pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html An Urartian Ozymandias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012205439/http://www.asor.org/pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html |date=2008-10-12 }} – article by Paul Zimansky, ''Biblical Archaeologist''
 * [http://www.allaboutturkey.com/urartu.htm Urartu Civilization]
 * [http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Urartu_Ararat.html Urartu (Greek Ararat)]
@@ Baris 241: / Baris 241: @@
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