Rasisme sistemik: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 15 Februari 2024 07.16

Rasisme sistemik atau rasisme terinstitusional adalah suatu bentuk rasisme yang tertanam dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di dalam suatu masyarakat atau organisasi. Rasisme ini dapat menyebabkan permasalahan seperti diskriminasi di dalam sistem peradilan, sistem ketenagakerjaan, perumahan, jaminan kesehatan, kekuasaan politik, dan pendidikan, serta masalah lainnya.^[1]

Istilah rasisme terinstitusional pertama kali dipakai oleh Stokely Carmichael dan Charles V. Hamilton pada tahun 1967 di dalam buku mereka Black Power: The Politics of Liberation.^[2] Mereka menulis bahwa meskipun rasisme individual sering kali dapat dikenali karena sifatnya yang terlihat, namun rasisme terinstitusional tidak begitu terlihat karena sifatnya yang substil. Rasisme jenis ini berasal dari penghulu-penghulu yang mapan dan dihormati di masyarakat, dan maka dari itu tidak mendapat kecaman publik sebanyak rasisme individual.^[3]

rasisme terinstitusional didefinisikan oleh Sir William Macpherson di dalam kasus pembunuhan Stephen Lawrence di Britania Raya tahun 1999 sebagai: "kegagalan kolektif sebuah organisasi untuk memberikan layanan yang sesuai dan profesional kepada orang-orang dikarenakan warna kulit, budaya, atau asal etnis mereka. Hal ini dapat dilihat atau dideteksi di dalam berbagai proses, sikap, dan perilaku yang setimpal dengan diskriminasi melalui prasangka, ketidakpedulian, kesembronoan, dan stereotip rasis yang merugikan etnis minoritas."^[4]^[5]

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Amy Harmon; Apoorva Mandavilli; Sapna Maheshwari; Jodi Kantor (13 June 2020). "From Cosmetics to NASCAR, Calls for Racial Justice Are Spreading". The New York Times.
^ "Institutional". Oxford English Dictionary (edisi ke-Second edition on CD-ROM Version 4.0). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-956383-8.
^ Carmichael, Stokely; Hamilton, Charles V. (1967). Black Power: Politics of Liberation (edisi ke-November 1992). New York: Vintage. hlm. 4. ISBN 978-0679743132.
^ "The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 23 November 2017. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2018.
^ Home Office, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, Cm 4262-I, February 1999, para 6.34 (cited in Macpherson Report—Ten Years On in 2009); available on the official British Parliament Website.

Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Phillips, Coretta (2011). "Institutional Racism and Ethnic Inequalities: An Expanded Multilevel Framework". Journal of Social Policy. 40 (1): 173–192. doi:10.1017/s0047279410000565 .
"The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, Report of an inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny". The Stationery Office. February 1999.
Stokes, DaShanne. (In Press) Legalized Segregation and the Denial of Religious Freedom^{[pranala nonaktif]}
Griffith, Derek; Childs, Erica L.; Eng, Eugenia; Jefferies, Vanessa (2007). "Racism in organizations: The case of a county public health department." Journal of Community Psychology. 35 (3): 287–302. doi:10.1002/jcop.20149. PMC 2565803 . PMID 18852826.
Fitzgibbon, Diana (2007). "Institutional racism, pre-emptive criminalisation and risk analysis" (PDF). Howard Journal of Criminal Justice. 46 (2): 128–144. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2007.00461.x. hdl:2299/1955.
Green, David G, (Editor), Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction, published by the Institute for the Study of Civil Society 2000, ISBN 1-903386-06-3
Dennis, Norman; Erdos, George; Al-Shahi, Ahmed; Racist Murder and Pressure Group Politics: The Macpherson Report and the Police, published by the Institute for the Study of Civil Society 2000, ISBN 1-903386-05-5
The Sentencing Project. Crack Cocaine Sentencing Policy: Unjustified and Unreasonable. [1]. 514 10th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC.
Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration Author(s): Becky Pettit and Bruce Western Source: American Sociological Review, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Apr. 2004), pp. 151–169 Published by: American Sociological Association
Howell, B. (2009). Exploring race and space: Concentrated subprime lending as housing discrimination. In Dalmage, H. & Rothman, B. K. (eds). Race in an Era of Change: A Reader. New York: Oxford.
Christopher Brown II, M., & Elon Dancy II, T. (2010). Predominantly white institutions. In K. Lomotey (Ed.), Encyclopedia of African American education. (pp. 524–527). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412971966.n193
Denson, N.; Chang, M. J. (2009). "Racial diversity matters: The impact of diversity-related student engagement and institutional context". American Educational Research Journal. 46 (2): 322–353. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.462.8182 . doi:10.3102/0002831208323278.
Duster, T. (2011). The "Morphing" Properties of Whiteness. In Dalmage, H. & Rothman, B. K. (eds). Race in an Era of Change: A Reader. New York: Oxford.
Engberg, M. E. (2004). "Improving Intergroup Relations in Higher Education: A Critical Examination of the Influence of Educational Interventions on Racial Bias". American Educational Research Association. 74 (4): 473–524. doi:10.3102/00346543074004473.
Fenelon, J (2003). "Race, Research, and Tenure Institutional Credibility and the Incorporation of African, Latino, and American Indian Faculty". Journal of Black Studies. 34 (1): 87–100. doi:10.1177/0021934703253661.
Rankin, S. R.; Reason, R. D. (2005). "Differing Perceptions:How Students of Color and White Students Perceive Campus Climate for Underrepresented Groups". Journal of College Student Development. 46 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1353/csd.2005.0008.
Stanley, C. A. (2006). "Coloring the academic landscape: Faculty of color breaking the silence in predominantly White colleges and universities". American Educational Research Journal. 43 (4): 701–736. doi:10.3102/00028312043004701.
Starr, Kevin. Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California (1997) p. 261. ISBN 0195118022 The Mexican repatriation
Turner, C. S. V.; González, J. C.; Wood, J. L. (2008). "Faculty of color in academe: What 20 years of literature tells us". Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. 1 (3): 139–168. doi:10.1037/a0012837.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Institutional Racism and the Police Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction?, Civitas thinktank pamphlet about the Macpherson Report
Paying the Price: The Human Cost of Racial Profiling On causes and effects of institutional racism in the Canadian criminal justice system
Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration
Crack Cocaine Sentencing Policy: Unjustified and Unreasonable
Robert R. McKay, "Mexican Americans and Repatriation," Handbook of Texas Online, accessed 12 July 2015. Uploaded on 15 June 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Peter Ward, White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978), 132.
When no longer needed to build the railroad, they dispersed along the line into chinatowns, as married singles
The visible minority population in Canada: A review of numbers, growth and labour force issues
Scrip: For discussions on this topic, see Gerhard Ens, Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Métis in the Nineteenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); "Métis Scrip," in S. Corrigan and J. Sawchuk, eds., The Recognition of Aboriginal Rights (Brandon: Bearpaw Publishing, 1996), p. 47-57; and Thomas Flanagan, "The Market for Métis Lands in Manitoba: An Exploratory Study," Prairie Forum 16, 1 (1991), p. 1-20.
Canada Consolidation Indian Act R.S.C., 1985, c. I-5 Current to 9 June 2015. Last amended on 2 April 2015 and published by the Minister of Justice at the following address: "Justice Laws Website" / "Site Web de la législation (Justice)", Government of Canada

Templat:Rasisme

[1] Amy Harmon; Apoorva Mandavilli; Sapna Maheshwari; Jodi Kantor (13 June 2020). "From Cosmetics to NASCAR, Calls for Racial Justice Are Spreading". The New York Times.

[2] "Institutional". Oxford English Dictionary (edisi ke-Second edition on CD-ROM Version 4.0). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-956383-8.

[3] Carmichael, Stokely; Hamilton, Charles V. (1967). Black Power: Politics of Liberation (edisi ke-November 1992). New York: Vintage. hlm. 4. ISBN 978-0679743132.

[4] "The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 23 November 2017. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2018.

[5] Home Office, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, Cm 4262-I, February 1999, para 6.34 (cited in Macpherson Report—Ten Years On in 2009); available on the official British Parliament Website.

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@@ Baris 3: / Baris 3: @@
 Istilah rasisme [[institusi|terinstitusional]] pertama kali dipakai oleh [[Stokely Carmichael]] dan [[Charles V. Hamilton]] pada tahun 1967 di dalam buku mereka ''[[Black Power: The Politics of Liberation]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=Institutional |edition=Second edition on CD-ROM Version 4.0 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956383-8}}</ref>
-Mereka menulis bahwa meskipun rasisme individual sering kali dapat dikenali karena sifatnya yang terlihat, namun rasisme terinstitusional tidak begitu terlihat karena sifatnya yang substil. Rasisme jenis ini berasal dari penghulu-penghulu yang mapan dan dihormati di masyarakat, dan maka dari itu tidak mendapat kecaman publik sebanyak rasisme individual.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carmichael |first1=Stokely |authorlink1=Stokely Carmichael |last2=Hamilton |first2=Charles V. |authorlink2=Charles V. Hamilton |title=Black Power: Politics of Liberation |date=1967 |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |isbn=978-0679743132 |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0/page/4 4] |edition=November 1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0/page/4}}</ref>
+Mereka menulis bahwa meskipun rasisme [[Individu|individual]] sering kali dapat dikenali karena sifatnya yang terlihat, namun rasisme terinstitusional tidak begitu terlihat karena sifatnya yang substil. Rasisme jenis ini berasal dari penghulu-penghulu yang mapan dan dihormati di masyarakat, dan maka dari itu tidak mendapat kecaman publik sebanyak rasisme individual.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carmichael |first1=Stokely |authorlink1=Stokely Carmichael |last2=Hamilton |first2=Charles V. |authorlink2=Charles V. Hamilton |title=Black Power: Politics of Liberation |date=1967 |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |isbn=978-0679743132 |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0/page/4 4] |edition=November 1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0/page/4}}</ref>
-rasisme terinstitusional didefinisikan oleh [[William Macpherson (hakim)|Sir William Macpherson]] di dalam kasus [[pembunuhan Stephen Lawrence]] di Britania Raya tahun 1999 sebagai: "kegagalan kolektif sebuah organisasi untuk memberikan layanan yang sesuai dan profesional kepada orang-orang dikarenakan warna kulit, budaya, atau asal etnis mereka. Hal ini dapat dilihat atau dideteksi di dalam berbagai proses, sikap, dan perilaku yang setimpal dengan diskriminasi melalui prasangka, ketidakpedulian, kesembronoan, dan stereotip rasis yang merugikan etnis minoritas."<ref>{{cite web|title= The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf|url-status=live|access-date= 12 February 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171123104633/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf|archive-date= 23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>Home Office, ''The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny'', Cm 4262-I, February 1999, para 6.34 (cited in ''Macpherson Report—Ten Years On'' in 2009); [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmhaff/427/42703.htm available] on the official British Parliament Website.</ref>
+rasisme terinstitusional didefinisikan oleh [[William Macpherson (hakim)|Sir William Macpherson]] di dalam kasus [[pembunuhan Stephen Lawrence]] di [[Britania Raya]] tahun 1999 sebagai: "kegagalan kolektif sebuah organisasi untuk memberikan layanan yang sesuai dan profesional kepada orang-orang dikarenakan warna kulit, budaya, atau asal etnis mereka. Hal ini dapat dilihat atau dideteksi di dalam berbagai proses, sikap, dan perilaku yang setimpal dengan diskriminasi melalui [[prasangka]], ketidakpedulian, kesembronoan, dan stereotip rasis yang merugikan etnis minoritas."<ref>{{cite web|title= The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf|url-status=live|access-date= 12 February 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171123104633/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf|archive-date= 23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>Home Office, ''The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny'', Cm 4262-I, February 1999, para 6.34 (cited in ''Macpherson Report—Ten Years On'' in 2009); [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmhaff/427/42703.htm available] on the official British Parliament Website.</ref>
 == Lihat pula ==
@@ Baris 49: / Baris 49: @@
 * Duster, T. (2011).'' The "Morphing" Properties of Whiteness''. In Dalmage, H. & Rothman, B. K. (eds). Race in an Era of Change: A Reader. New York: Oxford.
 *{{cite journal | last1 = Engberg | first1 = M. E. | year = 2004 | title = Improving Intergroup Relations in Higher Education: A Critical Examination of the Influence of Educational Interventions on Racial Bias | url = | journal = American Educational Research Association | volume = 74 | issue = 4| pages = 473–524 | doi=10.3102/00346543074004473}}
-*{{cite journal | last1 = Fenelon | first1 = J | year = 2003 | title = Race, Research, and Tenure Institutional Credibility and the Incorporation of African, Latino, and American Indian Faculty | url = | journal = Journal of Black Studies | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 87–100 | doi=10.1177/0021934703253661}}
+*{{cite journal | last1 = Fenelon | first1 = J | year = 2003 | title = Race, Research, and Tenure Institutional Credibility and the Incorporation of African, Latino, and American Indian Faculty | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2003-09_34_1/page/87| journal = Journal of Black Studies | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 87–100 | doi=10.1177/0021934703253661}}
 *{{cite journal | last1 = Rankin | first1 = S. R. | last2 = Reason | first2 = R. D. | year = 2005 | title = Differing Perceptions:How Students of Color and White Students Perceive Campus Climate for Underrepresented Groups | url = | journal = Journal of College Student Development | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 43–61 | doi=10.1353/csd.2005.0008}}
 *{{cite journal | last1 = Stanley | first1 = C. A. | year = 2006 | title = Coloring the academic landscape: Faculty of color breaking the silence in predominantly White colleges and universities | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_american-educational-research-journal_winter-2006_43_4/page/701| journal = American Educational Research Journal | volume = 43 | issue = 4| pages = 701–736 | doi=10.3102/00028312043004701}}
@@ Baris 62: / Baris 62: @@
 *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593082 Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration]
 *[http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/sp/1003.pdf Crack Cocaine Sentencing Policy: Unjustified and Unreasonable]
-*[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pqmyk  Robert R. McKay, "Mexican Americans and Repatriation," Handbook of Texas Online], accessed 12 July 2015. Uploaded on 15 June 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
+*[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pqmyk  Robert R. McKay, "Mexican Americans and Repatriation," Handbook of Texas Online], accessed 12 July 2015. Uploaded on 15 June 2010. Published by the [[Texas]] State Historical Association.
 * Peter Ward, ''White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia'' (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978), 132.
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170408162540/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/multiculturalism/asian/85years.asp When no longer needed to build the railroad, they dispersed along the line into chinatowns, as married singles]