Daniel 2: Perbedaan antara revisi
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
Regina Jawa (bicara | kontrib) Fitur saranan suntingan: 1 pranala ditambahkan. |
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(26 revisi perantara oleh 5 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
{{Bible chapter|letname= Daniel 2 |previouslink= Daniel 1 |previousletter= pasal 1 |nextlink= Daniel 3 |nextletter= pasal 3 |book=[[Kitab Daniel]] |biblepart=[[Perjanjian Lama]] | booknum= 27 |category= [[Nabi-nabi Besar]] | filename= Leningrad-codex-23-daniel.pdf |size=250px | name= Leningrad Codex Daniel |caption=<div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">[[Kitab Daniel]] lengkap pada [[Kodeks Leningrad]], dibuat tahun 1008.</div>}} |
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'''Daniel 2''' (disingkat '''Dan 2''') adalah bagian dari [[Kitab Daniel]] dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]. Berisi riwayat [[Daniel]] yang berada di [[Babel]] pada [[abad ke-6 SM]].<ref name="Bergant">Dianne Bergant dan Robert J.Karris (ed). 2002. ''Tafsir Alkitab Perjanjian Lama''. Jogjakarta: Kanisius.</ref><ref name="Lasor">{{id}} W.S. LaSor, D.A. Hubbard, F.W. Bush. ''Pengantar Perjanjian Lama 2. Sastra dan Nubuat''. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. 1994. ISBN-13: 9789794150431</ref> |
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'''Daniel 2''' (disingkat '''Dan 2''') adalah [[Pasal dan ayat dalam Alkitab|pasal]] [[kedua]] [[Kitab Daniel]] dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]. Berisi riwayat [[Daniel]] yang berada di [[Babel]] pada [[abad ke-6 SM]].<ref name="Bergant">Dianne Bergant dan Robert J.Karris (ed). 2002. ''Tafsir Alkitab Perjanjian Lama''. Jogjakarta: Kanisius.</ref><ref name="Lasor">{{id}} W.S. LaSor, D.A. Hubbard, F.W. Bush. ''Pengantar Perjanjian Lama 2. Sastra dan Nubuat''. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. 1994. ISBN 9789794150431</ref> |
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== Teks == |
== Teks == |
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* [[Pasal dan ayat dalam Alkitab|Pasal ini dibagi atas]] 49 ayat. |
* [[Pasal dan ayat dalam Alkitab|Pasal ini dibagi atas]] 49 ayat. |
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* Berisi mimpi raja [[Nebukadnezar]] yang kemudian diceritakan dan ditafsirkan oleh [[Daniel]] sesuai hikmat dari Tuhan. |
* Berisi mimpi raja [[Nebukadnezar]] yang kemudian diceritakan dan ditafsirkan oleh [[Daniel]] sesuai hikmat dari Tuhan. |
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== Naskah sumber utama== |
== Naskah sumber utama == |
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* Bahasa Ibrani: |
* Bahasa Ibrani: |
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** [[Teks Masoret|Masoretik]] (abad ke-10 M) |
** [[Teks Masoret|Masoretik]] (abad ke-10 M) |
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** [[Gulungan Laut Mati]]: (akhir abad ke-2 SM)<ref> |
** [[Gulungan Laut Mati]]: (akhir abad ke-2 SM)<ref>VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013). The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. HarperCollins.</ref><ref name=hasel>[http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2012/07/31/New-Light-on-the-Book-of-Daniel-from-the-Dead-Sea-Scrolls.aspx#Article New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129060754/http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2012/07/31/New-Light-on-the-Book-of-Daniel-from-the-Dead-Sea-Scrolls.aspx#Article |date=2017-01-29 }} - Gerhard Hasel PhD. Associates for Biblical Research - Jul 31, 2012</ref> terlestarikan: ayat 2-6, 9‑11, 19‑35, 37‑49.<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[http://thewaytoyahuweh.com/research/dead-sea-scrolls/#daniel Dead sea scrolls - Daniel]</ref> |
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*** |
*** 1QDan<sup>a</sup> (4QDan71): terlestarikan: ayat: 2-6<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/> |
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*** |
*** 4QDan<sup>a</sup> (4QDan112): terlestarikan: ayat: 9‑11, 19‑35, 37‑49<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/> |
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* Bahasa Yunani: |
* [[Bahasa Yunani]]: |
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** [[Septuaginta]] (abad ke-3 SM) |
** [[Septuaginta]] (abad ke-3 SM) |
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** Versi [[Theodotion]] (~180 M)<ref name=hasel/> |
** Versi [[Theodotion]] (~180 M)<ref name=hasel/> |
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Baris 19: | Baris 20: | ||
* Tiga ayat yang pertama aslinya ditulis dalam [[bahasa Ibrani]] |
* Tiga ayat yang pertama aslinya ditulis dalam [[bahasa Ibrani]] |
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* Di ayat 4 tertulis: "Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram)". Setelah kalimat itu teks ini aslinya ditulis dalam [[bahasa Aram]] sampai di akhir [[Daniel 7|pasal 7]]. Rupanya bahasa Aram digunakan sebagai bahasa resmi saat itu untuk orang-orang terpelajar.<ref>J. G. Baldwin, "Book of Daniel" in ''New Bible Dictionary''3rd edition, IVP</ref> Mulai [[Daniel 8|pasal 8]], teks ini menurut [[Teks Masoret]] ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani lagi sampai akhir kitab.<ref name="Oxford, 2.1-12">{{harvnb|Oxford annotated Bible|2007|p=1255, footnote 2.1-12}}</ref> |
* Di ayat 4 tertulis: "Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram)". Setelah kalimat itu teks ini aslinya ditulis dalam [[bahasa Aram]] sampai di akhir [[Daniel 7|pasal 7]]. Rupanya bahasa Aram digunakan sebagai bahasa resmi saat itu untuk orang-orang terpelajar.<ref>J. G. Baldwin, "Book of Daniel" in ''New Bible Dictionary''3rd edition, IVP</ref> Mulai [[Daniel 8|pasal 8]], teks ini menurut [[Teks Masoret]] ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani lagi sampai akhir kitab.<ref name="Oxford, 2.1-12">{{harvnb|Oxford annotated Bible|2007|p=1255, footnote 2.1-12}}</ref> |
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== Struktur == |
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=== Dalam Kitab Daniel === |
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Pasal 2-7 Kitab Daniel yang ditulis dalam [[bahasa Aram]] (mulai bagian kedua ayat 4 pasal 2, di mana sebelumnya dalam bahasa Ibrani) mempunyai bentuk susunan ''[[chiasmus]]'', suatu struktur puisi yuang menempatkan titik atau pesan utama di tengah periop dan diapit oleh pengulangan tema pada kedua sisinya:{{sfn|Redditt|2009|p=177}} |
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* A. (2:4b-49) – Mimpi empat kerajaan yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima |
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** B. (3:1–30) – Tiga teman Daniel dalam dapur perapian |
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*** C. (4:1–37) – Daniel menafsirkan mimpi raja Nebukadnezar |
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*** C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel menafsirkan tulisan di dinding kepada Belsyazar |
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** B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel di gua singa |
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* A'. (7:1–28) – Penglihatan mengenai empat kerajaan dunia yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima |
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=== Daniel 2 === |
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Daniel 2 juga berbentuk chiasmus di dalam struktur besar Daniel 2-7:{{sfn|Mangano|2001|p=179}} |
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* A. Pengantar (ayat 1) |
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** B. Raja dan penasihat-penasihat yang tidak bijaksana (ayat 2-12) |
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*** C. Daniel dan Ariokh (ayat 13-16) |
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**** D. Daniel dan teman-temannya berdoa kepada Allah (ayat 17-23) |
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*** C'. Daniel dan Ariokh (ayat 24-25) |
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** B'. Raja dan Daniel, penasihat yang bijaksana (ayat 26-47) |
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* A'. Hasil (ayat 48-49) |
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== Ayat 4 == |
== Ayat 4 == |
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:''Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram):'' |
:''Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram):'' |
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::''"Ya raja, kekallah hidupmu! Ceriterakanlah kepada hamba-hambamu mimpi itu, maka kami akan memberitahukan maknanya."''<ref>{{Alkitab|Daniel 2:4}}</ref> |
::''"Ya raja, kekallah hidupmu! Ceriterakanlah kepada hamba-hambamu mimpi itu, maka kami akan memberitahukan maknanya."''<ref>{{Alkitab|Daniel 2:4}}</ref> |
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Hingga kata-kata "''(dalam bahasa Aram)''" ini, kitab Daniel ditulis dalam |
Hingga kata-kata "''(dalam bahasa Aram)''" ini, kitab Daniel ditulis dalam kosakata bahasa Ibrani. Mulai dari kata-kata "''Ya raja ...''" ayat ini beralih ke kosakata bahasa Aram, bahasa yang dipakai dalam perdagangan dan komunikasi pemerintahan. Huruf-hurufnya sama, karena baik bahasa Ibrani maupun bahasa Aram menggunakan abjad yang kurang lebih sama. Pemakaian bahasa Aram dalam kitab Daniel berlangsung hingga [[Daniel 7|pasal 7]] ({{Alkitab|Daniel 7:1-28}}). [[Daniel 8|Pasal 8]] ({{Alkitab|Daniel 8:1-12:13}}) kembali ditulis dalam kosakata bahasa Ibrani.<ref name=fulllife>The Full Life Study Bible. Life Publishers International. 1992. Teks Penuntun edisi Bahasa Indonesia. Penerbit Gandum Mas. 1993, 1994.</ref> |
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== Penafsiran Mimpi Nebukadnezar == |
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[[Berkas:BLW Stained Glass - Scene from the Story of Daniel.jpg|jmpl|ka|220px|Daniel berbicara dengan Ariokh, pemimpin pengawal raja Nebukadnezar.]] |
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=== Mimpi dalam dunia kuno === |
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Dalam dunio kuno, mimpi, terutama yang dialami oleh para raja, dianggap sebagai [[portents|''portent'']], yaitu firasat untuk masa depan.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1235-1236, footnote 2.1-13}} Suatu inskripsi yang dibuat oleh raja Babel, [[Nabonidus]], misalnya, menceritakan bahwa ia mengingat leluhurnya raja Nebukadnezar Agung menyebut tentang seorang laki-laki muda yang muncul dalam mimpi untuk meyakinkan bahwa mimpi itu bukan membawa firasat buruk.{{sfn|Newsom|Breed|2014|p=66-67}}<!-- Giant figures were frequent in ancient dream records, and parallels can be drawn from Greek ([[Hesiod]]'s ''Works and Days''), Latin ([[Ovid]]'s ''Metamorphosis'') and the Persian ''[[Bahman Yasht]]''.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1237-1238, footnote 2.31-35}}--> |
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Kelakuan raja menunjukkan rasa tidak percaya terhadap para penafsir mimpi di istananya dan membuka kesempatan untuk mengenal Allahnya Daniel.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1235-1236, footnote 2.1-13}} Rahasia mimpi Nebukadnezar disebut suatu "misteri," istilah yang ditemukan dalam [[Gulungan Laut Mati|gulungan-gulungan]] dari [[Qumran]] mengindikasikan suatu rahasia yang dapat dipelajari melalui hikmat ilahi; sebagaimana Daniel menerima hikmat ilahi sebagai suatu "penglihatan pada waktu malam", sebuah mimpi.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1236, footnote 2.14-19}} Daniel 2:20-23 menekankan Allah adalah sumber hikmat dan pengatur nasib para raja; puji-pujian dan doa-doa semacam itu menjadi khas untuk sejumlah narasi alkitabiah setelah pembuangan.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1237, footnote 2.20-23}} Akhirnya Nebukadnezar bersujud di hadapan Daniel dan memerintahkan persembahan dan ukupan baginya, menunjukkan bahwa ia menganggap Daniel sebagai dewa, meskipun setelah raja itu mengakui dan menghormati Allahnya Daniel, ia tidak menganut penyembahan terhadap Allah.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1238-1239, footnote 2.36-47}} |
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=== Penafsiran sarjana Alkitab dari abad 1-19 === |
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Tabel berikut memuat para sarjana Alkitab dari abad ke-1 sampai abad ke-19 yang menggunakan metoda ''Historicism'' untuk menafsirkan Daniel 2 |
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{| class="toccolours collapsible<!--collapsed-->" background:#fff" |
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|- |
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! Daftar ekspositor alkitabiah mengenai Daniel 2<br> dari abad ke-1 sampai abad ke-19 |
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|- |
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| |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto" |
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! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah dari periode Gereja Perdana: 100-457 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1950|pp=456–7}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|colspan=5|BPGR= '''B'''abel - Media/'''P'''ersia - '''G'''reece (=Yunani) - '''R'''omawi. [BPGR] = Menyiratkan... |
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|- |
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! |
|||
! |
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!|4 logam |
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!|Kaki/jari |
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!|Kerajaan batu |
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|- |
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|[[Flavius Yosefus|Yosefus]] |
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|~ 100 |
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|BPG[R] |
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| |
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|Kerajaan Mesianik |
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|- |
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|[[Yohanan ben Zakai]] |
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|abad ke-1 |
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|[BPGR] |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Rabi Akiba]] |
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|m. 132 |
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|BPGR |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|Sibyllines |
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|abad ke-3 |
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|BPGR |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Hippolitus dari Roma|Hippolitus]] |
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|m. 238 |
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|BPGR |
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|10 Kgdms |
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|2nd Adv. |
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|- |
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|[[Tertulianus]] |
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|~ 240 |
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|[BPGR] |
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|10 Kgdms |
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|2nd Adv. |
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|- |
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|[[Irenaeus]] |
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|~ 292 |
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|BPGR |
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|Pembagian 10-lipat |
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|Setelah pembagian |
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|- |
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|[[Lactantius]] |
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|~ 330 |
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|[BPGR] |
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|Divisions |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Eusebius dari Kaisarea]] |
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|~ 340 |
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|BPGR |
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|10 Kgdms |
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|Kgdm. God |
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|- |
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|[[:En:Aphrahat|Aphrahat]] |
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|~ 350 |
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|BPGR |
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|Divisions |
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|at 2nd Adv. |
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|- |
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|[[Sirilus dari Aleksandria]] |
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|w. 386 |
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|[BPGR] |
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| |
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|Etern. Kgdm. |
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|- |
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|[[Yohanes Krisostomus]] |
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|w. 407 |
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|BPGR |
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|Divisions |
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|Chr. Kgdm. |
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|- |
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|[[Sulpicius Severus]] |
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|~ 420 |
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|[BPG]R |
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|Pres. Divis. |
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|Kerajaan Masa Depan |
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|- |
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|[[Hieronimus|Hieronimus/Jerome]] |
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|w. 420 |
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|BPGR |
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|Pembagian saat itu |
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|Setelah kehancuran |
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|- |
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|[[Teodoretus]] |
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|w. 457 |
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|BPGR |
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|Pembagian-pembagian |
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|Pada Adven ke-2 |
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|- |
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! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah dari periode Pertengahan Awal: 400-1200 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1950|pp=894–5}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! |
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! |
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!|4 logam |
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!|Kaki/jari |
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!|Kerajaan batu |
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|- |
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|[[Augustine]] |
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|d. 430 |
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|[BPGR] |
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| |
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|Cath. Ch. |
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|- |
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|[[Andreas Osiander]] |
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|Abad ke-7 |
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|[BPGR] |
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|Berbagai kerajaan |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Teaching of Jacob|Sargis D'Aberga]] |
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|Abad ke-7 |
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|BPGR |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Bede|Venerable Bede]] |
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|m. 735 |
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|[BPGR] |
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| |
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|Gereja |
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|- |
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|[[Berengaud]] |
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|Abad ke-9 |
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|[BPG]R |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Eliezer]] |
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|Abad ke-8-9 |
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|BPGR |
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| |
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|Kerajaan Mesianik |
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|- |
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|[[Saadia]] |
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|m. 942 |
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|BPG-Gog |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|Jephet ibn Ali |
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|Abad ke-10 |
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|BPGR |
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|Rome & Arabs |
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|Kerajaan Mesianik |
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|- |
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|[[Rashi]] |
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|m. 1105 |
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|B PGR |
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|Divisions |
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|Kerajaan Mesianik |
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|- |
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|[[Abraham ibn Ezra]] |
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|m. 1167 |
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|BPG[R] |
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|Rome & Ishm. |
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|Kerajaan Mesianik |
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|- |
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|[[Peter Comestor]] |
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|m. 1178 |
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|BPGR |
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|Divisions |
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|Kgdm. of God |
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|- |
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|[[Joachim of Floris]] |
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|m. 1202 |
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|BPGR-Sar. |
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|Final Kgdm. |
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|Heavenly |
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|- |
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|[[Thomas Aquinas]] |
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|m. 1274 |
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|BPGR |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah dari Era Reformasi: 1522-1614 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1948|pp=528–9}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! |
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! |
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!|4 logam |
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!|Kaki/jari |
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!|Kerajaan batu |
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|- |
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|[[Martin Luther]] |
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|1522 |
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|BPGR |
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|Mod. Kgdms. |
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|Kerajaan Kristus |
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|- |
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|[[Johann Oecolampadius]] |
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|1530 |
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|BPGR |
|||
| |
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|Kerajaan Allah |
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|- |
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|[[Philipp Melanchthon]] |
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|1543 |
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|BPGR |
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|Mod. Kgdms. |
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|Messian Kgdm. |
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|- |
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|Georg Joye |
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|1545 |
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|[BPG]R |
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|Divisions |
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|Kekekalan |
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|- |
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|[[Hugh Latimer]] |
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|1553 |
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|BPGR |
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|Divisions |
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| |
|||
|- |
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|[[Virgil Solis]] |
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|1560 |
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|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
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|Anglican Formulas |
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|~ 1563 |
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| |
|||
| |
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|Kerajaan Masa Depan |
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|- |
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|[[Nikolaus Selnecker]] |
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|1579 |
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|BPGR |
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| |
|||
| |
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|- |
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|[[Thomas Brightman]] |
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|1614 |
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|[BPG]R |
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| |
|||
| |
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|- |
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! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah Eropa Era Pasca-Reformasi: 1600-1800 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1948|pp=784–5}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! |
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! |
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!|4 logam |
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!| |
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!|Kerajaan batu |
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|- |
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|[[George Downham]] |
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|1603 |
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|[BPG]R |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
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|- |
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|[[Joseph Mede]] |
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|1631 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
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|[[John Tillinghast]] |
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|1655 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
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|[[Henry More]] |
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|1664 |
|||
|[BPG]R |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
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|[[William Sherwin (minister)|William Sherwin]] |
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|1670 |
|||
|[BPG]R |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|Thomas Beverly |
|||
|1684 |
|||
|[BPGR] |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Pierre Jurieu]] |
|||
|1687 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
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|Johannes Cocceius |
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|1701 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Heinrich Horch |
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|1712 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Matthew Henry]] |
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|1714 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
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|[[Sir Isaac Newton]] |
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|1727 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[John Willison]] |
|||
|1745 |
|||
|[BPGR] |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Thomas Newton]] |
|||
|1754 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|Hans Wood |
|||
|1787 |
|||
|[BPGR] |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|Christian G. Thube |
|||
|1789 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[James Ebenezer Bicheno]] |
|||
|1793 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Edward King |
|||
|1798 |
|||
|[BPGR] |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Jean G. de la Flechere |
|||
|1800 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah Amerika Era Pasca-Reformasi: 1600-1800 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1946|pp=252–3}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
! |
|||
! |
|||
!|4 logam |
|||
!|Kaki/jari |
|||
!|Kerajaan batu |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Anne Bradstreet]] |
|||
|1642 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Masa Depan |
|||
|- |
|||
|Ephriam Huit |
|||
|1644 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Church-State |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Thomas Parker (minister)|Thomas Parker]] |
|||
|1646 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Perkawinan campur |
|||
|Kerajaan Orang Kudus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[John Davenport (Puritan)|John Davenport]] |
|||
|1653 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|Samuel Hutchinson |
|||
|1667 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Adven ke-2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Increase Mather]] |
|||
|1669 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Not Yet |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Nicholas Noyes]] |
|||
|1698 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Cotton Mather]] |
|||
|1702 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[William Burnet (colonial administrator)|William Burnet]] |
|||
|1724 |
|||
| |
|||
|Eropa terbagi |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Paul Dudley (jurist)|Paul Dudley]] |
|||
|1731 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] |
|||
|1739 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|10 Kerajaan |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|David Imri |
|||
|1756 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Ezekiel Cheever |
|||
|1757 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|Samuel Gatchel |
|||
|1781 |
|||
|[BPGR] |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Benjamin Gale |
|||
|1788 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Church-State |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Samuel Hopkins (1721–1803)|Samuel Hopkins]] |
|||
|1793 |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Samuel Osgood]] |
|||
|1794 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Masa kini |
|||
|Adven ke-2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|David Austin |
|||
|1794 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Church-State |
|||
|Segera |
|||
|- |
|||
|Joshua Spalding |
|||
|1796 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah dari Advent Awakening abad ke-19: 1800-1845 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1946|pp=744–5}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
! |
|||
! |
|||
!|4 logam |
|||
!|Kaki/jari |
|||
!|Kerajaan batu |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Manuel Lacunza]] |
|||
|1799 |
|||
|4 Kerajaan |
|||
|Eropa terbagi |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[William Hales]] |
|||
|1803 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Christ's Kgdm. |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[George Stanley Faber]] |
|||
|1804 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|10 Divisions |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]] |
|||
|1805 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Secular dengan Eccl |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Adam Clarke]] |
|||
|1810 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Divisions |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|Samuel Toovey |
|||
|1813 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Captain Maitland]] |
|||
|1813 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|10 Divisions |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[William Cuninghame of Lainshaw|William Cuninghame]] |
|||
|1813 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[James Hatley Frere]] |
|||
|1815 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|10 Divisions |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Lewis Way]] |
|||
|1818 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Divided Kgdms |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Francis Mason (archdeacon)]] |
|||
|1820 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|Jonathan Bayford |
|||
|1820 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Eropa terbagi |
|||
|Kerajaan Mesianik |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Joseph Wolff]] |
|||
|1822 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|John Fry |
|||
|1822 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Divisions |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Edward Cooper |
|||
|1825 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[S. R. Maitland]] |
|||
|1826 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Masa Depan |
|||
|Masa Depan |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Edward Irving]] |
|||
|1826 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|Edward T. Vaughan |
|||
|1828 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|Thomas Keyworth |
|||
|1828 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|10 Kerajaan |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Gerald T. Noel |
|||
|1828 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|10 Pembagian |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|Alexander Keith |
|||
|1828 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Alfred Addis |
|||
|1829 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Eropa terbagi |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|Jonathon Hooper |
|||
|1829 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Kerajaan-kerajaan Barat |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|William W. Pym |
|||
|1829 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Henry Drummond (1786–1860)|Henry Drummond]] |
|||
|1830 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|William Jones |
|||
|1830 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Pembagian-pembagian |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Edward N. Hoare |
|||
|1830 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|10 Kerajaan |
|||
|Adven ke2 |
|||
|- |
|||
|William Anderson |
|||
|1830 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[James Begg]] |
|||
|1831 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Perkawinan campuran |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|William Digby |
|||
|1831 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|William Thorp |
|||
|1831 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|John Cox |
|||
|1832 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|Joseph d'A. Sirr |
|||
|1833 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Divisions |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|Matthew Habershon |
|||
|1834 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|Bp Dan Wilson |
|||
|1836 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Edward Bickersteth (priest)|Edward Bickersteth]] |
|||
|1836 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[François Gaussen|François Samuel Robert Louis Gaussen]] |
|||
|1837 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Church-State |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|J. H. Richter |
|||
|1839 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Listed |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Thomas Rawson Birks]] |
|||
|1843 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Mingle |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|Jonathan Cumming |
|||
|1843 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]] |
|||
|1843 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Divided Europe |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|E. B. Elliot |
|||
|1844 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
| |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[James Aitken Wylie|James A. Wylie]] |
|||
|1844 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Divided Europe |
|||
|Kerajaan Allah |
|||
|- |
|||
|Joseph Baylee |
|||
|1845 |
|||
|BPGR |
|||
|Divided Europe |
|||
|Kerajaan Kristus |
|||
|} |
|||
|} |
|||
Tabel di atas mendukung fakta bahwa kebanyakan komentator sepanjang sejarah [[Kekristenan]] menganggap [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] sebagai kerajaan keempat, sejak [[Hieronimus|Hieronimus (Jerome)]] dan Thomas Aquinas, sampai dengan NASB Study Bible. |
|||
“Lengan-lengan republik, kadang-kadang kalah dalam pertempuran, selalu menang dalam peperangan, maju dengan langkah cepat ke [[Sungai Efrat|(sungai) Efrat]], Danube, Rhine, dan Samudra; dan perlambangan emas, atau silver, atau tembaga, yang mungkin melambangkan bangsa-bangsa dan raja-raja mereka, berturut-turut dihancurkan oleh monarki besi Romawi.”.<ref>Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788</ref> |
|||
=== Empat kerajaan dan batu menurut penafsiran modern === |
|||
<!--{{main|Four monarchies}}--> |
|||
Penafsiran tradisional mengenai mimpi Nebukhadnezar masih dianut banyak orang, yaitu mengidentifikasi empat kerajaan dunia yang dilambangkan oleh patung tersebut adalah [[Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru|Babel]] (kepala), [[Bangsa Mede|Madai]]-[[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah|Persia]] (dada dan lengan), [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]] (paha dan lutut) serta [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] (kaki). Sejumlah sarjana modern sepakat bahwa empat kerajaan dunia itu adalah [[Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru|Babel]] (kepala), [[Bangsa Mede|Madai]] (dada dan lengan), [[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah|Persia]] (perut dan pinggang), [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]] (paha dan lutut) serta [[Kekaisaran Seleukia|Seleukia Siria]] dan [[Kerajaan Ptolemaik|Ptolemaik Mesir]] (kaki).{{sfn|Towner|1984|p=34-36}} Konsep empat kerajaan dunia yang berurutan sejalan dengan teori Yunani mengenai sejarah mitologi, sedangkan simbol empat logam juga ditemukan dalam tulisan-tulisan Persia.{{sfn|Niskanen|2004|p=27,31}} Terdapat konsensus di kalangan para sarjana bahwa keempat binatang pada [[Daniel 7]] melambangkan empat kerajaan yang sama.{{sfn|Matthews|Moyer|2012|p=260,269}} Ayat-ayat 41b-43 memberika tiga penafsiran berbeda mengenai arti campuran besi dan tanah liat pada kaki patung, sebagai "kerajaan yang terbagi," kemudian sebagai "kuat dan rapuh," dan akhirnya sebagai perkawinan antar wangsa.{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=49}} Perkawinan ini dapat terjadi antara kerajaan Seleukia dan Ptolemaik, yang pertama pada sekitar 250 SM dan yang kedua pada tahun 193.{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=51}} |
|||
Tabel berikut menunjukkan simbol dan kerajaan yang kemungkinan dilambangkannya dalam konteks sejarah Daniel 2, dibandingkan dengan Daniel 7. |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|- |
|||
! Pasal |
|||
! colspan=6|Kerajaan dalam sejarah |
|||
|- |
|||
! |
|||
! style="background: #ece992;" |[[Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru|Kerajaan Babel]] |
|||
! style="background: #cc9;"|[[Bangsa Mede|Kerajaan Madai]] |
|||
! style="background: #cdfcfd;"|[[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah|Kerajaan Persia]] |
|||
! style="background: #ffee7a;"|[[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Kerajaan Makedonia]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|Daniel 2 |
|||
| style="background: #ece992;"|Kepala dari emas tua |
|||
| style="background: #cc9;"|Dada dan kedua lengan dari perak |
|||
| style="background: #cdfcfd;"|Perut dan pinggang dari tembaga |
|||
| style="background: #ffee7a;"|Kedua paha dari besi (Kerajaan Aleksander)<br>Kakinya sebagian dari besi dan sebagian lagi dari tanah liat (pembagian kerajaan di antara [[Diadokhoi]]) |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Daniel 7]] |
|||
| style="background: #ece992;"|Singa dengan sayap burung rajawali |
|||
| style="background: #cc9;"|Beruang yang berdiri pada sisinya yang sebelah |
|||
| style="background: #cdfcfd;"|Macan tutul berkepala empat dengan empat sayap burung pada punggungnya |
|||
| style="background: #ffee7a;"|Binatang bergigi besar dari besi dan bertanduk sepuluh dengan satu tanduk kecil istimewa |
|||
|} |
|||
Nilai penting perlambangan batu yang menghancurkan patung dan menjadi suatu gunung tinggi mengingatkan pada perlambangan Allah sebagai "batu karang" bagi Israel, [[Sion]] sebagai gunung yang menjulang tinggi melebihi gunung-gunung lain, dan kemuliaan Allah yang memenuhi seluruh dunia. Gambaran dari [[Kitab Yesaya]] tampaknya diberi preferensi. Apakah disadari oleh sang pengarang atau tidak, gambaran patung yang dihancurkan dan dihamburkan oleh angin "seperti sekam di tempat pengirikan pada musim panas" mengingatkan kepada {{Alkitab|Yesaya 41:14-15}} di mana Israel adalah "papan pengirik" yang mengirik gunung-gunung menjadi sekam, dan batu itu sendiri mencerminkan ucapan kepada para orang buangan Yehuda dalam {{Alkitab|Yesaya 51:1}}, "Pandanglah gunung batu yang dari padanya kamu terpahat."{{sfn|Newsom|Breed|2014|p=77}} |
|||
== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
||
Baris 32: | Baris 863: | ||
== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
== Pustaka == |
|||
{{refbegin}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
| last = Bandstra |
|||
| first = Barry L. |
|||
| title = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible |
|||
| year = 2008 |
|||
| publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bandstra#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
| isbn = 0495391050 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Beckwith |
|||
|first = Carl L. |
|||
|title = Ezekiel, Daniel |
|||
|year = 2012 |
|||
|publisher = IVP Academic |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=gSMDd60ohdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Beckwith+Ezekiel,+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Beckwith%20Ezekiel%2C%20Daniel&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9780830829620 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Boyer |
|||
|first = Paul S. |
|||
|title = When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C&dq=When+Time+Shall+be+No+More+By+Paul+S.+Boyer&printsec=frontcover |
|||
|year = 1992 |
|||
|publisher = Harvard University Press |
|||
|isbn = 0-674-95129-8 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last = Brettler |
|||
| first = Mark Zvi |
|||
| title = How To Read the Bible |
|||
| year = 2005 |
|||
| publisher = Jewish Publication Society |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Brettler#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
| isbn = 9780827610019 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Carroll |
|||
|first = John T. |
|||
|chapter = Eschatology |
|||
|editor1-last = Freedman |
|||
|editor1-first = David Noel |
|||
|editor2-last = Myers |
|||
|editor2-first = Allen C. |
|||
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |
|||
|year = 2000 |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+eschatology#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20eschatology&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9789053565032 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
| last = Cohn |
|||
| first = Shaye J.D. |
|||
| title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah |
|||
| year = 2006 |
|||
| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah#v=onepage&q=From%20the%20Maccabees%20to%20the%20Mishnah&f=false |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
| isbn = 9780664227432 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Collins |
|||
|first = John J. |
|||
|authorlink = John J. Collins |
|||
|title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature |
|||
|year = 1984 |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9780802800206 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Collins |
|||
|first = John J. |
|||
|authorlink = John J. Collins |
|||
|title = The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature |
|||
|year = 1998 |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103&dq=Son+of+Man:+The+interpretation+and+influence+of+Daniel+7#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9780802843715 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Collins |
|||
|first = John J. |
|||
|authorlink = John J. Collins |
|||
|chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel |
|||
|editor1-last = Collins |
|||
|editor1-first = John J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Flint |
|||
|editor2-first = Peter W. |
|||
|editor3-last = VanEpps |
|||
|editor3-first = Cameron |
|||
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception |
|||
|volume = I |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9004116753 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Collins |
|||
|first = John J. |
|||
|authorlink = John J. Collins |
|||
|chapter = From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End |
|||
|editor1-last = McGinn |
|||
|editor1-first = Bernard |
|||
|editor2-last = Collins |
|||
|editor2-first = John J. |
|||
|editor3-last = Stein |
|||
|editor3-first = Stephen J. |
|||
|title = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism |
|||
|year = 2003 |
|||
|publisher = Continuum |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64&dq=From+Prophecy+to+Apocalypticism#v=onepage&q=From%20Prophecy%20to%20Apocalypticism&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9780826415202 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book| |
|||
last = Coogan |
|||
|first = Michael |
|||
|authorlink = Michael Coogan |
|||
|title= A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament| url = https://archive.org/details/briefintroductio0000mich |
|||
|location=Oxford |
|||
|publisher= Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 2009 |
|||
|page = [https://archive.org/details/briefintroductio0000mich/page/400 400] |
|||
|ref=harv}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Crawford |
|||
|first = Sidnie White |
|||
|chapter = Apocalyptic |
|||
|editor1-last = Freedman |
|||
|editor1-first = David Noel |
|||
|editor2-last = Myers |
|||
|editor2-first = Allen C. |
|||
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |
|||
|year = 2000 |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+apocalyptic#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20apocalyptic&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9789053565032 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Davidson |
|||
|first = Robert |
|||
|chapter = Jeremiah, Book of |
|||
|editor1-last = Metzger |
|||
|editor1-first = Bruce M. |
|||
|editor2-last = Coogan |
|||
|editor2-first = Michael D. |
|||
|title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 1993 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jeremiah+Book+Of+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Jeremiah%20Book%20Of%20&f=false |
|||
|isbn = 9780199743919 |
|||
|ref = harvref |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Davies |
|||
|first = Philip |
|||
|chapter = Apocalyptic |
|||
|editor1-last = Rogerson |
|||
|editor1-first = J. W. |
|||
|editor2-last = Lieu |
|||
|editor2-first = Judith M. |
|||
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|publisher = Oxford Handbooks Online |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=eKZYMifS1fAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Oxford+handbook+of+biblical+studies#v=onepage&q=Daniel&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9780199254255 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = DeChant |
|||
|first = Dell |
|||
|chapter = Apocalyptic Communities |
|||
|editor1-last = Neusner |
|||
|editor1-first = Jacob |
|||
|title = World Religions in America: An Introduction |
|||
|year = 2009 |
|||
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237&dq=influence+book+daniel+adventist#v=onepage&q=influence%20book%20daniel%20adventist&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9781611640472 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Doukhan |
|||
|first = Jacques |
|||
|title = Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile |
|||
|publisher = Review and Herald Pub Assoc |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|year = 2000 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 9780828014243 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Dunn |
|||
|first = James D.G. |
|||
|chapter = The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament |
|||
|editor1-last = Collins |
|||
|editor1-first = John J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Flint |
|||
|editor2-first = Peter W. |
|||
|editor3-last = VanEpps |
|||
|editor3-first = Cameron |
|||
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545&dq=The+Danielic+Son+of+Man+in+the+New+Testament#v=onepage&q=The%20Danielic%20Son%20of%20Man%20in%20the%20New%20Testament&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Froom |
|||
|first = Le Roy Edwin |
|||
|authorlink = Le Roy Froom |
|||
|title = Early Church Exposition, Subsequent Deflections, and Medieval Revival |
|||
|url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42770 |
|||
|volume = 1 |
|||
|series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation |
|||
|year = 1950 |
|||
|publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association |
|||
|page = 1006 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|access-date = 2017-10-11 |
|||
|archive-date = 2012-06-14 |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120614100021/http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42770 |
|||
|dead-url = yes |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Froom |
|||
|first = Le Roy Edwin |
|||
|authorlink = Le Roy Froom |
|||
|title = Pre-Reformation and Reformation Restoration, and Second Departure |
|||
|url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=43134 |
|||
|volume = 2 |
|||
|series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation |
|||
|year = 1948 |
|||
|publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association |
|||
|page = 863 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|access-date = 2017-10-11 |
|||
|archive-date = 2012-06-14 |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120614095959/http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=43134 |
|||
|dead-url = yes |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Froom |
|||
|first = Le Roy Edwin |
|||
|authorlink = Le Roy Froom |
|||
|title = PART I, Colonial and Early National American Exposition. PART II, Old World Nineteenth Century Advent Awakening |
|||
|url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42257 |
|||
|volume = 3 |
|||
|series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation |
|||
|year = 1946 |
|||
|publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association |
|||
|page = 802 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|access-date = 2017-10-11 |
|||
|archive-date = 2012-06-14 |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120614095944/http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42257 |
|||
|dead-url = yes |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Gallagher |
|||
|first = Eugene V. |
|||
|chapter = Millennialism, Scripture, and Tradition |
|||
|editor1-last = Wessinger |
|||
|editor1-first = Catherine |
|||
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism |
|||
|year = 2011 |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=58bNBYPnGg0C&pg=PA133&dq=Millennialism,+scripture,+and+tradition#v=onepage&q=Millennialism%2C%20scripture%2C%20and%20tradition&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Goldingay |
|||
|first = John J. |
|||
|authorlink = John J. Collins |
|||
|chapter = Daniel in the Context of OT Theology |
|||
|editor1-last = Collins |
|||
|editor1-first = John J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Flint |
|||
|editor2-first = Peter W. |
|||
|editor3-last = VanEpps |
|||
|editor3-first = Cameron |
|||
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception |
|||
|volume = II |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA642&dq=%22chapters+2+and+7+form+a+pair%22#v=onepage&q=%22chapters%202%20and%207%20form%20a%20pair%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
| last = Grabbe |
|||
| first = Lester L. |
|||
| title = An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus |
|||
| year = 2010 |
|||
| publisher = Continuum |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=i89-9fdNUcAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Grabbe#v=onepage&q&f==false |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
| last = Grabbe |
|||
| first = Lester L. |
|||
| title = Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh |
|||
| year = 2002 |
|||
| publisher = Routledge |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282&dq=Son+of+Man:+The+interpretation+and+influence+of+Daniel+7#v=onepage&q=Daniel%201&f=false |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Grabbe |
|||
|first = Lester L. |
|||
|chapter = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons |
|||
|editor1-last = Collins |
|||
|editor1-first = John J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Flint |
|||
|editor2-first = Peter W. |
|||
|editor3-last = VanEpps |
|||
|editor3-first = Cameron |
|||
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
| last = Hammer |
|||
| first = Raymond |
|||
| title = The Book of Daniel |
|||
| year = 1976 |
|||
| publisher = Cambridge University Press |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=w0VmxeM472EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hammer,+The+Book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
| last = Harrington |
|||
| first = Daniel J. |
|||
| title = Invitation to the Apocrypha |
|||
| year = 1999 |
|||
| publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Harrington#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Hill |
|||
|first = Andrew E. |
|||
|chapter = Daniel-Malachi |
|||
|editor1-last = Longman |
|||
|editor1-first = Tremper |
|||
|editor2-last = Garland |
|||
|editor2-first = David E. |
|||
|title = The Expositor's Bible Commentary |
|||
|volume = 8 |
|||
|year = 2009 |
|||
|publisher = [[Zondervan]] |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT92&dq=%22literary+unity+of+this+chapter+has+for+several+reasons+been+disputed%22#v=onepage&q=%22literary%20unity%20of%20this%20chapter%20has%20for%20several%20reasons%20been%20disputed%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Hill |
|||
|first = Charles E. |
|||
|chapter = Antichrist |
|||
|editor1-last = Freedman |
|||
|editor1-first = David Noel |
|||
|editor2-last = Myers |
|||
|editor2-first = Allen C. |
|||
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |
|||
|year = 2000 |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+antichrist#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20antichrist&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Holbrook |
|||
|first = Frank B. |
|||
|title = The Seventy Weeks, Leviticus, and the Nature of Prophecy |
|||
|year = 1986 |
|||
|publisher = Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists |
|||
|isbn = 0925675024 |
|||
|edition = Volume 3 of Daniel and Revelation Committee Series |
|||
|ref = harv}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
| last = Horsley |
|||
| first = Richard A. |
|||
| title = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea |
|||
| year = 2007 |
|||
| publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ukojCH-hlVYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scribes,+Visionaries,+and+the+Politics+of+Second+Temple+Judea#v=onepage&q=Scribes%2C%20Visionaries%2C%20and%20the%20Politics%20of%20Second%20Temple%20Judea&f=false |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Knibb |
|||
|first = Michael |
|||
|title = Essays on the Book of Enoch and Other Early Jewish Texts and Traditions |
|||
|year = 2009 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=NC6iAkcBe4IC&pg=PA191&dq=The+Exile+in+the+literature+of+the+intertestamental+period#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Knibb |
|||
|first = Michael |
|||
|chapter = The Book of Daniel in its Context |
|||
|editor1-last = Collins |
|||
|editor1-first = John J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Flint |
|||
|editor2-first = Peter W. |
|||
|editor3-last = VanEpps |
|||
|editor3-first = Cameron |
|||
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Koch |
|||
|first = Klaus |
|||
|chapter = Stages in the Canonization of the Book of daniel |
|||
|editor1-last = Collins |
|||
|editor1-first = John J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Flint |
|||
|editor2-first = Peter W. |
|||
|editor3-last = VanEpps |
|||
|editor3-first = Cameron |
|||
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA421&dq=Stages+in+the+canonization+of+the+book+of+daniel#v=onepage&q=Stages%20in%20the%20canonization%20of%20the%20book%20of%20daniel&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Kratz |
|||
|first = Reinhard |
|||
|chapter = The Visions of Daniel |
|||
|editor1-last = Collins |
|||
|editor1-first = John J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Flint |
|||
|editor2-first = Peter W. |
|||
|editor3-last = VanEpps |
|||
|editor3-first = Cameron |
|||
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Levine |
|||
|first = Amy-Jill |
|||
|chapter = Daniel |
|||
|editor1-last = Coogan |
|||
|editor1-first = Michael D. |
|||
|editor2-last = Brettler |
|||
|editor2-first = Marc Z. |
|||
|editor3-last = Newsom |
|||
|editor3-first = Carol A. |
|||
|title = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version |
|||
|year = 2010 |
|||
|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235&dq=%22Dreams+are+a+major+motif+in+the+Book+of+Daniel%22 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Lucas |
|||
|first = Ernest C. |
|||
|chapter = Daniel, Book of |
|||
|editor1-last = Vanhoozer |
|||
|editor1-first = Kevin J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Bartholomew |
|||
|editor2-first = Craig G. |
|||
|editor3-last = Treier |
|||
|editor3-first = Daniel J. |
|||
|title = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible |
|||
|year = 2005 |
|||
|publisher = Baker Academic |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=I8UWJohMGUIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+for+Theological+Interpretation+of+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20for%20Theological%20Interpretation%20of%20the%20Bible&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last1 = Mangano |
|||
|first1 = Mark |
|||
|title = Esther & Daniel |
|||
|year = 2001 |
|||
|publisher = College Press |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=leWMKZs05uoC&pg=PA179&dq=Prinsloo+outline+chapter+2#v=onepage&q=Prinsloo%20outline%20chapter%202&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last1 = Matthews |
|||
|first1 = Victor H. |
|||
|last2 = Moyer |
|||
|first2 = James C. |
|||
|title = The Old Testament: Text and Context |
|||
|year = 2012 |
|||
|publisher = Baker Books |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=rU_dAldCk6gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Old+Testament:+Text+and+Context#v=onepage&q=The%20Old%20Testament%3A%20Text%20and%20Context&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last1 = Nelson |
|||
|first1 = William |
|||
|title = Daniel |
|||
|year = 2013 |
|||
|publisher = Baker Books |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lJx0x-h1ULsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=commentary+Daniel#v=onepage&q=seventy%20weeks&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last1 = Newsom |
|||
|first1 = Carol A. |
|||
|last2 = Breed |
|||
|first2 = Brennan W. |
|||
|title = Daniel: A Commentary |
|||
|year = 2014 |
|||
|publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=XZK7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77&dq=%22the+rock%22%22evokes+the+imagery+of+Zion%22#v=onepage&q=%22the%20rock%22%22evokes%20the%20imagery%20of%20Zion%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| editor-last = Nichol |
|||
| editor-first = F. |
|||
| year = 1954 |
|||
|title = SDA Bible Commentary |
|||
| chapter = chronology chart |
|||
| pages = 326–327 |
|||
|ref=harv}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last1 = Niskanen |
|||
|first1 = Paul |
|||
|title = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel |
|||
|year = 2004 |
|||
|publisher = Continuum |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=G0YFSrClQOkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Herodotus+and+the+Book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
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|first1 = Naomi E. |
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|last2 = Littman |
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|first2 = Robert J. |
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|title = A Concise History of the Jewish People |
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|year = 2005 |
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|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=z4eaj09hscAC&pg=PA45&dq=Babylonian+Exile+lasted+only+about+fifty+years#v=onepage&q=Babylonian%20Exile%20lasted%20only%20about%20fifty%20years&f=false |
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}} |
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|first = Anathea E. |
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|title = Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism |
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|publisher = Eerdmans |
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|year = 2013 |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=4DQ0AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Apocalypse+Against+Empire:+Theologies+of+Resistance+in+Early+Judaism#v=onepage&q=Apocalypse%20Against%20Empire%3A%20Theologies%20of%20Resistance%20in%20Early%20Judaism&f=false |
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|isbn = 9780802837110 |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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|chapter = Daniel |
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|editor1-last = Dunn |
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|editor1-first = James D. G. |
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|editor2-last = Rogerson |
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|editor2-first = John William |
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|title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |
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|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|year = 2003 |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665&dq=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Commentary%20on%20the%20Bible%20Daniel&f=false |
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|isbn = 9780802837110 |
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| year = 2009 |
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| publisher = Eerdmans |
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188&dq=Redditt+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Redditt%20Daniel&f=false |
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| ref = harv |
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|last = Reid |
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|first = Stephen Breck |
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|chapter = Daniel, Book of |
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|editor1-last = Freedman |
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|editor1-first = David Noel |
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|editor2-last = Myers |
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|editor2-first = Allen C. |
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|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |
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|publisher = Eerdmans |
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|year = 2000 |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible&f=false |
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|isbn = 9789053565032 |
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|title = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology |
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|year = 2007 |
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|publisher = Oxford University Press |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344&dq=handbook+eschatology+Daniel#v=onepage&q=handbook%20eschatology%20Daniel&f=false |
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|first3 = Tremper |
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|title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery |
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|year = 1998 |
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|publisher = InterVarsity Press |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qjEYEjVVEosC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Imagery+Daniel+book+of#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20of%20Biblical%20Imagery%20Daniel%20book%20of&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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|isbn = 9780830867332 |
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}} |
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| first = Paolo |
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| title = The History of the Second Temple Period |
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| year = 2004 |
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| publisher = Continuum |
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+second+temple#v=onepage&q=history%20second%20temple&f=false |
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| ref = harv |
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| isbn = 9780567044501 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Schwartz |
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|first = Daniel R. |
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|title = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity |
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|year = 1992 |
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|publisher = Mohr Siebeck |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110#v=snippet&q=resurrection&f=false |
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|isbn = 9783161457982 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Seow |
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|first = C.L. |
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|author-link = Choon-Leong Seow |
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|title = Daniel |
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|year = 2003 |
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|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=nuLapFR3AX4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Seow+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Seow%20Daniel&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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|isbn = 9780664256753 |
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* {{Cite book |
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|last = Schiffman |
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|first = Lawrence H. |
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|title = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism |
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|year = 1991 |
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|publisher = KTAV Publishing House |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=From+Text+to+Tradition:+A+History+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism#v=onepage&q=From%20Text%20to%20Tradition%3A%20A%20History%20of%20Second%20Temple%20and%20Rabbinic%20Judaism&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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|isbn = 9780881253726 |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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|last = Spencer |
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|first = Richard A. |
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|chapter = Additions to Daniel |
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|editor1-last = Mills |
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|editor1-first = Watson E. |
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|editor2-last = Wilson |
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|editor2-first = Richard F. |
|||
|title = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha |
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|year = 2002 |
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|publisher = Mercer University Press |
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|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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|isbn = 9780865545106 |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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|last = Towner |
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|first = W. Sibley |
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|title = Daniel |
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|year = 1984 |
|||
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=F8EEY610xeAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Towner+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Towner%20Daniel&f=false |
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|isbn = 9780664237561 |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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|last = Towner |
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|first = W. Sibley |
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|chapter = Daniel |
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|editor1-last = Coogan |
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|editor1-first = Michael D. |
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|editor2-last = Metzger |
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|editor2-first = Bruce M. |
|||
|title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 1993 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA150&dq=%22why+the+text+of+Daniel+switches+so+suddenly%22#v=onepage&q=%22why%20the%20text%20of%20Daniel%20switches%20so%20suddenly%22&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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|isbn = 9780199743919 |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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|editor-last = Ulrich |
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|editor-first = Eugene |
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|title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants |
|||
|year = 2010 |
|||
|publisher = Brill |
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|url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
|||
| last = VanderKam |
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| first = James C. |
|||
| title = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today |
|||
| year = 2010 |
|||
| publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=i2i5haDHAygC&printsec=frontcover&dq=VanderKamm+2002#v=onepage&q=Daniel&f=false |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
|||
|last1 = VanderKam |
|||
|first1 = James C. |
|||
|last2 = Flint |
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|first2 = Peter |
|||
|title = The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity |
|||
|year = 2013 |
|||
|publisher = HarperCollins |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146&dq=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls:+their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible,+Judaism,+Jesus,+and+Christianity+Most+scholars+agree+that+the+book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q=The%20meaning%20of%20the%20Dead%20Sea%20scrolls%3A%20their%20significance%20for%20understanding%20the%20Bible%2C%20Judaism%2C%20Jesus%2C%20and%20Christianity%20Most%20scholars%20agree%20that%20the%20book%20of%20Daniel&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Weber |
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|first = Timothy P. |
|||
|chapter = Millennialism |
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|editor1-last = Walls |
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|editor1-first = Jerry L. |
|||
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology |
|||
|year = 2007 |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Wesselius |
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|first = Jan-Wim |
|||
|chapter = The Writing of Daniel |
|||
|editor1-last = Collins |
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|editor1-first = John J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Flint |
|||
|editor2-first = Peter W. |
|||
|editor3-last = VanEpps |
|||
|editor3-first = Cameron |
|||
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Book+of+Daniel:+Composition+and+Reception+2#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book|last=Hoehner|first=Harold W.|author-link=Harold Hoehner|title=Chronological aspects of the life of Christ|year=1978|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=9780310262114|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kWhjBPQOX9MC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=0-310-26211-9#v=onepage&q=new%20testament%20chronology&f=false|edition=[5th print.]|page=115}} |
|||
* {{cite book|last=Montgomery|first=James A|title=A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel|year=1927|publisher=[[T & T Clark]]|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9781176278707|pages=372–404|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3fp6cgAACAAJ&dq=montgomery+critical+daniel|edition=BiblioBazaar, 2010 Reprint}} |
|||
* {{cite book|last=Walvoord|first=A commentary by John F.|author-link=John Walvoord|title=Daniel: the key to prophetic revelation.|url=https://archive.org/details/danielkeytoproph0000walv|year=1989|publisher=Moody Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780802417534|edition=Moody Paperback}} |
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{{refend}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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{{Daniel}} |
{{Daniel}} |
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[[Kategori:Pasal dalam Kitab Daniel|02]] |
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[[Kategori:Daniel 2| ]] |
[[Kategori:Daniel 2| ]] |
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[[Kategori:Pasal dalam Kitab Daniel|02]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 22 Maret 2024 01.34
Daniel 2 | |
---|---|
![]() Kitab Daniel lengkap pada Kodeks Leningrad, dibuat tahun 1008. | |
Kitab | Kitab Daniel |
Kategori | Nabi-nabi Besar |
Bagian Alkitab Kristen | Perjanjian Lama |
Urutan dalam Kitab Kristen | 27 |
Daniel 2 (disingkat Dan 2) adalah pasal kedua Kitab Daniel dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Berisi riwayat Daniel yang berada di Babel pada abad ke-6 SM.[1][2]
Teks
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Pasal ini dibagi atas 49 ayat.
- Berisi mimpi raja Nebukadnezar yang kemudian diceritakan dan ditafsirkan oleh Daniel sesuai hikmat dari Tuhan.
Naskah sumber utama
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bahasa Ibrani:
- Bahasa Yunani:
- Septuaginta (abad ke-3 SM)
- Versi Theodotion (~180 M)[4]
Bahasa
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Tiga ayat yang pertama aslinya ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani
- Di ayat 4 tertulis: "Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram)". Setelah kalimat itu teks ini aslinya ditulis dalam bahasa Aram sampai di akhir pasal 7. Rupanya bahasa Aram digunakan sebagai bahasa resmi saat itu untuk orang-orang terpelajar.[6] Mulai pasal 8, teks ini menurut Teks Masoret ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani lagi sampai akhir kitab.[7]
Struktur
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dalam Kitab Daniel
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pasal 2-7 Kitab Daniel yang ditulis dalam bahasa Aram (mulai bagian kedua ayat 4 pasal 2, di mana sebelumnya dalam bahasa Ibrani) mempunyai bentuk susunan chiasmus, suatu struktur puisi yuang menempatkan titik atau pesan utama di tengah periop dan diapit oleh pengulangan tema pada kedua sisinya:[8]
- A. (2:4b-49) – Mimpi empat kerajaan yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima
- B. (3:1–30) – Tiga teman Daniel dalam dapur perapian
- C. (4:1–37) – Daniel menafsirkan mimpi raja Nebukadnezar
- C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel menafsirkan tulisan di dinding kepada Belsyazar
- B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel di gua singa
- B. (3:1–30) – Tiga teman Daniel dalam dapur perapian
- A'. (7:1–28) – Penglihatan mengenai empat kerajaan dunia yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima
Daniel 2
[sunting | sunting sumber]Daniel 2 juga berbentuk chiasmus di dalam struktur besar Daniel 2-7:[9]
- A. Pengantar (ayat 1)
- B. Raja dan penasihat-penasihat yang tidak bijaksana (ayat 2-12)
- C. Daniel dan Ariokh (ayat 13-16)
- D. Daniel dan teman-temannya berdoa kepada Allah (ayat 17-23)
- C'. Daniel dan Ariokh (ayat 24-25)
- C. Daniel dan Ariokh (ayat 13-16)
- B'. Raja dan Daniel, penasihat yang bijaksana (ayat 26-47)
- B. Raja dan penasihat-penasihat yang tidak bijaksana (ayat 2-12)
- A'. Hasil (ayat 48-49)
Ayat 4
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram):
- "Ya raja, kekallah hidupmu! Ceriterakanlah kepada hamba-hambamu mimpi itu, maka kami akan memberitahukan maknanya."[10]
Hingga kata-kata "(dalam bahasa Aram)" ini, kitab Daniel ditulis dalam kosakata bahasa Ibrani. Mulai dari kata-kata "Ya raja ..." ayat ini beralih ke kosakata bahasa Aram, bahasa yang dipakai dalam perdagangan dan komunikasi pemerintahan. Huruf-hurufnya sama, karena baik bahasa Ibrani maupun bahasa Aram menggunakan abjad yang kurang lebih sama. Pemakaian bahasa Aram dalam kitab Daniel berlangsung hingga pasal 7 (Daniel 7:1–28). Pasal 8 (Daniel 8:1–12:13) kembali ditulis dalam kosakata bahasa Ibrani.[11]
Penafsiran Mimpi Nebukadnezar
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BLW_Stained_Glass_-_Scene_from_the_Story_of_Daniel.jpg/220px-BLW_Stained_Glass_-_Scene_from_the_Story_of_Daniel.jpg)
Mimpi dalam dunia kuno
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dalam dunio kuno, mimpi, terutama yang dialami oleh para raja, dianggap sebagai portent, yaitu firasat untuk masa depan.[12] Suatu inskripsi yang dibuat oleh raja Babel, Nabonidus, misalnya, menceritakan bahwa ia mengingat leluhurnya raja Nebukadnezar Agung menyebut tentang seorang laki-laki muda yang muncul dalam mimpi untuk meyakinkan bahwa mimpi itu bukan membawa firasat buruk.[13]
Kelakuan raja menunjukkan rasa tidak percaya terhadap para penafsir mimpi di istananya dan membuka kesempatan untuk mengenal Allahnya Daniel.[12] Rahasia mimpi Nebukadnezar disebut suatu "misteri," istilah yang ditemukan dalam gulungan-gulungan dari Qumran mengindikasikan suatu rahasia yang dapat dipelajari melalui hikmat ilahi; sebagaimana Daniel menerima hikmat ilahi sebagai suatu "penglihatan pada waktu malam", sebuah mimpi.[14] Daniel 2:20-23 menekankan Allah adalah sumber hikmat dan pengatur nasib para raja; puji-pujian dan doa-doa semacam itu menjadi khas untuk sejumlah narasi alkitabiah setelah pembuangan.[15] Akhirnya Nebukadnezar bersujud di hadapan Daniel dan memerintahkan persembahan dan ukupan baginya, menunjukkan bahwa ia menganggap Daniel sebagai dewa, meskipun setelah raja itu mengakui dan menghormati Allahnya Daniel, ia tidak menganut penyembahan terhadap Allah.[16]
Penafsiran sarjana Alkitab dari abad 1-19
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tabel berikut memuat para sarjana Alkitab dari abad ke-1 sampai abad ke-19 yang menggunakan metoda Historicism untuk menafsirkan Daniel 2
Daftar ekspositor alkitabiah mengenai Daniel 2 dari abad ke-1 sampai abad ke-19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Tabel di atas mendukung fakta bahwa kebanyakan komentator sepanjang sejarah Kekristenan menganggap Kekaisaran Romawi sebagai kerajaan keempat, sejak Hieronimus (Jerome) dan Thomas Aquinas, sampai dengan NASB Study Bible.
“Lengan-lengan republik, kadang-kadang kalah dalam pertempuran, selalu menang dalam peperangan, maju dengan langkah cepat ke (sungai) Efrat, Danube, Rhine, dan Samudra; dan perlambangan emas, atau silver, atau tembaga, yang mungkin melambangkan bangsa-bangsa dan raja-raja mereka, berturut-turut dihancurkan oleh monarki besi Romawi.”.[23]
Empat kerajaan dan batu menurut penafsiran modern
[sunting | sunting sumber]Penafsiran tradisional mengenai mimpi Nebukhadnezar masih dianut banyak orang, yaitu mengidentifikasi empat kerajaan dunia yang dilambangkan oleh patung tersebut adalah Babel (kepala), Madai-Persia (dada dan lengan), Makedonia (paha dan lutut) serta Kekaisaran Romawi (kaki). Sejumlah sarjana modern sepakat bahwa empat kerajaan dunia itu adalah Babel (kepala), Madai (dada dan lengan), Persia (perut dan pinggang), Makedonia (paha dan lutut) serta Seleukia Siria dan Ptolemaik Mesir (kaki).[24] Konsep empat kerajaan dunia yang berurutan sejalan dengan teori Yunani mengenai sejarah mitologi, sedangkan simbol empat logam juga ditemukan dalam tulisan-tulisan Persia.[25] Terdapat konsensus di kalangan para sarjana bahwa keempat binatang pada Daniel 7 melambangkan empat kerajaan yang sama.[26] Ayat-ayat 41b-43 memberika tiga penafsiran berbeda mengenai arti campuran besi dan tanah liat pada kaki patung, sebagai "kerajaan yang terbagi," kemudian sebagai "kuat dan rapuh," dan akhirnya sebagai perkawinan antar wangsa.[27] Perkawinan ini dapat terjadi antara kerajaan Seleukia dan Ptolemaik, yang pertama pada sekitar 250 SM dan yang kedua pada tahun 193.[28]
Tabel berikut menunjukkan simbol dan kerajaan yang kemungkinan dilambangkannya dalam konteks sejarah Daniel 2, dibandingkan dengan Daniel 7.
Pasal | Kerajaan dalam sejarah | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kerajaan Babel | Kerajaan Madai | Kerajaan Persia | Kerajaan Makedonia | |||
Daniel 2 | Kepala dari emas tua | Dada dan kedua lengan dari perak | Perut dan pinggang dari tembaga | Kedua paha dari besi (Kerajaan Aleksander) Kakinya sebagian dari besi dan sebagian lagi dari tanah liat (pembagian kerajaan di antara Diadokhoi) | ||
Daniel 7 | Singa dengan sayap burung rajawali | Beruang yang berdiri pada sisinya yang sebelah | Macan tutul berkepala empat dengan empat sayap burung pada punggungnya | Binatang bergigi besar dari besi dan bertanduk sepuluh dengan satu tanduk kecil istimewa |
Nilai penting perlambangan batu yang menghancurkan patung dan menjadi suatu gunung tinggi mengingatkan pada perlambangan Allah sebagai "batu karang" bagi Israel, Sion sebagai gunung yang menjulang tinggi melebihi gunung-gunung lain, dan kemuliaan Allah yang memenuhi seluruh dunia. Gambaran dari Kitab Yesaya tampaknya diberi preferensi. Apakah disadari oleh sang pengarang atau tidak, gambaran patung yang dihancurkan dan dihamburkan oleh angin "seperti sekam di tempat pengirikan pada musim panas" mengingatkan kepada Yesaya 41:14–15 di mana Israel adalah "papan pengirik" yang mengirik gunung-gunung menjadi sekam, dan batu itu sendiri mencerminkan ucapan kepada para orang buangan Yehuda dalam Yesaya 51:1, "Pandanglah gunung batu yang dari padanya kamu terpahat."[29]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Daniel
- Nebukadnezar II
- Bagian Alkitab yang berkaitan: Daniel 1, Daniel 3, Daniel 4, Daniel 5, Daniel 7, Daniel 8
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Dianne Bergant dan Robert J.Karris (ed). 2002. Tafsir Alkitab Perjanjian Lama. Jogjakarta: Kanisius.
- ^ (Indonesia) W.S. LaSor, D.A. Hubbard, F.W. Bush. Pengantar Perjanjian Lama 2. Sastra dan Nubuat. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. 1994. ISBN 9789794150431
- ^ VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013). The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. HarperCollins.
- ^ a b New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls Diarsipkan 2017-01-29 di Wayback Machine. - Gerhard Hasel PhD. Associates for Biblical Research - Jul 31, 2012
- ^ a b c Dead sea scrolls - Daniel
- ^ J. G. Baldwin, "Book of Daniel" in New Bible Dictionary3rd edition, IVP
- ^ Oxford annotated Bible 2007, hlm. 1255, footnote 2.1-12
- ^ Redditt 2009, hlm. 177.
- ^ Mangano 2001, hlm. 179.
- ^ Daniel 2:4
- ^ The Full Life Study Bible. Life Publishers International. 1992. Teks Penuntun edisi Bahasa Indonesia. Penerbit Gandum Mas. 1993, 1994.
- ^ a b Levine 2010, hlm. 1235-1236, footnote 2.1-13.
- ^ Newsom & Breed 2014, hlm. 66-67.
- ^ Levine 2010, hlm. 1236, footnote 2.14-19.
- ^ Levine 2010, hlm. 1237, footnote 2.20-23.
- ^ Levine 2010, hlm. 1238-1239, footnote 2.36-47.
- ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1950, hlm. 456–7
- ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1950, hlm. 894–5
- ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1948, hlm. 528–9
- ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1948, hlm. 784–5
- ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1946, hlm. 252–3
- ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1946, hlm. 744–5
- ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788
- ^ Towner 1984, hlm. 34-36.
- ^ Niskanen 2004, hlm. 27,31.
- ^ Matthews & Moyer 2012, hlm. 260,269.
- ^ Collins 1984, hlm. 49.
- ^ Collins 1984, hlm. 51.
- ^ Newsom & Breed 2014, hlm. 77.
Pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 0495391050.
- Beckwith, Carl L. (2012). Ezekiel, Daniel. IVP Academic. ISBN 9780830829620.
- Boyer, Paul S. (1992). When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-95129-8.
- Brettler, Mark Zvi (2005). How To Read the Bible. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 9780827610019.
- Carroll, John T. (2000). "Eschatology". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
- Cohn, Shaye J.D. (2006). From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664227432.
- Collins, John J. (1984). Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802800206.
- Collins, John J. (1998). The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802843715.
- Collins, John J. (2002). "Current Issues in the Study of Daniel". Dalam Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. I. BRILL. ISBN 9004116753.
- Collins, John J. (2003). "From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End". Dalam McGinn, Bernard; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J. The Continuum History of Apocalypticism. Continuum. ISBN 9780826415202.
- Coogan, Michael (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 400.
- Crawford, Sidnie White (2000). "Apocalyptic". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
- Davidson, Robert (1993). "Jeremiah, Book of". Dalam Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199743919.
- Davies, Philip (2006). "Apocalyptic". Dalam Rogerson, J. W.; Lieu, Judith M. The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford Handbooks Online. ISBN 9780199254255.
- DeChant, Dell (2009). "Apocalyptic Communities". Dalam Neusner, Jacob. World Religions in America: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9781611640472.
- Doukhan, Jacques (2000). Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile. Review and Herald Pub Assoc. ISBN 9780828014243.
- Dunn, James D.G. (2002). "The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament". Dalam Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL.
- Froom, Le Roy Edwin (1950). Early Church Exposition, Subsequent Deflections, and Medieval Revival. The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation. 1. The Review and Herald Publishing Association. hlm. 1006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-14. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-11.
- Froom, Le Roy Edwin (1948). Pre-Reformation and Reformation Restoration, and Second Departure. The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation. 2. The Review and Herald Publishing Association. hlm. 863. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-14. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-11.
- Froom, Le Roy Edwin (1946). PART I, Colonial and Early National American Exposition. PART II, Old World Nineteenth Century Advent Awakening. The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation. 3. The Review and Herald Publishing Association. hlm. 802. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-14. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-11.
- Gallagher, Eugene V. (2011). "Millennialism, Scripture, and Tradition". Dalam Wessinger, Catherine. The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism. Oxford University Press.
- Goldingay, John J. (2002). "Daniel in the Context of OT Theology". Dalam Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. II. BRILL.
- Grabbe, Lester L. (2010). An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus. Continuum.
- Grabbe, Lester L. (2002). Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh. Routledge.
- Grabbe, Lester L. (2002). "A Dan(iel) For All Seasons". Dalam Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL.
- Hammer, Raymond (1976). The Book of Daniel. Cambridge University Press.
- Harrington, Daniel J. (1999). Invitation to the Apocrypha. Eerdmans.
- Hill, Andrew E. (2009). "Daniel-Malachi". Dalam Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. The Expositor's Bible Commentary. 8. Zondervan.
- Hill, Charles E. (2000). "Antichrist". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans.
- Holbrook, Frank B. (1986). The Seventy Weeks, Leviticus, and the Nature of Prophecy (edisi ke-Volume 3 of Daniel and Revelation Committee Series). Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. ISBN 0925675024.
- Horsley, Richard A. (2007). Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea. Presbyterian Publishing Corp.
- Knibb, Michael (2009). Essays on the Book of Enoch and Other Early Jewish Texts and Traditions. BRILL.
- Knibb, Michael (2002). "The Book of Daniel in its Context". Dalam Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL.
- Koch, Klaus (2002). "Stages in the Canonization of the Book of daniel". Dalam Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL.
- Kratz, Reinhard (2002). "The Visions of Daniel". Dalam Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL.
- Levine, Amy-Jill (2010). "Daniel". Dalam Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A. The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press.
- Lucas, Ernest C. (2005). "Daniel, Book of". Dalam Vanhoozer, Kevin J.; Bartholomew, Craig G.; Treier, Daniel J. Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible. Baker Academic.
- Mangano, Mark (2001). Esther & Daniel. College Press.
- Matthews, Victor H.; Moyer, James C. (2012). The Old Testament: Text and Context. Baker Books.
- Nelson, William (2013). Daniel. Baker Books.
- Newsom, Carol A.; Breed, Brennan W. (2014). Daniel: A Commentary. Presbyterian Publishing Corp.
- Nichol, F., ed. (1954). "chronology chart". SDA Bible Commentary. hlm. 326–327.
- Niskanen, Paul (2004). The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel. Continuum.
- Pasachoff, Naomi E.; Littman, Robert J. (2005). A Concise History of the Jewish People. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Portier-Young, Anathea E. (2013). Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
- Provan, Iain (2003). "Daniel". Dalam Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
- Redditt, Paul L. (2009). Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans.
- Reid, Stephen Breck (2000). "Daniel, Book of". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
- Rowland, Christopher (2007). "Apocalyptic Literature". Dalam Hass, Andrew; Jasper, David; Jay, Elisabeth. The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199271979.
- Ryken,, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper (1998). Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830867332.
- Sacchi, Paolo (2004). The History of the Second Temple Period. Continuum. ISBN 9780567044501.
- Schwartz, Daniel R. (1992). Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161457982.
- Seow, C.L. (2003). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256753.
- Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 9780881253726.
- Spencer, Richard A. (2002). "Additions to Daniel". Dalam Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865545106.
- Towner, W. Sibley (1984). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664237561.
- Towner, W. Sibley (1993). "Daniel". Dalam Coogan, Michael D.; Metzger, Bruce M. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199743919.
- Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
- VanderKam, James C. (2010). The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Eerdmans.
- VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013). The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. HarperCollins.
- Weber, Timothy P. (2007). "Millennialism". Dalam Walls, Jerry L. The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology. Oxford University Press.
- Wesselius, Jan-Wim (2002). "The Writing of Daniel". Dalam Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL.
- Hoehner, Harold W. (1978). Chronological aspects of the life of Christ (edisi ke-[5th print.]). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. hlm. 115. ISBN 9780310262114.
- Montgomery, James A (1927). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel (edisi ke-BiblioBazaar, 2010 Reprint). Edinburgh: T & T Clark. hlm. 372–404. ISBN 9781176278707.
- Walvoord, A commentary by John F. (1989). Daniel: the key to prophetic revelation (edisi ke-Moody Paperback). Chicago: Moody Press. ISBN 9780802417534.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]
- (Indonesia) Teks Daniel 2 dari Alkitab SABDA
- (Indonesia) Audio Daniel 2
- (Indonesia) Referensi silang Daniel 2
- (Indonesia) Komentari bahasa Indonesia untuk Daniel 2
- (Inggris) Komentari bahasa Inggris untuk Daniel 2