Lompat ke isi

Daniel 2: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Regina Jawa (bicara | kontrib)
Fitur saranan suntingan: 1 pranala ditambahkan.
 
(21 revisi perantara oleh 5 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: Baris 1:
{{Bible chapter|letname= Daniel 2 |previouslink= Daniel 1 |previousletter= pasal 1 |nextlink= Daniel 3 |nextletter= pasal 3 |book=[[Kitab Daniel]] |biblepart=[[Perjanjian Lama]] | booknum= 27 |category= [[Nabi-nabi Besar]] | filename= Leningrad-codex-23-daniel.pdf |size=250px | name= Leningrad Codex Daniel |caption=<div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">[[Kitab Daniel]] lengkap pada [[Kodeks Leningrad]], dibuat tahun 1008.</div>}}
'''Daniel 2''' (disingkat '''Dan 2''') adalah bagian dari [[Kitab Daniel]] dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]. Berisi riwayat [[Daniel]] yang berada di [[Babel]] pada [[abad ke-6 SM]].<ref name="Bergant">Dianne Bergant dan Robert J.Karris (ed). 2002. ''Tafsir Alkitab Perjanjian Lama''. Jogjakarta: Kanisius.</ref><ref name="Lasor">{{id}} W.S. LaSor, D.A. Hubbard, F.W. Bush. ''Pengantar Perjanjian Lama 2. Sastra dan Nubuat''. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. 1994. ISBN-13: 9789794150431</ref>


'''Daniel 2''' (disingkat '''Dan 2''') adalah [[Pasal dan ayat dalam Alkitab|pasal]] [[kedua]] [[Kitab Daniel]] dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]. Berisi riwayat [[Daniel]] yang berada di [[Babel]] pada [[abad ke-6 SM]].<ref name="Bergant">Dianne Bergant dan Robert J.Karris (ed). 2002. ''Tafsir Alkitab Perjanjian Lama''. Jogjakarta: Kanisius.</ref><ref name="Lasor">{{id}} W.S. LaSor, D.A. Hubbard, F.W. Bush. ''Pengantar Perjanjian Lama 2. Sastra dan Nubuat''. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. 1994. ISBN 9789794150431</ref>
== Teks ==
== Teks ==
* [[Pasal dan ayat dalam Alkitab|Pasal ini dibagi atas]] 49 ayat.
* [[Pasal dan ayat dalam Alkitab|Pasal ini dibagi atas]] 49 ayat.
Baris 8: Baris 9:
* Bahasa Ibrani:
* Bahasa Ibrani:
** [[Teks Masoret|Masoretik]] (abad ke-10 M)
** [[Teks Masoret|Masoretik]] (abad ke-10 M)
** [[Gulungan Laut Mati]]: (akhir abad ke-2 SM)<ref>VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013). The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. HarperCollins.</ref><ref name=hasel>[http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2012/07/31/New-Light-on-the-Book-of-Daniel-from-the-Dead-Sea-Scrolls.aspx#Article New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls] - Gerhard Hasel PhD. Associates for Biblical Research - Jul 31, 2012</ref> terlestarikan: ayat 2-6, 9‑11, 19‑35, 37‑49.<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[http://thewaytoyahuweh.com/research/dead-sea-scrolls/#daniel Dead sea scrolls - Daniel]</ref>
** [[Gulungan Laut Mati]]: (akhir abad ke-2 SM)<ref>VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013). The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. HarperCollins.</ref><ref name=hasel>[http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2012/07/31/New-Light-on-the-Book-of-Daniel-from-the-Dead-Sea-Scrolls.aspx#Article New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129060754/http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2012/07/31/New-Light-on-the-Book-of-Daniel-from-the-Dead-Sea-Scrolls.aspx#Article |date=2017-01-29 }} - Gerhard Hasel PhD. Associates for Biblical Research - Jul 31, 2012</ref> terlestarikan: ayat 2-6, 9‑11, 19‑35, 37‑49.<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[http://thewaytoyahuweh.com/research/dead-sea-scrolls/#daniel Dead sea scrolls - Daniel]</ref>
*** 1QDan<sup>a</sup> (4QDan71): terlestarikan: ayat: 2-6<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
*** 1QDan<sup>a</sup> (4QDan71): terlestarikan: ayat: 2-6<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
*** 4QDan<sup>a</sup> (4QDan112): terlestarikan: ayat: 9‑11, 19‑35, 37‑49<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
*** 4QDan<sup>a</sup> (4QDan112): terlestarikan: ayat: 9‑11, 19‑35, 37‑49<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>


* Bahasa Yunani:
* [[Bahasa Yunani]]:
** [[Septuaginta]] (abad ke-3 SM)
** [[Septuaginta]] (abad ke-3 SM)
** Versi [[Theodotion]] (~180 M)<ref name=hasel/>
** Versi [[Theodotion]] (~180 M)<ref name=hasel/>
Baris 21: Baris 22:


== Struktur ==
== Struktur ==
===Dalam Kitab Daniel===
=== Dalam Kitab Daniel ===
Pasal 2-7 Kitab Daniel yang ditulis dalam [[bahasa Aram]] (mulai bagian kedua ayat 4 pasal 2, di mana sebelumnya dalam bahasa Ibrani) mempunyai bentuk susunan [[:en:chiasmus|''chiasmus'']], suatu struktur puisi yuang menempatkan titik atau pesan utama di tengah periop dan diapit oleh pengulangan tema pada kedua sisinya:{{sfn|Redditt|2009|p=177}}
Pasal 2-7 Kitab Daniel yang ditulis dalam [[bahasa Aram]] (mulai bagian kedua ayat 4 pasal 2, di mana sebelumnya dalam bahasa Ibrani) mempunyai bentuk susunan ''[[chiasmus]]'', suatu struktur puisi yuang menempatkan titik atau pesan utama di tengah periop dan diapit oleh pengulangan tema pada kedua sisinya:{{sfn|Redditt|2009|p=177}}
* A. (2:4b-49) – Mimpi empat kerajaan yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima
* A. (2:4b-49) – Mimpi empat kerajaan yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima
** B. (3:1–30) – Tiga teman Daniel dalam dapur perapian
** B. (3:1–30) – Tiga teman Daniel dalam dapur perapian
Baris 30: Baris 31:
* A'. (7:1–28) – Penglihatan mengenai empat kerajaan dunia yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima
* A'. (7:1–28) – Penglihatan mengenai empat kerajaan dunia yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima


===Daniel 2===
=== Daniel 2 ===
Daniel 2 juga berbentuk chiasmus di dalam struktur besar Daniel 2-7:{{sfn|Mangano|2001|p=179}}
Daniel 2 juga berbentuk chiasmus di dalam struktur besar Daniel 2-7:{{sfn|Mangano|2001|p=179}}
* A. Pengantar (ayat 1)
* A. Pengantar (ayat 1)
Baris 43: Baris 44:
:''Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram):''
:''Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram):''
::''"Ya raja, kekallah hidupmu! Ceriterakanlah kepada hamba-hambamu mimpi itu, maka kami akan memberitahukan maknanya."''<ref>{{Alkitab|Daniel 2:4}}</ref>
::''"Ya raja, kekallah hidupmu! Ceriterakanlah kepada hamba-hambamu mimpi itu, maka kami akan memberitahukan maknanya."''<ref>{{Alkitab|Daniel 2:4}}</ref>
Hingga kata-kata "''(dalam bahasa Aram)''" ini, kitab Daniel ditulis dalam kosa kata bahasa Ibrani. Mulai dari kata-kata "''Ya raja ...''" ayat ini beralih ke kosa kata bahasa Aram, bahasa yang dipakai dalam perdagangan dan komunikasi pemerintahan. Huruf-hurufnya sama, karena baik bahasa Ibrani maupun bahasa Aram menggunakan abjad yang kurang lebih sama. Pemakaian bahasa Aram dalam kitab Daniel berlangsung hingga [[Daniel 7|pasal 7]] ({{Alkitab|Daniel 7:1-28}}). [[Daniel 8|Pasal 8]] ({{Alkitab|Daniel 8:1-12:13}}) kembali ditulis dalam kosa kata bahasa Ibrani.<ref name=fulllife>The Full Life Study Bible. Life Publishers International. 1992. Teks Penuntun edisi Bahasa Indonesia. Penerbit Gandum Mas. 1993, 1994.</ref>
Hingga kata-kata "''(dalam bahasa Aram)''" ini, kitab Daniel ditulis dalam kosakata bahasa Ibrani. Mulai dari kata-kata "''Ya raja ...''" ayat ini beralih ke kosakata bahasa Aram, bahasa yang dipakai dalam perdagangan dan komunikasi pemerintahan. Huruf-hurufnya sama, karena baik bahasa Ibrani maupun bahasa Aram menggunakan abjad yang kurang lebih sama. Pemakaian bahasa Aram dalam kitab Daniel berlangsung hingga [[Daniel 7|pasal 7]] ({{Alkitab|Daniel 7:1-28}}). [[Daniel 8|Pasal 8]] ({{Alkitab|Daniel 8:1-12:13}}) kembali ditulis dalam kosakata bahasa Ibrani.<ref name=fulllife>The Full Life Study Bible. Life Publishers International. 1992. Teks Penuntun edisi Bahasa Indonesia. Penerbit Gandum Mas. 1993, 1994.</ref>

== Penafsiran Mimpi Nebukadnezar ==
[[Berkas:BLW Stained Glass - Scene from the Story of Daniel.jpg|jmpl|ka|220px|Daniel berbicara dengan Ariokh, pemimpin pengawal raja Nebukadnezar.]]

=== Mimpi dalam dunia kuno ===
Dalam dunio kuno, mimpi, terutama yang dialami oleh para raja, dianggap sebagai [[portents|''portent'']], yaitu firasat untuk masa depan.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1235-1236, footnote 2.1-13}} Suatu inskripsi yang dibuat oleh raja Babel, [[Nabonidus]], misalnya, menceritakan bahwa ia mengingat leluhurnya raja Nebukadnezar Agung menyebut tentang seorang laki-laki muda yang muncul dalam mimpi untuk meyakinkan bahwa mimpi itu bukan membawa firasat buruk.{{sfn|Newsom|Breed|2014|p=66-67}}<!-- Giant figures were frequent in ancient dream records, and parallels can be drawn from Greek ([[Hesiod]]'s ''Works and Days''), Latin ([[Ovid]]'s ''Metamorphosis'') and the Persian ''[[Bahman Yasht]]''.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1237-1238, footnote 2.31-35}}-->

Kelakuan raja menunjukkan rasa tidak percaya terhadap para penafsir mimpi di istananya dan membuka kesempatan untuk mengenal Allahnya Daniel.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1235-1236, footnote 2.1-13}} Rahasia mimpi Nebukadnezar disebut suatu "misteri," istilah yang ditemukan dalam [[Gulungan Laut Mati|gulungan-gulungan]] dari [[Qumran]] mengindikasikan suatu rahasia yang dapat dipelajari melalui hikmat ilahi; sebagaimana Daniel menerima hikmat ilahi sebagai suatu "penglihatan pada waktu malam", sebuah mimpi.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1236, footnote 2.14-19}} Daniel 2:20-23 menekankan Allah adalah sumber hikmat dan pengatur nasib para raja; puji-pujian dan doa-doa semacam itu menjadi khas untuk sejumlah narasi alkitabiah setelah pembuangan.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1237, footnote 2.20-23}} Akhirnya Nebukadnezar bersujud di hadapan Daniel dan memerintahkan persembahan dan ukupan baginya, menunjukkan bahwa ia menganggap Daniel sebagai dewa, meskipun setelah raja itu mengakui dan menghormati Allahnya Daniel, ia tidak menganut penyembahan terhadap Allah.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1238-1239, footnote 2.36-47}}

=== Penafsiran sarjana Alkitab dari abad 1-19 ===
Tabel berikut memuat para sarjana Alkitab dari abad ke-1 sampai abad ke-19 yang menggunakan metoda ''Historicism'' untuk menafsirkan Daniel 2
{| class="toccolours collapsible<!--collapsed-->" background:#fff"
|-
! Daftar ekspositor alkitabiah mengenai Daniel 2<br> dari abad ke-1 sampai abad ke-19
|-
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah dari periode Gereja Perdana: 100-457 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1950|pp=456–7}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5|BPGR= '''B'''abel - Media/'''P'''ersia - '''G'''reece (=Yunani) - '''R'''omawi. [BPGR] = Menyiratkan...
|-
!
!
!|4 logam
!|Kaki/jari
!|Kerajaan batu
|-
|[[Flavius Yosefus|Yosefus]]
|~ 100
|BPG[R]
|
|Kerajaan Mesianik
|-
|[[Yohanan ben Zakai]]
|abad ke-1
|[BPGR]
|
|
|-
|[[Rabi Akiba]]
|m. 132
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|Sibyllines
|abad ke-3
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|[[Hippolitus dari Roma|Hippolitus]]
|m. 238
|BPGR
|10 Kgdms
|2nd Adv.
|-
|[[Tertulianus]]
|~ 240
|[BPGR]
|10 Kgdms
|2nd Adv.
|-
|[[Irenaeus]]
|~ 292
|BPGR
|Pembagian 10-lipat
|Setelah pembagian
|-
|[[Lactantius]]
|~ 330
|[BPGR]
|Divisions
|
|-
|[[Eusebius dari Kaisarea]]
|~ 340
|BPGR
|10 Kgdms
|Kgdm. God
|-
|[[:En:Aphrahat|Aphrahat]]
|~ 350
|BPGR
|Divisions
|at 2nd Adv.
|-
|[[Sirilus dari Aleksandria]]
|w. 386
|[BPGR]
|
|Etern. Kgdm.
|-
|[[Yohanes Krisostomus]]
|w. 407
|BPGR
|Divisions
|Chr. Kgdm.
|-
|[[Sulpicius Severus]]
|~ 420
|[BPG]R
|Pres. Divis.
|Kerajaan Masa Depan
|-
|[[Hieronimus|Hieronimus/Jerome]]
|w. 420
|BPGR
|Pembagian saat itu
|Setelah kehancuran
|-
|[[Teodoretus]]
|w. 457
|BPGR
|Pembagian-pembagian
|Pada Adven ke-2
|-
! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah dari periode Pertengahan Awal: 400-1200 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1950|pp=894–5}}</ref>
|-
!
!
!|4 logam
!|Kaki/jari
!|Kerajaan batu
|-
|[[Augustine]]
|d. 430
|[BPGR]
|
|Cath. Ch.
|-
|[[Andreas Osiander]]
|Abad ke-7
|[BPGR]
|Berbagai kerajaan
|
|-
|[[Teaching of Jacob|Sargis D'Aberga]]
|Abad ke-7
|BPGR
|
|-
|[[Bede|Venerable Bede]]
|m. 735
|[BPGR]
|
|Gereja
|-
|[[Berengaud]]
|Abad ke-9
|[BPG]R
|
|
|-
|[[Eliezer]]
|Abad ke-8-9
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Mesianik
|-
|[[Saadia]]
|m. 942
|BPG-Gog
|
|
|-
|Jephet ibn Ali
|Abad ke-10
|BPGR
|Rome & Arabs
|Kerajaan Mesianik
|-
|[[Rashi]]
|m. 1105
|B PGR
|Divisions
|Kerajaan Mesianik
|-
|[[Abraham ibn Ezra]]
|m. 1167
|BPG[R]
|Rome & Ishm.
|Kerajaan Mesianik
|-
|[[Peter Comestor]]
|m. 1178
|BPGR
|Divisions
|Kgdm. of God
|-
|[[Joachim of Floris]]
|m. 1202
|BPGR-Sar.
|Final Kgdm.
|Heavenly
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|m. 1274
|BPGR
|
|
|-
! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah dari Era Reformasi: 1522-1614 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1948|pp=528–9}}</ref>
|-
!
!
!|4 logam
!|Kaki/jari
!|Kerajaan batu
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|1522
|BPGR
|Mod. Kgdms.
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Johann Oecolampadius]]
|1530
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[Philipp Melanchthon]]
|1543
|BPGR
|Mod. Kgdms.
|Messian Kgdm.
|-
|Georg Joye
|1545
|[BPG]R
|Divisions
|Kekekalan
|-
|[[Hugh Latimer]]
|1553
|BPGR
|Divisions
|
|-
|[[Virgil Solis]]
|1560
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|Anglican Formulas
|~ 1563
|
|
|Kerajaan Masa Depan
|-
|[[Nikolaus Selnecker]]
|1579
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|[[Thomas Brightman]]
|1614
|[BPG]R
|
|
|-
! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah Eropa Era Pasca-Reformasi: 1600-1800 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1948|pp=784–5}}</ref>
|-
!
!
!|4 logam
!|
!|Kerajaan batu
|-
|[[George Downham]]
|1603
|[BPG]R
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Joseph Mede]]
|1631
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[John Tillinghast]]
|1655
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Henry More]]
|1664
|[BPG]R
|
|
|-
|[[William Sherwin (minister)|William Sherwin]]
|1670
|[BPG]R
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|Thomas Beverly
|1684
|[BPGR]
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Pierre Jurieu]]
|1687
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|Johannes Cocceius
|1701
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|Heinrich Horch
|1712
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Matthew Henry]]
|1714
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
|1727
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[John Willison]]
|1745
|[BPGR]
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Thomas Newton]]
|1754
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|Hans Wood
|1787
|[BPGR]
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|Christian G. Thube
|1789
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[James Ebenezer Bicheno]]
|1793
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|Edward King
|1798
|[BPGR]
|
|
|-
|Jean G. de la Flechere
|1800
|BPGR
|
|
|-
! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah Amerika Era Pasca-Reformasi: 1600-1800 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1946|pp=252–3}}</ref>
|-
!
!
!|4 logam
!|Kaki/jari
!|Kerajaan batu
|-
|[[Anne Bradstreet]]
|1642
|BPGR
|
|Masa Depan
|-
|Ephriam Huit
|1644
|BPGR
|Church-State
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Thomas Parker (minister)|Thomas Parker]]
|1646
|BPGR
|Perkawinan campur
|Kerajaan Orang Kudus
|-
|[[John Davenport (Puritan)|John Davenport]]
|1653
|BPGR
|
|Kristus
|-
|Samuel Hutchinson
|1667
|BPGR
|
|Adven ke-2
|-
|[[Increase Mather]]
|1669
|BPGR
|
|Not Yet
|-
|[[Nicholas Noyes]]
|1698
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[Cotton Mather]]
|1702
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[William Burnet (colonial administrator)|William Burnet]]
|1724
|
|Eropa terbagi
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Paul Dudley (jurist)|Paul Dudley]]
|1731
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|[[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]]
|1739
|BPGR
|10 Kerajaan
|
|-
|David Imri
|1756
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|Ezekiel Cheever
|1757
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|Samuel Gatchel
|1781
|[BPGR]
|
|
|-
|Benjamin Gale
|1788
|BPGR
|Church-State
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[Samuel Hopkins (1721–1803)|Samuel Hopkins]]
|1793
|
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[Samuel Osgood]]
|1794
|BPGR
|Masa kini
|Adven ke-2
|-
|David Austin
|1794
|BPGR
|Church-State
|Segera
|-
|Joshua Spalding
|1796
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
! colspan=5|Ekspositor alkitabiah dari Advent Awakening abad ke-19: 1800-1845 M<ref>Menurut tabel dalam {{harvnb|Froom|1946|pp=744–5}}</ref>
|-
!
!
!|4 logam
!|Kaki/jari
!|Kerajaan batu
|-
|[[Manuel Lacunza]]
|1799
|4 Kerajaan
|Eropa terbagi
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[William Hales]]
|1803
|BPGR
|
|Christ's Kgdm.
|-
|[[George Stanley Faber]]
|1804
|BPGR
|10 Divisions
|
|-
|[[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]]
|1805
|BPGR
|Secular dengan Eccl
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[Adam Clarke]]
|1810
|BPGR
|Divisions
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|Samuel Toovey
|1813
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[Captain Maitland]]
|1813
|BPGR
|10 Divisions
|
|-
|[[William Cuninghame of Lainshaw|William Cuninghame]]
|1813
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|[[James Hatley Frere]]
|1815
|BPGR
|10 Divisions
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[Lewis Way]]
|1818
|BPGR
|Divided Kgdms
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Francis Mason (archdeacon)]]
|1820
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|Jonathan Bayford
|1820
|BPGR
|Eropa terbagi
|Kerajaan Mesianik
|-
|[[Joseph Wolff]]
|1822
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|John Fry
|1822
|BPGR
|Divisions
|
|-
|Edward Cooper
|1825
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[S. R. Maitland]]
|1826
|BPGR
|Masa Depan
|Masa Depan
|-
|[[Edward Irving]]
|1826
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|Edward T. Vaughan
|1828
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|Thomas Keyworth
|1828
|BPGR
|10 Kerajaan
|
|-
|Gerald T. Noel
|1828
|BPGR
|10 Pembagian
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|Alexander Keith
|1828
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|Alfred Addis
|1829
|BPGR
|Eropa terbagi
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|Jonathon Hooper
|1829
|BPGR
|Kerajaan-kerajaan Barat
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|William W. Pym
|1829
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|[[Henry Drummond (1786–1860)|Henry Drummond]]
|1830
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|William Jones
|1830
|BPGR
|Pembagian-pembagian
|
|-
|Edward N. Hoare
|1830
|BPGR
|10 Kerajaan
|Adven ke2
|-
|William Anderson
|1830
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[James Begg]]
|1831
|BPGR
|Perkawinan campuran
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|William Digby
|1831
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|William Thorp
|1831
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|John Cox
|1832
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|Joseph d'A. Sirr
|1833
|BPGR
|Divisions
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|Matthew Habershon
|1834
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|Bp Dan Wilson
|1836
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Edward Bickersteth (priest)|Edward Bickersteth]]
|1836
|BPGR
|
|
|-
|[[François Gaussen|François Samuel Robert Louis Gaussen]]
|1837
|BPGR
|Church-State
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|J. H. Richter
|1839
|BPGR
|Listed
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[Thomas Rawson Birks]]
|1843
|BPGR
|Mingle
|
|-
|Jonathan Cumming
|1843
|BPGR
|
|-
|[[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]]
|1843
|BPGR
|Divided Europe
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|E. B. Elliot
|1844
|BPGR
|
|Kerajaan Kristus
|-
|[[James Aitken Wylie|James A. Wylie]]
|1844
|BPGR
|Divided Europe
|Kerajaan Allah
|-
|Joseph Baylee
|1845
|BPGR
|Divided Europe
|Kerajaan Kristus
|}
|}

Tabel di atas mendukung fakta bahwa kebanyakan komentator sepanjang sejarah [[Kekristenan]] menganggap [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] sebagai kerajaan keempat, sejak [[Hieronimus|Hieronimus (Jerome)]] dan Thomas Aquinas, sampai dengan NASB Study Bible.

“Lengan-lengan republik, kadang-kadang kalah dalam pertempuran, selalu menang dalam peperangan, maju dengan langkah cepat ke [[Sungai Efrat|(sungai) Efrat]], Danube, Rhine, dan Samudra; dan perlambangan emas, atau silver, atau tembaga, yang mungkin melambangkan bangsa-bangsa dan raja-raja mereka, berturut-turut dihancurkan oleh monarki besi Romawi.”.<ref>Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788</ref>

=== Empat kerajaan dan batu menurut penafsiran modern ===
<!--{{main|Four monarchies}}-->
Penafsiran tradisional mengenai mimpi Nebukhadnezar masih dianut banyak orang, yaitu mengidentifikasi empat kerajaan dunia yang dilambangkan oleh patung tersebut adalah [[Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru|Babel]] (kepala), [[Bangsa Mede|Madai]]-[[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah|Persia]] (dada dan lengan), [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]] (paha dan lutut) serta [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] (kaki). Sejumlah sarjana modern sepakat bahwa empat kerajaan dunia itu adalah [[Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru|Babel]] (kepala), [[Bangsa Mede|Madai]] (dada dan lengan), [[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah|Persia]] (perut dan pinggang), [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]] (paha dan lutut) serta [[Kekaisaran Seleukia|Seleukia Siria]] dan [[Kerajaan Ptolemaik|Ptolemaik Mesir]] (kaki).{{sfn|Towner|1984|p=34-36}} Konsep empat kerajaan dunia yang berurutan sejalan dengan teori Yunani mengenai sejarah mitologi, sedangkan simbol empat logam juga ditemukan dalam tulisan-tulisan Persia.{{sfn|Niskanen|2004|p=27,31}} Terdapat konsensus di kalangan para sarjana bahwa keempat binatang pada [[Daniel 7]] melambangkan empat kerajaan yang sama.{{sfn|Matthews|Moyer|2012|p=260,269}} Ayat-ayat 41b-43 memberika tiga penafsiran berbeda mengenai arti campuran besi dan tanah liat pada kaki patung, sebagai "kerajaan yang terbagi," kemudian sebagai "kuat dan rapuh," dan akhirnya sebagai perkawinan antar wangsa.{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=49}} Perkawinan ini dapat terjadi antara kerajaan Seleukia dan Ptolemaik, yang pertama pada sekitar 250 SM dan yang kedua pada tahun 193.{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=51}}

Tabel berikut menunjukkan simbol dan kerajaan yang kemungkinan dilambangkannya dalam konteks sejarah Daniel 2, dibandingkan dengan Daniel 7.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pasal
! colspan=6|Kerajaan dalam sejarah
|-
!
! style="background: #ece992;" |[[Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru|Kerajaan Babel]]
! style="background: #cc9;"|[[Bangsa Mede|Kerajaan Madai]]
! style="background: #cdfcfd;"|[[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah|Kerajaan Persia]]
! style="background: #ffee7a;"|[[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Kerajaan Makedonia]]
|-
|Daniel 2
| style="background: #ece992;"|Kepala dari emas tua
| style="background: #cc9;"|Dada dan kedua lengan dari perak
| style="background: #cdfcfd;"|Perut dan pinggang dari tembaga
| style="background: #ffee7a;"|Kedua paha dari besi (Kerajaan Aleksander)<br>Kakinya sebagian dari besi dan sebagian lagi dari tanah liat (pembagian kerajaan di antara [[Diadokhoi]])
|-
|[[Daniel 7]]
| style="background: #ece992;"|Singa dengan sayap burung rajawali
| style="background: #cc9;"|Beruang yang berdiri pada sisinya yang sebelah
| style="background: #cdfcfd;"|Macan tutul berkepala empat dengan empat sayap burung pada punggungnya
| style="background: #ffee7a;"|Binatang bergigi besar dari besi dan bertanduk sepuluh dengan satu tanduk kecil istimewa
|}

Nilai penting perlambangan batu yang menghancurkan patung dan menjadi suatu gunung tinggi mengingatkan pada perlambangan Allah sebagai "batu karang" bagi Israel, [[Sion]] sebagai gunung yang menjulang tinggi melebihi gunung-gunung lain, dan kemuliaan Allah yang memenuhi seluruh dunia. Gambaran dari [[Kitab Yesaya]] tampaknya diberi preferensi. Apakah disadari oleh sang pengarang atau tidak, gambaran patung yang dihancurkan dan dihamburkan oleh angin "seperti sekam di tempat pengirikan pada musim panas" mengingatkan kepada {{Alkitab|Yesaya 41:14-15}} di mana Israel adalah "papan pengirik" yang mengirik gunung-gunung menjadi sekam, dan batu itu sendiri mencerminkan ucapan kepada para orang buangan Yehuda dalam {{Alkitab|Yesaya 51:1}}, "Pandanglah gunung batu yang dari padanya kamu terpahat."{{sfn|Newsom|Breed|2014|p=77}}


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 55: Baris 866:
== Pustaka ==
== Pustaka ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Bandstra
| last = Bandstra
| first = Barry L.
| first = Barry L.
| title = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
| title = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
| year = 2008
| year = 2008
| publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company
| publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bandstra#v=onepage&q&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bandstra#v=onepage&q&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
| isbn = 0495391050
| isbn = 0495391050
}}
}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book
|last = Beckwith
|last = Beckwith
|first = Carl L.
|first = Carl L.
|title = Ezekiel, Daniel
|title = Ezekiel, Daniel
|year = 2012
|year = 2012
|publisher = IVP Academic
|publisher = IVP Academic
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=gSMDd60ohdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Beckwith+Ezekiel,+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Beckwith%20Ezekiel%2C%20Daniel&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=gSMDd60ohdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Beckwith+Ezekiel,+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Beckwith%20Ezekiel%2C%20Daniel&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780830829620
|isbn = 9780830829620
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Boyer
|last = Boyer
|first = Paul S.
|first = Paul S.
|title = When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture
|title = When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C&dq=When+Time+Shall+be+No+More+By+Paul+S.+Boyer&printsec=frontcover
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C&dq=When+Time+Shall+be+No+More+By+Paul+S.+Boyer&printsec=frontcover
|year = 1992
|year = 1992
|publisher = Harvard University Press
|publisher = Harvard University Press
|isbn = 0-674-95129-8
|isbn = 0-674-95129-8
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| last = Brettler
| last = Brettler
| first = Mark Zvi
| first = Mark Zvi
| title = How To Read the Bible
| title = How To Read the Bible
| year = 2005
| year = 2005
| publisher = Jewish Publication Society
| publisher = Jewish Publication Society
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Brettler#v=onepage&q&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Brettler#v=onepage&q&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
| isbn = 9780827610019
| isbn = 9780827610019
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Carroll
|last = Carroll
|first = John T.
|first = John T.
|chapter = Eschatology
|chapter = Eschatology
|editor1-last = Freedman
|editor1-last = Freedman
|editor1-first = David Noel
|editor1-first = David Noel
|editor2-last = Myers
|editor2-last = Myers
|editor2-first = Allen C.
|editor2-first = Allen C.
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|year = 2000
|year = 2000
|publisher = Eerdmans
|publisher = Eerdmans
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+eschatology#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20eschatology&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+eschatology#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20eschatology&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9789053565032
|isbn = 9789053565032
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Cohn
| last = Cohn
| first = Shaye J.D.
| first = Shaye J.D.
| title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
| title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
| year = 2006
| year = 2006
| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah#v=onepage&q=From%20the%20Maccabees%20to%20the%20Mishnah&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah#v=onepage&q=From%20the%20Maccabees%20to%20the%20Mishnah&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
| isbn = 9780664227432
| isbn = 9780664227432
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Collins
|last = Collins
|first = John J.
|first = John J.
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
|title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
|year = 1984
|year = 1984
|publisher = Eerdmans
|publisher = Eerdmans
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780802800206
|isbn = 9780802800206
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Collins
|last = Collins
|first = John J.
|first = John J.
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|title = The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature
|title = The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature
|year = 1998
|year = 1998
|publisher = Eerdmans
|publisher = Eerdmans
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103&dq=Son+of+Man:+The+interpretation+and+influence+of+Daniel+7#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103&dq=Son+of+Man:+The+interpretation+and+influence+of+Daniel+7#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780802843715
|isbn = 9780802843715
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Collins
|last = Collins
|first = John J.
|first = John J.
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel
|chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|volume = I
|volume = I
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9004116753
|isbn = 9004116753
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Collins
|last = Collins
|first = John J.
|first = John J.
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|chapter = From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End
|chapter = From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End
|editor1-last = McGinn
|editor1-last = McGinn
|editor1-first = Bernard
|editor1-first = Bernard
|editor2-last = Collins
|editor2-last = Collins
|editor2-first = John J.
|editor2-first = John J.
|editor3-last = Stein
|editor3-last = Stein
|editor3-first = Stephen J.
|editor3-first = Stephen J.
|title = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism
|title = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism
|year = 2003
|year = 2003
|publisher = Continuum
|publisher = Continuum
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64&dq=From+Prophecy+to+Apocalypticism#v=onepage&q=From%20Prophecy%20to%20Apocalypticism&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64&dq=From+Prophecy+to+Apocalypticism#v=onepage&q=From%20Prophecy%20to%20Apocalypticism&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780826415202
|isbn = 9780826415202
}}
}}
*{{cite book|
* {{cite book|
last = Coogan
last = Coogan
|first = Michael
|first = Michael
|authorlink = Michael Coogan
|authorlink = Michael Coogan
|title= A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament|location=Oxford
|title= A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament| url = https://archive.org/details/briefintroductio0000mich
|location=Oxford
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|year = 2009
|year = 2009
|page = 400
|page = [https://archive.org/details/briefintroductio0000mich/page/400 400]
|ref=harv}}
|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Crawford
|last = Crawford
|first = Sidnie White
|first = Sidnie White
|chapter = Apocalyptic
|chapter = Apocalyptic
|editor1-last = Freedman
|editor1-last = Freedman
|editor1-first = David Noel
|editor1-first = David Noel
|editor2-last = Myers
|editor2-last = Myers
|editor2-first = Allen C.
|editor2-first = Allen C.
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|year = 2000
|year = 2000
|publisher = Eerdmans
|publisher = Eerdmans
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+apocalyptic#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20apocalyptic&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+apocalyptic#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20apocalyptic&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9789053565032
|isbn = 9789053565032
}}
}}
*{{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last =Davidson
|last = Davidson
|first =Robert
|first = Robert
|chapter =Jeremiah, Book of
|chapter = Jeremiah, Book of
|editor1-last =Metzger
|editor1-last = Metzger
|editor1-first =Bruce M.
|editor1-first = Bruce M.
|editor2-last =Coogan
|editor2-last = Coogan
|editor2-first =Michael D.
|editor2-first = Michael D.
|title =The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|publisher =Oxford University Press
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year =1993
|year = 1993
|url =https://books.google.com/?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jeremiah+Book+Of+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Jeremiah%20Book%20Of%20&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jeremiah+Book+Of+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Jeremiah%20Book%20Of%20&f=false
|isbn =9780199743919
|isbn = 9780199743919
|ref =harvref
|ref = harvref
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Davies
|last = Davies
|first = Philip
|first = Philip
|chapter = Apocalyptic
|chapter = Apocalyptic
|editor1-last = Rogerson
|editor1-last = Rogerson
|editor1-first = J. W.
|editor1-first = J. W.
|editor2-last = Lieu
|editor2-last = Lieu
|editor2-first = Judith M.
|editor2-first = Judith M.
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies
|year = 2006
|year = 2006
|publisher = Oxford Handbooks Online
|publisher = Oxford Handbooks Online
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=eKZYMifS1fAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Oxford+handbook+of+biblical+studies#v=onepage&q=Daniel&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=eKZYMifS1fAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Oxford+handbook+of+biblical+studies#v=onepage&q=Daniel&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780199254255
|isbn = 9780199254255
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = DeChant
|last = DeChant
|first = Dell
|first = Dell
|chapter = Apocalyptic Communities
|chapter = Apocalyptic Communities
|editor1-last = Neusner
|editor1-last = Neusner
|editor1-first = Jacob
|editor1-first = Jacob
|title = World Religions in America: An Introduction
|title = World Religions in America: An Introduction
|year = 2009
|year = 2009
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237&dq=influence+book+daniel+adventist#v=onepage&q=influence%20book%20daniel%20adventist&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237&dq=influence+book+daniel+adventist#v=onepage&q=influence%20book%20daniel%20adventist&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9781611640472
|isbn = 9781611640472
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Doukhan
|last = Doukhan
|first = Jacques
|first = Jacques
|title = Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile
|title = Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile
|publisher = Review and Herald Pub Assoc
|publisher = Review and Herald Pub Assoc
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|year = 2000
|year = 2000
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780828014243
|isbn = 9780828014243
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Dunn
|last = Dunn
|first = James D.G.
|first = James D.G.
|chapter = The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament
|chapter = The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545&dq=The+Danielic+Son+of+Man+in+the+New+Testament#v=onepage&q=The%20Danielic%20Son%20of%20Man%20in%20the%20New%20Testament&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545&dq=The+Danielic+Son+of+Man+in+the+New+Testament#v=onepage&q=The%20Danielic%20Son%20of%20Man%20in%20the%20New%20Testament&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| last = Froom
|last = Froom
| first = Le Roy Edwin
|first = Le Roy Edwin
| authorlink = Le Roy Froom
|authorlink = Le Roy Froom
| title = Early Church Exposition, Subsequent Deflections, and Medieval Revival
|title = Early Church Exposition, Subsequent Deflections, and Medieval Revival
| url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42770
|url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42770
| volume = 1
|volume = 1
| series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation
|series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation
| year = 1950
|year = 1950
| publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association
|publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association
| page = 1006
|page = 1006
| ref = harv
|ref = harv
|access-date = 2017-10-11
|archive-date = 2012-06-14
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120614100021/http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42770
|dead-url = yes
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| last = Froom
|last = Froom
| first = Le Roy Edwin
|first = Le Roy Edwin
| authorlink = Le Roy Froom
|authorlink = Le Roy Froom
| title = Pre-Reformation and Reformation Restoration, and Second Departure
|title = Pre-Reformation and Reformation Restoration, and Second Departure
| url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=43134
|url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=43134
| volume = 2
|volume = 2
| series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation
|series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation
| year = 1948
|year = 1948
| publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association
|publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association
| page = 863
|page = 863
| ref = harv
|ref = harv
|access-date = 2017-10-11
|archive-date = 2012-06-14
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120614095959/http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=43134
|dead-url = yes
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| last = Froom
|last = Froom
| first = Le Roy Edwin
|first = Le Roy Edwin
| authorlink = Le Roy Froom
|authorlink = Le Roy Froom
| title = PART I, Colonial and Early National American Exposition. PART II, Old World Nineteenth Century Advent Awakening
|title = PART I, Colonial and Early National American Exposition. PART II, Old World Nineteenth Century Advent Awakening
| url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42257
|url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42257
| volume = 3
|volume = 3
| series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation
|series = The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation
| year = 1946
|year = 1946
| publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association
|publisher = The Review and Herald Publishing Association
| page = 802
|page = 802
| ref = harv
|ref = harv
|access-date = 2017-10-11
|archive-date = 2012-06-14
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120614095944/http://www.adventistarchives.org/doc_info.asp?DocID=42257
|dead-url = yes
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Gallagher
|last = Gallagher
|first = Eugene V.
|first = Eugene V.
|chapter = Millennialism, Scripture, and Tradition
|chapter = Millennialism, Scripture, and Tradition
|editor1-last = Wessinger
|editor1-last = Wessinger
|editor1-first = Catherine
|editor1-first = Catherine
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism
|year = 2011
|year = 2011
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=58bNBYPnGg0C&pg=PA133&dq=Millennialism,+scripture,+and+tradition#v=onepage&q=Millennialism%2C%20scripture%2C%20and%20tradition&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=58bNBYPnGg0C&pg=PA133&dq=Millennialism,+scripture,+and+tradition#v=onepage&q=Millennialism%2C%20scripture%2C%20and%20tradition&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Goldingay
|last = Goldingay
|first = John J.
|first = John J.
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|authorlink = John J. Collins
|chapter = Daniel in the Context of OT Theology
|chapter = Daniel in the Context of OT Theology
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|volume = II
|volume = II
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA642&dq=%22chapters+2+and+7+form+a+pair%22#v=onepage&q=%22chapters%202%20and%207%20form%20a%20pair%22&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA642&dq=%22chapters+2+and+7+form+a+pair%22#v=onepage&q=%22chapters%202%20and%207%20form%20a%20pair%22&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Grabbe
| last = Grabbe
| first = Lester L.
| first = Lester L.
| title = An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus
| title = An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus
| year = 2010
| year = 2010
| publisher = Continuum
| publisher = Continuum
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=i89-9fdNUcAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Grabbe#v=onepage&q&f==false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=i89-9fdNUcAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Grabbe#v=onepage&q&f==false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Grabbe
| last = Grabbe
| first = Lester L.
| first = Lester L.
| title = Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh
| title = Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh
| year = 2002
| year = 2002
| publisher = Routledge
| publisher = Routledge
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282&dq=Son+of+Man:+The+interpretation+and+influence+of+Daniel+7#v=onepage&q=Daniel%201&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282&dq=Son+of+Man:+The+interpretation+and+influence+of+Daniel+7#v=onepage&q=Daniel%201&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Grabbe
|last = Grabbe
|first = Lester L.
|first = Lester L.
|chapter = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons
|chapter = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}


* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Hammer
| last = Hammer
| first = Raymond
| first = Raymond
| title = The Book of Daniel
| title = The Book of Daniel
| year = 1976
| year = 1976
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=w0VmxeM472EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hammer,+The+Book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=w0VmxeM472EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hammer,+The+Book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Harrington
| last = Harrington
| first = Daniel J.
| first = Daniel J.
| title = Invitation to the Apocrypha
| title = Invitation to the Apocrypha
| year = 1999
| year = 1999
| publisher = Eerdmans
| publisher = Eerdmans
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Harrington#v=onepage&q&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Harrington#v=onepage&q&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
|last = Hill
|last = Hill
|first = Andrew E.
|first = Andrew E.
|chapter = Daniel-Malachi
|chapter = Daniel-Malachi
|editor1-last = Longman
|editor1-last = Longman
|editor1-first = Tremper
|editor1-first = Tremper
|editor2-last = Garland
|editor2-last = Garland
|editor2-first = David E.
|editor2-first = David E.
|title = The Expositor's Bible Commentary
|title = The Expositor's Bible Commentary
|volume = 8
|volume = 8
|year = 2009
|year = 2009
|publisher=[[Zondervan]]
|publisher = [[Zondervan]]
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT92&dq=%22literary+unity+of+this+chapter+has+for+several+reasons+been+disputed%22#v=onepage&q=%22literary%20unity%20of%20this%20chapter%20has%20for%20several%20reasons%20been%20disputed%22&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT92&dq=%22literary+unity+of+this+chapter+has+for+several+reasons+been+disputed%22#v=onepage&q=%22literary%20unity%20of%20this%20chapter%20has%20for%20several%20reasons%20been%20disputed%22&f=false
|ref =harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Hill
|last = Hill
|first = Charles E.
|first = Charles E.
|chapter = Antichrist
|chapter = Antichrist
|editor1-last = Freedman
|editor1-last = Freedman
|editor1-first = David Noel
|editor1-first = David Noel
|editor2-last = Myers
|editor2-last = Myers
|editor2-first = Allen C.
|editor2-first = Allen C.
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|year = 2000
|year = 2000
|publisher = Eerdmans
|publisher = Eerdmans
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+antichrist#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20antichrist&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+antichrist#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible%20antichrist&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
|last = Holbrook
|last = Holbrook
|first = Frank B.
|first = Frank B.
Baris 435: Baris 1.258:
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Horsley
| last = Horsley
| first = Richard A.
| first = Richard A.
| title = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea
| title = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea
| year = 2007
| year = 2007
| publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp
| publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ukojCH-hlVYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scribes,+Visionaries,+and+the+Politics+of+Second+Temple+Judea#v=onepage&q=Scribes%2C%20Visionaries%2C%20and%20the%20Politics%20of%20Second%20Temple%20Judea&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ukojCH-hlVYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scribes,+Visionaries,+and+the+Politics+of+Second+Temple+Judea#v=onepage&q=Scribes%2C%20Visionaries%2C%20and%20the%20Politics%20of%20Second%20Temple%20Judea&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Knibb
|last = Knibb
|first = Michael
|first = Michael
|title = Essays on the Book of Enoch and Other Early Jewish Texts and Traditions
|title = Essays on the Book of Enoch and Other Early Jewish Texts and Traditions
|year = 2009
|year = 2009
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=NC6iAkcBe4IC&pg=PA191&dq=The+Exile+in+the+literature+of+the+intertestamental+period#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=NC6iAkcBe4IC&pg=PA191&dq=The+Exile+in+the+literature+of+the+intertestamental+period#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Knibb
|last = Knibb
|first = Michael
|first = Michael
|chapter = The Book of Daniel in its Context
|chapter = The Book of Daniel in its Context
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Koch
|last = Koch
|first = Klaus
|first = Klaus
|chapter = Stages in the Canonization of the Book of daniel
|chapter = Stages in the Canonization of the Book of daniel
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA421&dq=Stages+in+the+canonization+of+the+book+of+daniel#v=onepage&q=Stages%20in%20the%20canonization%20of%20the%20book%20of%20daniel&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA421&dq=Stages+in+the+canonization+of+the+book+of+daniel#v=onepage&q=Stages%20in%20the%20canonization%20of%20the%20book%20of%20daniel&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}


* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Kratz
|last = Kratz
|first = Reinhard
|first = Reinhard
|chapter = The Visions of Daniel
|chapter = The Visions of Daniel
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
|last = Levine
|last = Levine
|first = Amy-Jill
|first = Amy-Jill
|chapter = Daniel
|chapter = Daniel
|editor1-last = Coogan
|editor1-last = Coogan
|editor1-first = Michael D.
|editor1-first = Michael D.
|editor2-last = Brettler
|editor2-last = Brettler
|editor2-first = Marc Z.
|editor2-first = Marc Z.
|editor3-last = Newsom
|editor3-last = Newsom
|editor3-first = Carol A.
|editor3-first = Carol A.
|title = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version
|title = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version
|year = 2010
|year = 2010
|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235&dq=%22Dreams+are+a+major+motif+in+the+Book+of+Daniel%22
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235&dq=%22Dreams+are+a+major+motif+in+the+Book+of+Daniel%22
|ref =harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Lucas
|last = Lucas
|first = Ernest C.
|first = Ernest C.
|chapter = Daniel, Book of
|chapter = Daniel, Book of
|editor1-last = Vanhoozer
|editor1-last = Vanhoozer
|editor1-first = Kevin J.
|editor1-first = Kevin J.
|editor2-last = Bartholomew
|editor2-last = Bartholomew
|editor2-first = Craig G.
|editor2-first = Craig G.
|editor3-last = Treier
|editor3-last = Treier
|editor3-first = Daniel J.
|editor3-first = Daniel J.
|title = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible
|title = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible
|year = 2005
|year = 2005
|publisher = Baker Academic
|publisher = Baker Academic
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=I8UWJohMGUIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+for+Theological+Interpretation+of+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20for%20Theological%20Interpretation%20of%20the%20Bible&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=I8UWJohMGUIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+for+Theological+Interpretation+of+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20for%20Theological%20Interpretation%20of%20the%20Bible&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Mangano
|last1 = Mangano
|first1 = Mark
|first1 = Mark
|title = Esther & Daniel
|title = Esther & Daniel
|year = 2001
|year = 2001
|publisher = College Press
|publisher = College Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=leWMKZs05uoC&pg=PA179&dq=Prinsloo+outline+chapter+2#v=onepage&q=Prinsloo%20outline%20chapter%202&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=leWMKZs05uoC&pg=PA179&dq=Prinsloo+outline+chapter+2#v=onepage&q=Prinsloo%20outline%20chapter%202&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Matthews
|last1 = Matthews
|first1 = Victor H.
|first1 = Victor H.
|last2 = Moyer
|last2 = Moyer
|first2 = James C.
|first2 = James C.
|title = The Old Testament: Text and Context
|title = The Old Testament: Text and Context
|year = 2012
|year = 2012
|publisher = Baker Books
|publisher = Baker Books
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=rU_dAldCk6gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Old+Testament:+Text+and+Context#v=onepage&q=The%20Old%20Testament%3A%20Text%20and%20Context&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=rU_dAldCk6gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Old+Testament:+Text+and+Context#v=onepage&q=The%20Old%20Testament%3A%20Text%20and%20Context&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Nelson
|last1 = Nelson
|first1 = William
|first1 = William
|title = Daniel
|title = Daniel
|year = 2013
|year = 2013
|publisher = Baker Books
|publisher = Baker Books
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lJx0x-h1ULsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=commentary+Daniel#v=onepage&q=seventy%20weeks&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lJx0x-h1ULsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=commentary+Daniel#v=onepage&q=seventy%20weeks&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Newsom
|last1 = Newsom
|first1 = Carol A.
|first1 = Carol A.
|last2 = Breed
|last2 = Breed
|first2 = Brennan W.
|first2 = Brennan W.
|title = Daniel: A Commentary
|title = Daniel: A Commentary
|year = 2014
|year = 2014
|publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp
|publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=XZK7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77&dq=%22the+rock%22%22evokes+the+imagery+of+Zion%22#v=onepage&q=%22the%20rock%22%22evokes%20the%20imagery%20of%20Zion%22&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=XZK7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77&dq=%22the+rock%22%22evokes+the+imagery+of+Zion%22#v=onepage&q=%22the%20rock%22%22evokes%20the%20imagery%20of%20Zion%22&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Nichol
| editor-last = Nichol
| editor-first = F.
| editor-first = F.
Baris 581: Baris 1.404:
|ref=harv}}
|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Niskanen
|last1 = Niskanen
|first1 = Paul
|first1 = Paul
|title = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel
|title = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel
|year = 2004
|year = 2004
|publisher = Continuum
|publisher = Continuum
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=G0YFSrClQOkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Herodotus+and+the+Book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=G0YFSrClQOkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Herodotus+and+the+Book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Pasachoff
|last1 = Pasachoff
|first1 = Naomi E.
|first1 = Naomi E.
|last2 = Littman
|last2 = Littman
|first2 = Robert J.
|first2 = Robert J.
|title = A Concise History of the Jewish People
|title = A Concise History of the Jewish People
|year = 2005
|year = 2005
|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield
|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=z4eaj09hscAC&pg=PA45&dq=Babylonian+Exile+lasted+only+about+fifty+years#v=onepage&q=Babylonian%20Exile%20lasted%20only%20about%20fifty%20years&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=z4eaj09hscAC&pg=PA45&dq=Babylonian+Exile+lasted+only+about+fifty+years#v=onepage&q=Babylonian%20Exile%20lasted%20only%20about%20fifty%20years&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Portier-Young
|last = Portier-Young
|first = Anathea E.
|first = Anathea E.
|title = Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism
|title = Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism
|publisher = Eerdmans
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 2013
|year = 2013
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=4DQ0AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Apocalypse+Against+Empire:+Theologies+of+Resistance+in+Early+Judaism#v=onepage&q=Apocalypse%20Against%20Empire%3A%20Theologies%20of%20Resistance%20in%20Early%20Judaism&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=4DQ0AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Apocalypse+Against+Empire:+Theologies+of+Resistance+in+Early+Judaism#v=onepage&q=Apocalypse%20Against%20Empire%3A%20Theologies%20of%20Resistance%20in%20Early%20Judaism&f=false
|isbn = 9780802837110
|isbn = 9780802837110
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Provan
|last = Provan
|first = Iain
|first = Iain
|chapter = Daniel
|chapter = Daniel
|editor1-last = Dunn
|editor1-last = Dunn
|editor1-first = James D. G.
|editor1-first = James D. G.
|editor2-last = Rogerson
|editor2-last = Rogerson
|editor2-first = John William
|editor2-first = John William
|title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
|title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 2003
|year = 2003
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665&dq=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Commentary%20on%20the%20Bible%20Daniel&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665&dq=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Commentary%20on%20the%20Bible%20Daniel&f=false
|isbn = 9780802837110
|isbn = 9780802837110
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Redditt
| last = Redditt
| first = Paul L.
| first = Paul L.
| title = Introduction to the Prophets
| title = Introduction to the Prophets
| year = 2009
| year = 2009
| publisher = Eerdmans
| publisher = Eerdmans
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188&dq=Redditt+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Redditt%20Daniel&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188&dq=Redditt+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Redditt%20Daniel&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Reid
|last = Reid
|first = Stephen Breck
|first = Stephen Breck
|chapter = Daniel, Book of
|chapter = Daniel, Book of
|editor1-last = Freedman
|editor1-last = Freedman
|editor1-first = David Noel
|editor1-first = David Noel
|editor2-last = Myers
|editor2-last = Myers
|editor2-first = Allen C.
|editor2-first = Allen C.
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 2000
|year = 2000
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible&f=false
|isbn = 9789053565032
|isbn = 9789053565032
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Rowland
|last = Rowland
|first = Christopher
|first = Christopher
|chapter = Apocalyptic Literature
|chapter = Apocalyptic Literature
|editor1-last = Hass
|editor1-last = Hass
|editor1-first = Andrew
|editor1-first = Andrew
|editor2-last = Jasper
|editor2-last = Jasper
|editor2-first = David
|editor2-first = David
|editor3-last = Jay
|editor3-last = Jay
|editor3-first = Elisabeth
|editor3-first = Elisabeth
|title = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology
|title = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology
|year = 2007
|year = 2007
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344&dq=handbook+eschatology+Daniel#v=onepage&q=handbook%20eschatology%20Daniel&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344&dq=handbook+eschatology+Daniel#v=onepage&q=handbook%20eschatology%20Daniel&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780199271979
|isbn = 9780199271979
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Ryken,
|last1 = Ryken,
| first1 = Leland
|first1 = Leland
| last2 = Wilhoit
|last2 = Wilhoit
| first2 = Jim
|first2 = Jim
| last3 = Longman
|last3 = Longman
| first3 = Tremper
|first3 = Tremper
| title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
|title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
| year = 1998
|year = 1998
| publisher = InterVarsity Press
|publisher = InterVarsity Press
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=qjEYEjVVEosC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Imagery+Daniel+book+of#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20of%20Biblical%20Imagery%20Daniel%20book%20of&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qjEYEjVVEosC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Imagery+Daniel+book+of#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20of%20Biblical%20Imagery%20Daniel%20book%20of&f=false
| ref = harv
|ref = harv
| isbn = 9780830867332
|isbn = 9780830867332
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = Sacchi
| last = Sacchi
| first = Paolo
| first = Paolo
| title = The History of the Second Temple Period
| title = The History of the Second Temple Period
| year = 2004
| year = 2004
| publisher = Continuum
| publisher = Continuum
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+second+temple#v=onepage&q=history%20second%20temple&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+second+temple#v=onepage&q=history%20second%20temple&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
| isbn = 9780567044501
| isbn = 9780567044501
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
|last = Schwartz
|last = Schwartz
|first = Daniel R.
|first = Daniel R.
|title = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity
|title = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity
|year = 1992
|year = 1992
|publisher = Mohr Siebeck
|publisher = Mohr Siebeck
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110#v=snippet&q=resurrection&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110#v=snippet&q=resurrection&f=false
|isbn = 9783161457982
|isbn = 9783161457982
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
|last = Seow
|last = Seow
|first = C.L.
|first = C.L.
|author-link = Choon-Leong Seow
|author-link = Choon-Leong Seow
|title = Daniel
|title = Daniel
|year = 2003
|year = 2003
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=nuLapFR3AX4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Seow+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Seow%20Daniel&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=nuLapFR3AX4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Seow+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Seow%20Daniel&f=false
| ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780664256753
|isbn = 9780664256753
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Schiffman
|last = Schiffman
|first = Lawrence H.
|first = Lawrence H.
|title = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism
|title = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism
|year = 1991
|year = 1991
|publisher = KTAV Publishing House
|publisher = KTAV Publishing House
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=From+Text+to+Tradition:+A+History+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism#v=onepage&q=From%20Text%20to%20Tradition%3A%20A%20History%20of%20Second%20Temple%20and%20Rabbinic%20Judaism&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=From+Text+to+Tradition:+A+History+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism#v=onepage&q=From%20Text%20to%20Tradition%3A%20A%20History%20of%20Second%20Temple%20and%20Rabbinic%20Judaism&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780881253726
|isbn = 9780881253726
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Spencer
|last = Spencer
|first = Richard A.
|first = Richard A.
|chapter = Additions to Daniel
|chapter = Additions to Daniel
|editor1-last = Mills
|editor1-last = Mills
|editor1-first = Watson E.
|editor1-first = Watson E.
|editor2-last = Wilson
|editor2-last = Wilson
|editor2-first = Richard F.
|editor2-first = Richard F.
|title = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha
|title = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = Mercer University Press
|publisher = Mercer University Press
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780865545106
|isbn = 9780865545106
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Towner
|last = Towner
|first = W. Sibley
|first = W. Sibley
|title = Daniel
|title = Daniel
|year = 1984
|year = 1984
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=F8EEY610xeAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Towner+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Towner%20Daniel&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=F8EEY610xeAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Towner+Daniel#v=onepage&q=Towner%20Daniel&f=false
| ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780664237561
|isbn = 9780664237561
}}
}}
*{{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Towner
|last = Towner
|first = W. Sibley
|first = W. Sibley
|chapter = Daniel
|chapter = Daniel
|editor1-last = Coogan
|editor1-last = Coogan
|editor1-first = Michael D.
|editor1-first = Michael D.
|editor2-last = Metzger
|editor2-last = Metzger
|editor2-first = Bruce M.
|editor2-first = Bruce M.
|title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 1993
|year = 1993
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA150&dq=%22why+the+text+of+Daniel+switches+so+suddenly%22#v=onepage&q=%22why%20the%20text%20of%20Daniel%20switches%20so%20suddenly%22&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA150&dq=%22why+the+text+of+Daniel+switches+so+suddenly%22#v=onepage&q=%22why%20the%20text%20of%20Daniel%20switches%20so%20suddenly%22&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780199743919
|isbn = 9780199743919
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| editor-last = Ulrich
|editor-last = Ulrich
| editor-first = Eugene
|editor-first = Eugene
| title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants
|title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants
| year = 2010
|year = 2010
| publisher = Brill
|publisher = Brill
| url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls
|url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls
| ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| last = VanderKam
| last = VanderKam
| first = James C.
| first = James C.
| title = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today
| title = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today
| year = 2010
| year = 2010
| publisher = Eerdmans
| publisher = Eerdmans
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=i2i5haDHAygC&printsec=frontcover&dq=VanderKamm+2002#v=onepage&q=Daniel&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=i2i5haDHAygC&printsec=frontcover&dq=VanderKamm+2002#v=onepage&q=Daniel&f=false
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last1 = VanderKam
|last1 = VanderKam
|first1 = James C.
|first1 = James C.
|last2 = Flint
|last2 = Flint
|first2 = Peter
|first2 = Peter
|title = The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity
|title = The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity
|year = 2013
|year = 2013
|publisher = HarperCollins
|publisher = HarperCollins
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146&dq=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls:+their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible,+Judaism,+Jesus,+and+Christianity+Most+scholars+agree+that+the+book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q=The%20meaning%20of%20the%20Dead%20Sea%20scrolls%3A%20their%20significance%20for%20understanding%20the%20Bible%2C%20Judaism%2C%20Jesus%2C%20and%20Christianity%20Most%20scholars%20agree%20that%20the%20book%20of%20Daniel&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146&dq=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls:+their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible,+Judaism,+Jesus,+and+Christianity+Most+scholars+agree+that+the+book+of+Daniel#v=onepage&q=The%20meaning%20of%20the%20Dead%20Sea%20scrolls%3A%20their%20significance%20for%20understanding%20the%20Bible%2C%20Judaism%2C%20Jesus%2C%20and%20Christianity%20Most%20scholars%20agree%20that%20the%20book%20of%20Daniel&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Weber
|last = Weber
|first = Timothy P.
|first = Timothy P.
|chapter = Millennialism
|chapter = Millennialism
|editor1-last = Walls
|editor1-last = Walls
|editor1-first = Jerry L.
|editor1-first = Jerry L.
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology
|title = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology
|year = 2007
|year = 2007
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
|last = Wesselius
|last = Wesselius
|first = Jan-Wim
|first = Jan-Wim
|chapter = The Writing of Daniel
|chapter = The Writing of Daniel
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year = 2002
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|publisher = BRILL
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Book+of+Daniel:+Composition+and+Reception+2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Book+of+Daniel:+Composition+and+Reception+2#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
}}
}}


*{{cite book|last=Hoehner|first=Harold W.|author-link=Harold Hoehner|title=Chronological aspects of the life of Christ|year=1978|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=9780310262114|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kWhjBPQOX9MC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=0-310-26211-9#v=onepage&q=new%20testament%20chronology&f=false|edition=[5th print.]|page=115}}
* {{cite book|last=Hoehner|first=Harold W.|author-link=Harold Hoehner|title=Chronological aspects of the life of Christ|year=1978|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=9780310262114|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kWhjBPQOX9MC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=0-310-26211-9#v=onepage&q=new%20testament%20chronology&f=false|edition=[5th print.]|page=115}}
* {{cite book|last=Montgomery|first=James A|title=A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel|year=1927|publisher=[[T & T Clark]]|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9781176278707|pages=372–404|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3fp6cgAACAAJ&dq=montgomery+critical+daniel|edition=BiblioBazaar, 2010 Reprint}}
* {{cite book|last=Montgomery|first=James A|title=A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel|year=1927|publisher=[[T & T Clark]]|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9781176278707|pages=372–404|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3fp6cgAACAAJ&dq=montgomery+critical+daniel|edition=BiblioBazaar, 2010 Reprint}}
*{{cite book|last=Walvoord|first=A commentary by John F.|author-link=John Walvoord|title=Daniel: the key to prophetic revelation.|year=1989|publisher=Moody Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780802417534|edition=Moody Paperback}}
* {{cite book|last=Walvoord|first=A commentary by John F.|author-link=John Walvoord|title=Daniel: the key to prophetic revelation.|url=https://archive.org/details/danielkeytoproph0000walv|year=1989|publisher=Moody Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780802417534|edition=Moody Paperback}}

{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Baris 827: Baris 1.649:
{{Daniel}}
{{Daniel}}


[[Kategori:Pasal dalam Kitab Daniel|02]]
[[Kategori:Daniel 2| ]]
[[Kategori:Daniel 2| ]]
[[Kategori:Pasal dalam Kitab Daniel|02]]

Revisi terkini sejak 22 Maret 2024 01.34

Daniel 2
Kitab Daniel lengkap pada Kodeks Leningrad, dibuat tahun 1008.
KitabKitab Daniel
KategoriNabi-nabi Besar
Bagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian Lama
Urutan dalam
Kitab Kristen
27
pasal 1
pasal 3

Daniel 2 (disingkat Dan 2) adalah pasal kedua Kitab Daniel dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Berisi riwayat Daniel yang berada di Babel pada abad ke-6 SM.[1][2]

Naskah sumber utama

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  • Bahasa Ibrani:
    • Masoretik (abad ke-10 M)
    • Gulungan Laut Mati: (akhir abad ke-2 SM)[3][4] terlestarikan: ayat 2-6, 9‑11, 19‑35, 37‑49.[5]
      • 1QDana (4QDan71): terlestarikan: ayat: 2-6[5]
      • 4QDana (4QDan112): terlestarikan: ayat: 9‑11, 19‑35, 37‑49[5]
  • Tiga ayat yang pertama aslinya ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani
  • Di ayat 4 tertulis: "Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram)". Setelah kalimat itu teks ini aslinya ditulis dalam bahasa Aram sampai di akhir pasal 7. Rupanya bahasa Aram digunakan sebagai bahasa resmi saat itu untuk orang-orang terpelajar.[6] Mulai pasal 8, teks ini menurut Teks Masoret ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani lagi sampai akhir kitab.[7]

Dalam Kitab Daniel

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pasal 2-7 Kitab Daniel yang ditulis dalam bahasa Aram (mulai bagian kedua ayat 4 pasal 2, di mana sebelumnya dalam bahasa Ibrani) mempunyai bentuk susunan chiasmus, suatu struktur puisi yuang menempatkan titik atau pesan utama di tengah periop dan diapit oleh pengulangan tema pada kedua sisinya:[8]

  • A. (2:4b-49) – Mimpi empat kerajaan yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima
    • B. (3:1–30) – Tiga teman Daniel dalam dapur perapian
      • C. (4:1–37) – Daniel menafsirkan mimpi raja Nebukadnezar
      • C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel menafsirkan tulisan di dinding kepada Belsyazar
    • B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel di gua singa
  • A'. (7:1–28) – Penglihatan mengenai empat kerajaan dunia yang digantikan oleh kerajaan kelima

Daniel 2 juga berbentuk chiasmus di dalam struktur besar Daniel 2-7:[9]

  • A. Pengantar (ayat 1)
    • B. Raja dan penasihat-penasihat yang tidak bijaksana (ayat 2-12)
      • C. Daniel dan Ariokh (ayat 13-16)
        • D. Daniel dan teman-temannya berdoa kepada Allah (ayat 17-23)
      • C'. Daniel dan Ariokh (ayat 24-25)
    • B'. Raja dan Daniel, penasihat yang bijaksana (ayat 26-47)
  • A'. Hasil (ayat 48-49)
Lalu berkatalah para Kasdim itu kepada raja (dalam bahasa Aram):
"Ya raja, kekallah hidupmu! Ceriterakanlah kepada hamba-hambamu mimpi itu, maka kami akan memberitahukan maknanya."[10]

Hingga kata-kata "(dalam bahasa Aram)" ini, kitab Daniel ditulis dalam kosakata bahasa Ibrani. Mulai dari kata-kata "Ya raja ..." ayat ini beralih ke kosakata bahasa Aram, bahasa yang dipakai dalam perdagangan dan komunikasi pemerintahan. Huruf-hurufnya sama, karena baik bahasa Ibrani maupun bahasa Aram menggunakan abjad yang kurang lebih sama. Pemakaian bahasa Aram dalam kitab Daniel berlangsung hingga pasal 7 (Daniel 7:1–28). Pasal 8 (Daniel 8:1–12:13) kembali ditulis dalam kosakata bahasa Ibrani.[11]

Penafsiran Mimpi Nebukadnezar

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Daniel berbicara dengan Ariokh, pemimpin pengawal raja Nebukadnezar.

Mimpi dalam dunia kuno

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dalam dunio kuno, mimpi, terutama yang dialami oleh para raja, dianggap sebagai portent, yaitu firasat untuk masa depan.[12] Suatu inskripsi yang dibuat oleh raja Babel, Nabonidus, misalnya, menceritakan bahwa ia mengingat leluhurnya raja Nebukadnezar Agung menyebut tentang seorang laki-laki muda yang muncul dalam mimpi untuk meyakinkan bahwa mimpi itu bukan membawa firasat buruk.[13]

Kelakuan raja menunjukkan rasa tidak percaya terhadap para penafsir mimpi di istananya dan membuka kesempatan untuk mengenal Allahnya Daniel.[12] Rahasia mimpi Nebukadnezar disebut suatu "misteri," istilah yang ditemukan dalam gulungan-gulungan dari Qumran mengindikasikan suatu rahasia yang dapat dipelajari melalui hikmat ilahi; sebagaimana Daniel menerima hikmat ilahi sebagai suatu "penglihatan pada waktu malam", sebuah mimpi.[14] Daniel 2:20-23 menekankan Allah adalah sumber hikmat dan pengatur nasib para raja; puji-pujian dan doa-doa semacam itu menjadi khas untuk sejumlah narasi alkitabiah setelah pembuangan.[15] Akhirnya Nebukadnezar bersujud di hadapan Daniel dan memerintahkan persembahan dan ukupan baginya, menunjukkan bahwa ia menganggap Daniel sebagai dewa, meskipun setelah raja itu mengakui dan menghormati Allahnya Daniel, ia tidak menganut penyembahan terhadap Allah.[16]

Penafsiran sarjana Alkitab dari abad 1-19

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Tabel berikut memuat para sarjana Alkitab dari abad ke-1 sampai abad ke-19 yang menggunakan metoda Historicism untuk menafsirkan Daniel 2

Daftar ekspositor alkitabiah mengenai Daniel 2
dari abad ke-1 sampai abad ke-19
Ekspositor alkitabiah dari periode Gereja Perdana: 100-457 M[17]
BPGR= Babel - Media/Persia - Greece (=Yunani) - Romawi. [BPGR] = Menyiratkan...
4 logam Kaki/jari Kerajaan batu
Yosefus ~ 100 BPG[R] Kerajaan Mesianik
Yohanan ben Zakai abad ke-1 [BPGR]
Rabi Akiba m. 132 BPGR
Sibyllines abad ke-3 BPGR
Hippolitus m. 238 BPGR 10 Kgdms 2nd Adv.
Tertulianus ~ 240 [BPGR] 10 Kgdms 2nd Adv.
Irenaeus ~ 292 BPGR Pembagian 10-lipat Setelah pembagian
Lactantius ~ 330 [BPGR] Divisions
Eusebius dari Kaisarea ~ 340 BPGR 10 Kgdms Kgdm. God
Aphrahat ~ 350 BPGR Divisions at 2nd Adv.
Sirilus dari Aleksandria w. 386 [BPGR] Etern. Kgdm.
Yohanes Krisostomus w. 407 BPGR Divisions Chr. Kgdm.
Sulpicius Severus ~ 420 [BPG]R Pres. Divis. Kerajaan Masa Depan
Hieronimus/Jerome w. 420 BPGR Pembagian saat itu Setelah kehancuran
Teodoretus w. 457 BPGR Pembagian-pembagian Pada Adven ke-2
Ekspositor alkitabiah dari periode Pertengahan Awal: 400-1200 M[18]
4 logam Kaki/jari Kerajaan batu
Augustine d. 430 [BPGR] Cath. Ch.
Andreas Osiander Abad ke-7 [BPGR] Berbagai kerajaan
Sargis D'Aberga Abad ke-7 BPGR
Venerable Bede m. 735 [BPGR] Gereja
Berengaud Abad ke-9 [BPG]R
Eliezer Abad ke-8-9 BPGR Kerajaan Mesianik
Saadia m. 942 BPG-Gog
Jephet ibn Ali Abad ke-10 BPGR Rome & Arabs Kerajaan Mesianik
Rashi m. 1105 B PGR Divisions Kerajaan Mesianik
Abraham ibn Ezra m. 1167 BPG[R] Rome & Ishm. Kerajaan Mesianik
Peter Comestor m. 1178 BPGR Divisions Kgdm. of God
Joachim of Floris m. 1202 BPGR-Sar. Final Kgdm. Heavenly
Thomas Aquinas m. 1274 BPGR
Ekspositor alkitabiah dari Era Reformasi: 1522-1614 M[19]
4 logam Kaki/jari Kerajaan batu
Martin Luther 1522 BPGR Mod. Kgdms. Kerajaan Kristus
Johann Oecolampadius 1530 BPGR Kerajaan Allah
Philipp Melanchthon 1543 BPGR Mod. Kgdms. Messian Kgdm.
Georg Joye 1545 [BPG]R Divisions Kekekalan
Hugh Latimer 1553 BPGR Divisions
Virgil Solis 1560 BPGR
Anglican Formulas ~ 1563 Kerajaan Masa Depan
Nikolaus Selnecker 1579 BPGR
Thomas Brightman 1614 [BPG]R
Ekspositor alkitabiah Eropa Era Pasca-Reformasi: 1600-1800 M[20]
4 logam Kerajaan batu
George Downham 1603 [BPG]R Kerajaan Kristus
Joseph Mede 1631 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
John Tillinghast 1655 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Henry More 1664 [BPG]R
William Sherwin 1670 [BPG]R Kerajaan Kristus
Thomas Beverly 1684 [BPGR] Kerajaan Kristus
Pierre Jurieu 1687 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Johannes Cocceius 1701 BPGR
Heinrich Horch 1712 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Matthew Henry 1714 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Sir Isaac Newton 1727 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
John Willison 1745 [BPGR] Kerajaan Kristus
Thomas Newton 1754 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Hans Wood 1787 [BPGR] Kerajaan Kristus
Christian G. Thube 1789 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
James Ebenezer Bicheno 1793 BPGR
Edward King 1798 [BPGR]
Jean G. de la Flechere 1800 BPGR
Ekspositor alkitabiah Amerika Era Pasca-Reformasi: 1600-1800 M[21]
4 logam Kaki/jari Kerajaan batu
Anne Bradstreet 1642 BPGR Masa Depan
Ephriam Huit 1644 BPGR Church-State Kerajaan Kristus
Thomas Parker 1646 BPGR Perkawinan campur Kerajaan Orang Kudus
John Davenport 1653 BPGR Kristus
Samuel Hutchinson 1667 BPGR Adven ke-2
Increase Mather 1669 BPGR Not Yet
Nicholas Noyes 1698 BPGR Kerajaan Allah
Cotton Mather 1702 BPGR Kerajaan Allah
William Burnet 1724 Eropa terbagi Kerajaan Kristus
Paul Dudley 1731 BPGR
Jonathan Edwards 1739 BPGR 10 Kerajaan
David Imri 1756 BPGR
Ezekiel Cheever 1757 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Samuel Gatchel 1781 [BPGR]
Benjamin Gale 1788 BPGR Church-State Kerajaan Allah
Samuel Hopkins 1793 Kerajaan Allah
Samuel Osgood 1794 BPGR Masa kini Adven ke-2
David Austin 1794 BPGR Church-State Segera
Joshua Spalding 1796 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Ekspositor alkitabiah dari Advent Awakening abad ke-19: 1800-1845 M[22]
4 logam Kaki/jari Kerajaan batu
Manuel Lacunza 1799 4 Kerajaan Eropa terbagi Kerajaan Kristus
William Hales 1803 BPGR Christ's Kgdm.
George Stanley Faber 1804 BPGR 10 Divisions
Thomas Scott 1805 BPGR Secular dengan Eccl Kerajaan Allah
Adam Clarke 1810 BPGR Divisions Kerajaan Allah
Samuel Toovey 1813 BPGR Kerajaan Allah
Captain Maitland 1813 BPGR 10 Divisions
William Cuninghame 1813 BPGR
James Hatley Frere 1815 BPGR 10 Divisions Kerajaan Allah
Lewis Way 1818 BPGR Divided Kgdms Kerajaan Kristus
Francis Mason (archdeacon) 1820 BPGR Kerajaan Allah
Jonathan Bayford 1820 BPGR Eropa terbagi Kerajaan Mesianik
Joseph Wolff 1822 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
John Fry 1822 BPGR Divisions
Edward Cooper 1825 BPGR Kerajaan Allah
S. R. Maitland 1826 BPGR Masa Depan Masa Depan
Edward Irving 1826 BPGR Kerajaan Allah
Edward T. Vaughan 1828 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Thomas Keyworth 1828 BPGR 10 Kerajaan
Gerald T. Noel 1828 BPGR 10 Pembagian Kerajaan Allah
Alexander Keith 1828 BPGR
Alfred Addis 1829 BPGR Eropa terbagi Kerajaan Allah
Jonathon Hooper 1829 BPGR Kerajaan-kerajaan Barat Kerajaan Allah
William W. Pym 1829 BPGR Kerajaan Allah
Henry Drummond 1830 BPGR
William Jones 1830 BPGR Pembagian-pembagian
Edward N. Hoare 1830 BPGR 10 Kerajaan Adven ke2
William Anderson 1830 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
James Begg 1831 BPGR Perkawinan campuran Kerajaan Allah
William Digby 1831 BPGR
William Thorp 1831 BPGR
John Cox 1832 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Joseph d'A. Sirr 1833 BPGR Divisions Kerajaan Allah
Matthew Habershon 1834 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Bp Dan Wilson 1836 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
Edward Bickersteth 1836 BPGR
François Samuel Robert Louis Gaussen 1837 BPGR Church-State Kerajaan Kristus
J. H. Richter 1839 BPGR Listed Kerajaan Kristus
Thomas Rawson Birks 1843 BPGR Mingle
Jonathan Cumming 1843 BPGR
William Miller 1843 BPGR Divided Europe Kerajaan Allah
E. B. Elliot 1844 BPGR Kerajaan Kristus
James A. Wylie 1844 BPGR Divided Europe Kerajaan Allah
Joseph Baylee 1845 BPGR Divided Europe Kerajaan Kristus

Tabel di atas mendukung fakta bahwa kebanyakan komentator sepanjang sejarah Kekristenan menganggap Kekaisaran Romawi sebagai kerajaan keempat, sejak Hieronimus (Jerome) dan Thomas Aquinas, sampai dengan NASB Study Bible.

“Lengan-lengan republik, kadang-kadang kalah dalam pertempuran, selalu menang dalam peperangan, maju dengan langkah cepat ke (sungai) Efrat, Danube, Rhine, dan Samudra; dan perlambangan emas, atau silver, atau tembaga, yang mungkin melambangkan bangsa-bangsa dan raja-raja mereka, berturut-turut dihancurkan oleh monarki besi Romawi.”.[23]

Empat kerajaan dan batu menurut penafsiran modern

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Penafsiran tradisional mengenai mimpi Nebukhadnezar masih dianut banyak orang, yaitu mengidentifikasi empat kerajaan dunia yang dilambangkan oleh patung tersebut adalah Babel (kepala), Madai-Persia (dada dan lengan), Makedonia (paha dan lutut) serta Kekaisaran Romawi (kaki). Sejumlah sarjana modern sepakat bahwa empat kerajaan dunia itu adalah Babel (kepala), Madai (dada dan lengan), Persia (perut dan pinggang), Makedonia (paha dan lutut) serta Seleukia Siria dan Ptolemaik Mesir (kaki).[24] Konsep empat kerajaan dunia yang berurutan sejalan dengan teori Yunani mengenai sejarah mitologi, sedangkan simbol empat logam juga ditemukan dalam tulisan-tulisan Persia.[25] Terdapat konsensus di kalangan para sarjana bahwa keempat binatang pada Daniel 7 melambangkan empat kerajaan yang sama.[26] Ayat-ayat 41b-43 memberika tiga penafsiran berbeda mengenai arti campuran besi dan tanah liat pada kaki patung, sebagai "kerajaan yang terbagi," kemudian sebagai "kuat dan rapuh," dan akhirnya sebagai perkawinan antar wangsa.[27] Perkawinan ini dapat terjadi antara kerajaan Seleukia dan Ptolemaik, yang pertama pada sekitar 250 SM dan yang kedua pada tahun 193.[28]

Tabel berikut menunjukkan simbol dan kerajaan yang kemungkinan dilambangkannya dalam konteks sejarah Daniel 2, dibandingkan dengan Daniel 7.

Pasal Kerajaan dalam sejarah
Kerajaan Babel Kerajaan Madai Kerajaan Persia Kerajaan Makedonia
Daniel 2 Kepala dari emas tua Dada dan kedua lengan dari perak Perut dan pinggang dari tembaga Kedua paha dari besi (Kerajaan Aleksander)
Kakinya sebagian dari besi dan sebagian lagi dari tanah liat (pembagian kerajaan di antara Diadokhoi)
Daniel 7 Singa dengan sayap burung rajawali Beruang yang berdiri pada sisinya yang sebelah Macan tutul berkepala empat dengan empat sayap burung pada punggungnya Binatang bergigi besar dari besi dan bertanduk sepuluh dengan satu tanduk kecil istimewa

Nilai penting perlambangan batu yang menghancurkan patung dan menjadi suatu gunung tinggi mengingatkan pada perlambangan Allah sebagai "batu karang" bagi Israel, Sion sebagai gunung yang menjulang tinggi melebihi gunung-gunung lain, dan kemuliaan Allah yang memenuhi seluruh dunia. Gambaran dari Kitab Yesaya tampaknya diberi preferensi. Apakah disadari oleh sang pengarang atau tidak, gambaran patung yang dihancurkan dan dihamburkan oleh angin "seperti sekam di tempat pengirikan pada musim panas" mengingatkan kepada Yesaya 41:14–15 di mana Israel adalah "papan pengirik" yang mengirik gunung-gunung menjadi sekam, dan batu itu sendiri mencerminkan ucapan kepada para orang buangan Yehuda dalam Yesaya 51:1, "Pandanglah gunung batu yang dari padanya kamu terpahat."[29]

Lihat pula

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Dianne Bergant dan Robert J.Karris (ed). 2002. Tafsir Alkitab Perjanjian Lama. Jogjakarta: Kanisius.
  2. ^ (Indonesia) W.S. LaSor, D.A. Hubbard, F.W. Bush. Pengantar Perjanjian Lama 2. Sastra dan Nubuat. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. 1994. ISBN 9789794150431
  3. ^ VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013). The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. HarperCollins.
  4. ^ a b New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls Diarsipkan 2017-01-29 di Wayback Machine. - Gerhard Hasel PhD. Associates for Biblical Research - Jul 31, 2012
  5. ^ a b c Dead sea scrolls - Daniel
  6. ^ J. G. Baldwin, "Book of Daniel" in New Bible Dictionary3rd edition, IVP
  7. ^ Oxford annotated Bible 2007, hlm. 1255, footnote 2.1-12
  8. ^ Redditt 2009, hlm. 177.
  9. ^ Mangano 2001, hlm. 179.
  10. ^ Daniel 2:4
  11. ^ The Full Life Study Bible. Life Publishers International. 1992. Teks Penuntun edisi Bahasa Indonesia. Penerbit Gandum Mas. 1993, 1994.
  12. ^ a b Levine 2010, hlm. 1235-1236, footnote 2.1-13.
  13. ^ Newsom & Breed 2014, hlm. 66-67.
  14. ^ Levine 2010, hlm. 1236, footnote 2.14-19.
  15. ^ Levine 2010, hlm. 1237, footnote 2.20-23.
  16. ^ Levine 2010, hlm. 1238-1239, footnote 2.36-47.
  17. ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1950, hlm. 456–7
  18. ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1950, hlm. 894–5
  19. ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1948, hlm. 528–9
  20. ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1948, hlm. 784–5
  21. ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1946, hlm. 252–3
  22. ^ Menurut tabel dalam Froom 1946, hlm. 744–5
  23. ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788
  24. ^ Towner 1984, hlm. 34-36.
  25. ^ Niskanen 2004, hlm. 27,31.
  26. ^ Matthews & Moyer 2012, hlm. 260,269.
  27. ^ Collins 1984, hlm. 49.
  28. ^ Collins 1984, hlm. 51.
  29. ^ Newsom & Breed 2014, hlm. 77.

Pranala luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]