Pelayanan Yesus: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Lingkup pelayanan |
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
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{{Yesus}} |
{{Yesus}} |
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Yesus Kristus diyakini sebagai Domba Allah, seperti |
'''Pelayanan Yesus Kristus''' merupakan riwayat pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]] semasa hidup-Nya di dunia, menurut keyakinan orang [[Kristen]] berdasarkan catatan dalam [[Alkitab]], terutama bagian [[Perjanjian Baru]]. [[Yesus]] diyakini sebagai "Domba Allah", seperti yang pernah dinyatakan oleh [[Yohanes Pembaptis]].<ref>{{Alkitab|Yohanes 1:29}}</ref> Domba Paskah yang terakhir ini harus berumur satu tahun dan tidak bercela, seperti yang tertulis di dalam kitab [[Taurat]].<ref>{{Alkitab|Keluaran 12:5}}</ref> Tentu bukan Yesus Kristus yang berumur satu tahun yang dimaksudkan sebagaimana domba paskah sebelumnya dipilih dan dikurbankan, tetapi Yesus Kristus baru dianggap sebagai orang dewasa penuh pada umur 30 tahun menurut kebudayaan Timur. Yesus Kristus mulai pelayanannya pada umur 30 tahun ({{Alkitab|Lukas 3:23}}).<ref name=Kostenberger140 >[https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q=Jesus%20%22public%20ministry%22&f=false ''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament''] by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} page 140</ref><ref name=ChronosPaul >[[Paul L. Maier]] "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in ''Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies'' by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 {{ISBN|0-931464-50-1}} pages 113-129</ref> |
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Dalam kitab-kitab [[Injil kanonik]], '''pelayanan Yesus''' dimulai sejak [[Pembaptisan Yesus|pembaptisan-Nya]] di wilayah provinsi Romawi [[Yudea]] dan [[:en:Transjordan (Bible)|Trans-Yordan]], dekat [[sungai Jordan]], dan berakhir di kota [[Yerusalem]], setelah [[Perjamuan Malam Terakhir]] dengan para [[Murid (Kekristenan)|murid-Nya]].<ref name=Alister16 >''Christianity: an introduction'' by Alister E. McGrath 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-4051-0901-7}} pages 16-22</ref> Kebanyakan Kristen meyakini bahwa masa pelayanan Yesus Kristus bukan satu tahun, melainkan tiga setengah tahun. [[Kronologi Yesus]] biasanya memberikan tanggal permulaan pelayanan sekitar tahun [[27]]–[[29]] dan tanggal berakhirnya pada rentang tahun [[30]]–[[36]] [[Masehi]].<ref name=Kostenberger140 /><ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=sourceexplain>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible menyatakan bahwa Yesus memulai pelayanan-Nya "sekitar tahun 28 M" pada "usia sekitar 31 tahun". Dalam ''Chronos, kairos, Christos:'' Paul L. Maier secara khusus menyatakan bahwa ia menganggap kunjuungan ke Bait Suci yang dicatat dalam Injil Matius pada "sekitar tahun 29 M", menggunakan berbagai faktor yang diringkasnya dalam sebuah tabel kronologi. Tabel Maier menganggap pada tahun 28 M Yesus berusia sekitar 32 tahun, dan pada http://www.mtio.com/articles/aissar30.htm Paul Meir jelas menyatakan bahwa tahun [[5 SM]] adalah tahun [[kelahiran Yesus]]. Paul N. Anderson memberi tarikh kejadian di Bait Suci pada "sekitar tahun 26-27 M", Jerry Knoblet memperkirakannya tahun 27 M. Dalam bukunya, Robert Fortna & Thatcher memperkirakan tahun 28. Köstenberger & Kellum (halaman 140) membuat pernyataan sama seperti Maier, yaitu Yesus berusia 32 tahun sekitar tahun 28 M ketika pelayanan-Nya dimulai.</ref><ref name=Barnett19 >''Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times'' by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pages 19-21</ref> |
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= Tahun-tahun pelayanan = |
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Jesus' ''Early Galilean ministry'' begins when after his Baptism, he goes [[Return of Jesus to Galilee|back to Galilee]] from his time in the [[Temptation of Jesus|Judean desert]].<ref name="Matthew' page 71">''The Gospel according to Matthew'' by Leon Morris {{ISBN|0-85111-338-9}} page 71</ref> In this early period he preaches around [[Galilee]] and recruits [[first disciples of Jesus|his first disciples]] who begin to travel with him and eventually form the core of the [[Early Christianity|early Church]]<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Redford117 >''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pages 117-130</ref> as it is believed that the [[Dispersion of the Apostles|Apostles dispersed]] from [[Early centers of Christianity#Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] to found the [[Apostolic See]]s. The ''Major Galilean ministry'' which begins in [[Matthew 8]] includes the [[Commissioning the twelve Apostles|commissioning of the Twelve Apostles]], and covers most of the ministry of Jesus in Galilee.<ref name="New Testament' page 324">''A theology of the New Testament'' by George Eldon Ladd 1993ISBN page 324</ref><ref name=Redford143 >''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pages 143-160</ref> The ''Final Galilean ministry'' begins after the [[death of John the Baptist]] as Jesus prepares to go to Jerusalem.<ref name="Steven L. Cox pages 97-110">Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 ''Harmony of the Gospels'' {{ISBN|0-8054-9444-8}} pages 97-110</ref><ref name=Redford165 >''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pages 165-180</ref> |
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In the ''Later Judean ministry'' Jesus starts his final journey to Jerusalem through Judea.<ref name=KingsburyMark /><ref name=Barton132 /><ref name="Steven L. Cox pages 121-135">Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 ''Harmony of the Gospels'' {{ISBN|0-8054-9444-8}} pages 121-135</ref><ref name="Jesus pages 189-207">''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pages 189-207</ref> As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem, in the ''Later [[Perea (Bible)|Perean]] ministry'', about one third the way down from the [[Sea of Galilee]] (actually a fresh water lake) along the River Jordan, he returns to the area where he was baptized.<ref name="Steven L. Cox page 137">Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 ''Harmony of the Gospels'' {{ISBN|0-8054-9444-8}} page 137</ref><ref name="Jesus pages 211-229">''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pages 211-229</ref><ref name="Bible' page 929">''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-373-9}} page 929</ref> |
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The ''Final ministry in Jerusalem'' is sometimes called the ''[[Passion Week]]'' and begins with Jesus' [[triumphal entry into Jerusalem]].<ref name=Cox155 /> [[The gospel]]s provide more details about the final ministry than the other periods, devoting about one third of their text to the [[Holy Week|last week of the life of Jesus in Jerusalem]].<ref name=Turner613 >''Matthew'' by David L. Turner 2008 {{ISBN|0-8010-2684-9}} page 613</ref> |
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==Overview== |
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{{See also|Chronology of Jesus|New Testament places associated with Jesus}} |
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[[Image:First century Iudaea province.gif|thumb|350px|[[Judea]] and [[Galilee]] at the time of Jesus.]] |
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{{Gospel Jesus}} |
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The gospel accounts place the beginning of Jesus' ministry in the countryside of [[Roman Judea]], near the [[River Jordan]].<ref name="Alister16"/> |
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The gospels present [[John the Baptist]]'s ministry as the precursor to that of Jesus and the [[baptism of Jesus]] as marking the beginning of Jesus' ministry, after which Jesus travels, preaches and performs [[miracles]].<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Kellum141 /><ref name=Blomberg224 /> |
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Jesus's Baptism is generally considered the beginning of his ministry and the [[Last Supper]] with his disciples in Jerusalem as the end.<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Kellum141 /> However, some authors also consider the period between the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] and the [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]] part of the ministry of Jesus.<ref>''New Testament History'' by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 {{ISBN|0-310-31201-9}} page 154</ref> |
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[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#3:23|Luke 3:23]] states that Jesus was "about 30 years of age" at the start of his ministry.<ref name=Kostenberger140 /><ref name=ChronosPaul /> There have been different approaches to estimating the date of the start of the ministry of Jesus.<ref name=Kostenberger140 /><ref name=Eerdmans246 >''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' 2000 Amsterdam University Press {{ISBN|90-5356-503-5}} page 249</ref><ref name=Scarola >Jack V. Scarola, "A Chronology of the nativity Era" in ''Chronos, kairos, Christos 2'' by Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-582-0}} pages 61-81</ref><ref>''Luke 1-5: New Testament Commentary'' by John MacArthur, Jr. 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8024-0871-6}} page 201</ref> One approach, based on combining information from the [[Gospel of Luke]] with historical data about Emperor [[Tiberius]] yields a date around 28-29 AD/CE, while a second independent approach based on statements in the [[Gospel of John]] along with historical information from [[Josephus]] about the Temple in Jerusalem leads to a date around AD 27–29.<ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=sourceexplain /><ref name=Eerdmans246 /><ref name=Scarola /><ref name=PAnderson200 >''The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel: An Introduction to John'' by Paul N. Anderson 2011 {{ISBN|0-8006-0427-X}} page 200</ref><ref name=Knoblet >''Herod the Great'' by Jerry Knoblet 2005 {{ISBN|0-7618-3087-1}} page 184</ref> |
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In the New Testament, the date of the Last Supper is very close to the date of the [[crucifixion of Jesus]] (hence its name). Scholarly estimates for the date of the crucifixion generally fall in the range AD 30-36.<ref>Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pages 19-21</ref><ref>''Paul's early period: chronology, mission strategy, theology'' by [[Rainer Riesner]] 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4166-7}} page 19-27 (page 27 has a table of various scholarly estimates)</ref> |
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The three [[Synoptic Gospels]] refer to just one [[passover]] during his ministry, while the [[Gospel of John]] refers to three passovers, suggesting a period of about three years.<ref name=Kellum141 >[https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q=%22only%20one%20Passover%22&f=false ''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament''] by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} page 141–143</ref><ref name=Albertus >''An introduction to the New Testament'' by Albertus Frederik Johannes Klijn 1997 {{ISBN|90-04-06263-7}} pages 45-46</ref> However, the Synoptic gospels do not require a ministry that lasted only one year, and scholars such as [[Andreas J. Köstenberger|Köstenberger]] state that the Gospel of John simply provides a more detailed account.<ref name=Kellum141 /><ref name=Blomberg224 >''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 {{ISBN|0-8054-4482-3}} page 224-229</ref><ref>''New Testament History'' by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 {{ISBN|0-310-31201-9}} pages 132-136</ref> |
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During the ministry of Jesus, the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|tetrarch]] ruling over [[Galilee]] and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Perea]] in this period was [[Herod Antipas]], who obtained the position upon the division of the territories following the death of [[Herod the Great]] in 4 BC.<ref name=Boring >''The people's New Testament commentary'' by M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock 2004 {{ISBN|0-664-22754-6}} page 212</ref> |
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== Tahun-tahun pelayanan == |
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Tahun pertama dapat disebut sebagai tahun ketidakjelasan, disebabkan catatan yang dimiliki mengenai tahun ini sangat sedikit, dan disebabkan oleh karena selama itu Yesus hanya sedikit muncul dihadapan umum. Tahun ini dihabiskan olehNya di [[Nazaret]]. |
Tahun pertama dapat disebut sebagai tahun ketidakjelasan, disebabkan catatan yang dimiliki mengenai tahun ini sangat sedikit, dan disebabkan oleh karena selama itu Yesus hanya sedikit muncul dihadapan umum. Tahun ini dihabiskan olehNya di [[Nazaret]]. |
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Tahun kedua adalah tahun pelayanan publik, selama tahun ini, beberapa negara telah mengenal Yesus; kegiatanNya tetap, dan reputasiNya telah terkenal diseluruh negri. Bahkan hampir diseluruh Galilea. |
Tahun kedua adalah tahun pelayanan publik, selama tahun ini, beberapa negara telah mengenal Yesus; kegiatanNya tetap, dan reputasiNya telah terkenal diseluruh negri. Bahkan hampir diseluruh Galilea. |
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Tahun ketiga adalah tahun perlawanan, ketika pelayanan publik berkurang. Musuh-musuhNya bertambah dan melawan Yesus secara terus-menerus, dan akhirnya Yesus menjadi korban dari kebencian. Enam bulan pertama dari tahun terakhir ini dilewati di Galilea, dan enam bulan terakhir dilaluiNya di daerah lain" (Stalker's Life of Jesus Christ, p. |
Tahun ketiga adalah tahun perlawanan, ketika pelayanan publik berkurang. Musuh-musuhNya bertambah dan melawan Yesus secara terus-menerus, dan akhirnya Yesus menjadi korban dari kebencian. Enam bulan pertama dari tahun terakhir ini dilewati di Galilea, dan enam bulan terakhir dilaluiNya di daerah lain" (Stalker's Life of Jesus Christ, p. 45). |
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Kitab Injil adalah saksi mata dari segala sesuatu yang telah Yesus Kristus firmankan dan kerjakan dalam berbagai segi. |
Kitab Injil adalah saksi mata dari segala sesuatu yang telah Yesus Kristus firmankan dan kerjakan dalam berbagai segi. Kegiatan dan dasar pelayanan Yesus disarikan dalam [[Injil Matius]] sebagai berikut: |
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: ''Demikianlah Yesus berkeliling ke semua kota dan desa; Ia mengajar dalam rumah-rumah ibadat dan memberitakan Injil Kerajaan Sorga serta melenyapkan segala penyakit dan kelemahan. Melihat orang banyak itu, tergeraklah hati Yesus oleh belas kasihan kepada mereka, karena mereka lelah dan terlantar seperti domba yang tidak bergembala. Maka kata-Nya kepada murid-murid-Nya: "Tuaian memang banyak, tetapi pekerja sedikit. Karena itu mintalah kepada tuan yang empunya tuaian, supaya Ia mengirimkan pekerja-pekerja untuk tuaian itu."''<ref>{{Alkitab|Matius 9:35-38}}</ref> |
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= Lingkup Pelayanan = |
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== Lingkup Pelayanan == |
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Selama di muka bumi, Yesus, yang adalah Anak Allah, melakukan berbagai pelayanan yang melingkupi antara lain (tapi tidak terbatas pada): |
Selama di muka bumi, Yesus, yang adalah Anak Allah, melakukan berbagai pelayanan yang melingkupi antara lain (tapi tidak terbatas pada): |
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* Menyebarkan ajaran tentang Kerajaan Allah, kasih Allah, dan hidup yang kekal (Matius 5-7, |
* Menyebarkan ajaran tentang Kerajaan Allah, kasih Allah, dan hidup yang kekal ([[Matius]] 5-7, [[Lukas]] 10:25, Lukas 8:1). |
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* Memberikan pengampunan dosa ( |
* Memberikan pengampunan akan dosa (Lukas 7:37-5) |
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* Memberikan konseling pribadi (Yoh 3) |
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* Merangkul dan bergaul bersama orang-orang yang dianggap sampah oleh masyarakat (Matius 9:10-11). Bahkan dalam kenyataannya, sejumlah murid Yesus dulunya adalah seorang [[pemungut cukai]] (Matius 10:3), yakni seorang penagih pajak, yang dibenci oleh masyarakat karena dianggap kaki tangan penjajah. |
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* Memberikan pemuridan (Luk 11:1-5) |
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* Mengadakan mujizat-mujizat (Matius 14:15-21), mengusir roh jahat ([[Markus]] 1:23-26), menyembuhkan penyakit (Matius 8:5-13) |
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* Merangkul dan bergaul bersama orang-orang yang dianggap sampah oleh masyarakat (Matius 9:10-11). Bahkan dalam kenyataannya, beberapa dari keduabelas murid Yesus dulunya adalah seorang pemungut cukai (Matius 10:3), yakni seorang penagih pajak, yang dibenci oleh masyarakat karena dianggap kaki tangan kaisar. |
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* Mengecam dan menegur para ahli-ahli agama (ahli [[Taurat]]) yang pada saat itu hidup menyimpang dari ajaran Taurat yang mereka sendiri ajarkan (Matius 12:34) |
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* Mengadakan mujizat-mujizat (Mat 14:15-21), mengusir roh jahat (Markus 1:23-26), menyembuhkan penyakit (Matius 8:5-13) |
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* Menebus dosa manusia (Yohanes 3:16) |
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* Mengecam dan menegur para ahli-ahli agama yang pada saat itu hidup menyimpang dari ajaran agama yang mereka sendiri ajarkan (Matius 12:34) |
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* Menebus dosa manusia (Yoh 3:16) |
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==Baptism and early ministry== |
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[[File:Sapsaphas Madaba.jpg|thumb|250px|Part of the [[Madaba Map]] showing [[Bethabara]] (Βέθαβαρά), calling it the place where John baptised.]] |
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The gospels present [[John the Baptist]]'s ministry as the precursor to that of Jesus and the Baptism of Jesus as marking the beginning of Jesus' ministry.<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Kellum141 /><ref name=Blomberg224 /> |
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In his sermon in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#10:37|Acts 10:37-38]], delivered in the house of [[Cornelius the Centurion|Cornelius]] the centurion, [[Apostle Peter]] gives an overview of the ministry of Jesus, and refers to what had happened "throughout all Judaea, beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached" and that Jesus whom "God anointed with the Holy Spirit and with power" had gone about "doing good".<ref>''Who is Jesus?: an introduction to Christology'' by Thomas P. Rausch 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-8146-5078-3}} page</ref> |
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[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#1:28|John 1:28]] specifies the location where John was baptizing as "Bethany beyond the Jordan".<ref name=BigPic >''Big Picture of the Bible - New Testament'' by Lorna Daniels Nichols 2009 {{ISBN|1-57921-928-4}} page 12</ref><ref name=Sloyan11 /> This is not the village [[Bethany]] just east of Jerusalem, but the town Bethany, also called [[Bethabara]] in [[Perea (Bible)|Perea]].<ref name=Sloyan11 >''John'' by Gerard Stephen Sloyan 1987 {{ISBN|0-8042-3125-7}} page 11</ref> Perea is the province east of the Jordan, across the southern part of [[Samaria]], and although the New Testament does not mention Perea by name, [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#3:23|John 3:23]] implicitly refers to it again when it states that John was baptising in [[Ænon|Enon near Salim]], "because there was much water there".<ref name=BigPic /><ref name=Sloyan11 /> First-century historian [[Flavius Josephus]] also wrote in the ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' ([[wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII#Chapter 5|18 5.2]]) that John the Baptist was imprisoned and then killed in [[Machaerus]] on the border of Perea.<ref>''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' 2000 {{ISBN|90-5356-503-5}} page 583</ref><ref>''Behold the Man: The Real Life of the Historical Jesus'' by Kirk Kimball 2002 {{ISBN|978-1-58112-633-4}} page 654</ref> |
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[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#3:23|Luke 3:23]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#4:1|Luke 4:1]] indicate possible activities of Jesus near the Jordan River around the time of his baptism, as does the initial encounter with the disciples of John the Baptist in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#1:35|John 1:35-37]], where "two disciples heard him speak, and they followed Jesus".<ref>''Jesus of Nazareth'' by Duane S. Crowther 1999 {{ISBN|0-88290-656-9}} page 77</ref><ref>''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} page 92</ref><ref name=Landers6 >''A Summary of Christian History'' by Robert A. Baker, John M. Landers 2005 {{ISBN|0-8054-3288-4}} pages 6-7</ref> Assuming that there were two incidences of [[Cleansing of the Temple]], which was located in Jerusalem, a possible reference to an early Judean ministry may be [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#2:13|John 2:13-25]].<ref>''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J'' by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1982 {{ISBN|0-8028-3782-4}} page 1026</ref><ref>''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-373-9}} pages 333-344</ref><ref name="CAEvans49"/> |
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==Ministry in Galilee== |
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===Early Galilean ministry === |
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[[Image:The-Decapolis-map.svg|thumb|350px|Towns in [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman controlled Judea]] and [[Galilee]] (in red) and [[Decapolis]] ( in black). [[Perea (Bible)|Perea]] is the area south of Pella on the eastern side of River Jordan.]] |
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The ''Early Galilean ministry'' begins when, according to Matthew, Jesus goes back to Galilee from the [[Judean desert]], after rebuffing the [[Temptation of Christ|temptation of Satan]].<ref name="Matthew' page 71"/> In this early period, Jesus preaches around Galilee and, in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#4:18|Matthew 4:18-20]], [[first disciples of Jesus|his first disciples]] encounter him, begin to travel with him and eventually form the core of the early Church.<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Redford117/> |
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The Gospel of John includes [[Marriage at Cana]] as the first [[Miracles of Jesus|miracle of Jesus]] taking place in this early period of ministry, with his return to Galilee.<ref>H. Van der Loos, 1965 ''The Miracles of Jesus'', E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands page 599</ref><ref>Dmitri Royster 1999 ''The miracles of Christ'' {{ISBN|0-88141-193-0}} page 71</ref> A few villages in Galilee (e.g. [[Kafr Kanna]]) have been suggested as the location of [[Cana]].<ref>''Jesus and archaeology'' by James H. Charlesworth 2006 {{ISBN|0-8028-4880-X}} pages 540-541</ref><ref>''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' 2000 {{ISBN|90-5356-503-5}} page 212</ref> |
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The [[return of Jesus to Galilee]] follows the arrest of [[John the Baptist]].<ref>''The Gospel according to Mark'' by James R. Edwards 2002 {{ISBN|0-85111-778-3}} page 43</ref> The early teachings of Jesus result in his [[Hometown rejection of Jesus|rejection at his hometown]] when in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#4:16|Luke 4:16-30]] Jesus says in a Synagogue: "No prophet is acceptable in his own country" and the people reject him. |
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In this early period, Jesus' reputation begins to spread throughout Galilee. In [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#1:21|Mark 1:21-28]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#4:31|Luke 4:31-37]], Jesus goes to [[Capernaum]], where people are "astonished at his teaching; for his word was with authority", in the [[Exorcism at the Synagogue in Capernaum]] episode, which is followed by [[healing the mother of Peter's wife]].<ref>''Reading Luke'' by Charles H. Talbert 2002 {{ISBN|1-57312-393-5}} pages 61-62</ref><ref>John Clowes, 1817 The Miracles of Jesus Christ published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK page 31</ref> |
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[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#5:1|Luke 5:1-11]] includes the first [[Miraculous draught of fishes]] episode in which Jesus tells [[Saint Peter|Peter]], "now on you will catch men". Peter leaves his net and, along with him, [[James, son of Zebedee|James]] and [[John the Apostle|John]], the sons of Zebedee, follows Jesus as disciples thereafter.<ref>John Clowes, ''The Miracles of Jesus Christ'' published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK, 1817, page 214, available on Google books</ref><ref>''The Gospel of Luke'' by Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington, 1992 {{ISBN|0-8146-5805-9}} page 89</ref><ref>''The Gospel of Luke'', by Joel B. Green 1997 {{ISBN|0-8028-2315-7}} page 230</ref> |
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This period includes the [[Sermon on the Mount]], one of the major discourses of Jesus in Matthew, and the [[Sermon on the Plain]] in the Gospel of Luke.<ref name=Redford117 /><ref name="VaughtPref">''The Sermon on the mount: a theological investigation'' by Carl G. Vaught 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-918954-76-3}} pages xi-xiv</ref> The ''Sermon on the Mount'', which covers chapters [[Matthew 5|5]], [[Matthew 6|6]] and [[Matthew 7|7]] of the Gospel of Matthew, is the first of the [[Five Discourses of Matthew]] and is the longest piece of teaching from Jesus in the [[New Testament]].<ref name="VaughtPref"/> It encapsulates many of the moral teaching of Jesus and includes the [[Beatitudes]] and the widely recited [[Lord's Prayer]].<ref name="VaughtPref"/><ref>"Beatitudes." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> |
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The ''Beatitudes'' are expressed as eight blessings in the ''Sermon on the Mount'' in Matthew, and four similar blessings appear in the ''Sermon on the Plain'' in Luke, where they are followed by four woes that mirror the blessings.<ref name=Synop >''The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke'' by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt 2005 {{ISBN|1-931018-31-6}}, pages 63-68</ref> The Beatitudes present the highest ideals of the teachings of Jesus on [[mercy]], spirituality and compassion.<ref name=Synop /><ref name=Haste >''A Dictionary Of The Bible'' by James Hastings 2004 {{ISBN|1-4102-1730-2}} page 15-19</ref> |
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<gallery perrow=4> |
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Image:Giotto - Scrovegni - -24- - Marriage at Cana.jpg|[[Marriage at Cana]] |
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File:Christus heilt einen Besessenen.jpg|[[Exorcism at the Synagogue in Capernaum|Synagogue in Capernaum]] |
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File:V&A - Raphael, The Miraculous Draught of Fishes (1515).jpg|[[First disciples of Jesus|First disciples]] & [[Miraculous catch of fish]] |
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Image:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg|[[Sermon on the Mount]] |
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</gallery> |
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===Major Galilean ministry=== |
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The ''Major Galilean ministry'', also called the ''Great Galilean ministry'', begins in [[Matthew 8]], after the [[Sermon on the Mount]] and refers to activities up to the [[death of John the Baptist]].<ref name="New Testament' page 324"/><ref name="Redford143"/> |
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The beginnings of this period include [[The Centurion's Servant]] (8:5-13) and [[Calming the storm]] (Matthew 8:23-27), both dealing with the theme of faith and fear. When the Centurion shows faith in Jesus by requesting a "healing at a distance", Jesus commends him for his exceptional faith.<ref>''The Gospel according to Matthew: an introduction and commentary'' by R. T. France 1987 {{ISBN|0-8028-0063-7}} page 154</ref> On the other hand, when his own disciples show fear of a storm on the Sea of Galilee, Jesus instructs them to have more faith, after he orders the storm to stop.<ref>Michael Keene 2002 ''St Mark's Gospel and the Christian faith'' {{ISBN|0-7487-6775-4}} page 26</ref><ref>John Clowes, 1817 ''The Miracles of Jesus Christ'' published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK page 47</ref> |
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[[File:Vittore carpaccio, vocazione di san matteo.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Calling of Matthew]] by [[Vittore Carpaccio]], 1502]] |
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In this period, Jesus is still gathering the [[twelve apostles]], and the [[Calling of Matthew]] takes place in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#9:9|Matthew 9:9]].<ref>''The Gospel of Matthew'' by R. T. France 2007 {{ISBN|0-8028-2501-X}} page 349</ref> The conflicts and criticism between Jesus and the [[Pharisees]] continue, e.g. they criticize Jesus for associating with "publicans and sinners", whereby Jesus responds: "It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance." |
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[[Commissioning the twelve Apostles]] relates the initial selection of the [[twelve Apostles]] among the disciples of Jesus.<ref>''The first gospel'' by Harold Riley, 1992 {{ISBN|0-86554-409-3}} page 47</ref><ref>''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-373-9}} page 48</ref> Jesus goes out to a mountainside to pray, and after spending the night praying to God, in the morning he calls his disciples and chooses twelve of them.<ref>''The life of Jesus'' by David Friedrich Strauss, 1860 published by Calvin Blanchard, page 340</ref> |
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In the [[Mission Discourse]], Jesus instructs the [[twelve apostles]] who are named in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#10:2|Matthew 10:2-3]] to carry no belongings as they travel from city to city and preach.<ref name="New Testament' page 324"/><ref name="Redford143"/> Separately, [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#10:1|Luke 10:1-24]] relates the [[Seventy Disciples]], where Jesus appoints a larger number of disciples and sends them out in pairs with the ''Missionary's Mandate'' to go into villages before Jesus' arrival there.<ref name=Ringe >''Luke'' by Sharon H. Ringe 1995 {{ISBN|0-664-25259-1}} pages 151-152</ref> |
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In [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#11:2|Matthew 11:2-6]] two [[messengers from John the Baptist]] arrive to ask Jesus if he is the expected Messiah, or "shall we wait for another?"<ref>''The Gospel of Matthew'' by [[Rudolf Schnackenburg]] 2002 {{ISBN|0-8028-4438-3}} page 104</ref> Jesus replies, "Go back and report to John what you hear and see: The blind receive sight, the lame walk".<ref>''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-373-9}} page 459</ref> Following this, Jesus begins to speak to the crowds about the Baptist.<ref>''Harmony of the Gospels'' by G. T. Elihai 2005 {{ISBN|1-59781-637-X}} page 94</ref> |
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This period is rich in parables and teachings and includes the ''Parabolic discourse'', which provides many of the parables for the [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)|Kingdom of Heaven]], beginning in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#13:1|Matthew 13:1]].<ref name=Jensen /><ref name=Talbert3 >''Matthew'' by Charles H. Talbert 2010 {{ISBN|0-8010-3192-3}} (Discourse 3) pages 162–173</ref> These include the parables of [[Parable of the Sower|The Sower]], [[The Tares]], [[Parable of the Mustard Seed|The Mustard Seed]] and [[The Leaven]], addressed to the public at large, as well as [[The Hidden Treasure]], [[Parable of the Pearl|The Pearl]] and [[Drawing in the Net]].<ref name=Talbert3 /> |
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At the end of the Major Galilean ministry, Jesus returns to his hometown, Nazareth. His [[Sophia (wisdom)|wisdom]] is recognised there, questioned, and rejected.<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|13:53-58|NKJV}}</ref> |
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<gallery perrow=4> |
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File:Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg|[[Calming the storm]] |
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File:Brooklyn Museum - The Exhortation to the Apostles (Recommandation aux apôtres) - James Tissot.jpg|[[Twelve Apostles]] |
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File:70Apostles.jpg|[[Seventy Disciples]] |
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File:Oberzell Alte Kirche Decke Johannes im Kerker.jpg|[[Messengers from John the Baptist|Baptist's Messengers]] |
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</gallery> |
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===Final Galilean ministry=== |
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[[File:16 Lorenzo Veneziano, Christ Rescuing Peter from Drowning. 1370 Staatliche Museen, Berlin..jpg|thumb|300px|[[Jesus walking on water|Walking on water]], by [[Lorenzo Veneziano|Veneziano]], 1370.]] |
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The ''Final Galilean ministry'' begins after the [[death of John the Baptist]], and includes the [[Feeding the 5000]] and [[Jesus' walk on water|Walking on water]] episodes, both in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#14:13|Matthew 14]].<ref name="Steven L. Cox pages 97-110"/><ref name="Redford165"/> After hearing of the Baptist's death, Jesus withdraws by boat privately to a solitary place near [[Bethsaida]], where he addresses the crowds who had followed him on foot from the towns, and feeds them all with "[[Feeding the multitude|five loaves and two fish]]" supplied by a boy.<ref>Robert Maguire 1863 ''The miracles of Christ'' published by Weeks and Co. London page 185</ref> |
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Following this, the gospels present the ''Walking on water'' episode in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#14:22|Matthew 14:22-23]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#6:45|Mark 6:45-52]] and |
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[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#6:16|John 6:16-21]] as an important step in developing the relationship between Jesus and his disciples, at this stage of his ministry.<ref>Merrill Chapin Tenney 1997 ''John: Gospel of Belief'' {{ISBN|0-8028-4351-4}} page 114</ref> The episode emphasizes the importance of faith by stating that, when he attempted to walk on water, [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] began to sink when he lost faith and became afraid. At the end of the episode, the disciples increase their faith in Jesus, and, in Matthew 14:33, they say: "Of a truth thou art the Son of God".<ref>Dwight Pentecost 2000 ''The words and works of Jesus Christ'' {{ISBN|0-310-30940-9}} page 234</ref> |
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Major teachings in this period include the [[Discourse on Defilement]] in Matthew 15:1–20 and Mark 7:1–23 where, in response to a complaint from the Pharisees, Jesus states: "What goes into a man's mouth does not make him 'unclean,' but what comes out of his mouth, that is what makes him 'unclean.'".<ref>''Jesus the miracle worker: a historical & theological study'' by Graham H. Twelftree 1999 {{ISBN|0-8308-1596-1}} page 79</ref> |
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Following this episode, Jesus withdraws into the "parts of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] and [[Sidon]]" near the [[Mediterranean Sea]], where the [[Canaanite woman's daughter]] episode takes place in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#15:21|Matthew 15:21–28]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#7:24|Mark 7:24-30]].<ref name=Twelftree133 >''Jesus the miracle worker: a historical & theological study'' by Graham H. Twelftree 1999 {{ISBN|0-8308-1596-1}} pages 133-134</ref> This episode is an example of how Jesus emphasizes the value of faith, telling the woman: "Woman, you have great faith! Your request is granted."<ref name=Twelftree133 /> The importance of faith is also emphasized in the [[Cleansing ten lepers]] episode in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#17:11|Luke 17:11-19]].<ref>Berard L. Marthaler 2007 ''The creed: the apostolic faith in contemporary theology'' {{ISBN|0-89622-537-2}} page 220</ref><ref>Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 ''All the Miracles of the Bible'' {{ISBN|0-310-28101-6}} page 235</ref> |
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In the Gospel of Mark, after passing through [[Sidon]], Jesus enters the region of the [[Decapolis]], a group of ten cities south east of Galilee, where the [[Healing the deaf mute of Decapolis|Healing the deaf mute]] miracle is reported in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#7:31|Mark 7:31-37]]. After the healing, the disciples say: "He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak." The episode is the last in a series of narrated miracles which builds up to Peter's proclamation of Jesus as Christ in Mark 8:29.<ref>Lamar Williamson 1983 ''Mark'' {{ISBN|0-8042-3121-4}} pages 138-140</ref> |
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==Judea and Perea to Jerusalem== |
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===Later Judean ministry === |
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In this period, Jesus starts his final journey to Jerusalem by going around [[Samaria]], through [[Perea (region)|Perea]] and on through Judea to Jerusalem. At the beginning of this period, [[Jesus predicts his death]] for the first time, and this prediction then builds up to the other two episodes, the final prediction being just before Jesus enters Jerusalem for the last time, the week of [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]].<ref>''St Mark's Gospel and the Christian faith'' by Michael Keene 2002 {{ISBN|0-7487-6775-4}} pages 24-25</ref><ref>''The temptations of Jesus in Mark's Gospel'' by Susan R. Garrett 1996 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4259-6}} pages 74-75</ref> In [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#16:21|Matthew 16:21–28]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#8:31|Mark 8:31–33]], Jesus teaches his disciples that "the Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests and teachers of the law, and that he must be killed and after three days rise again.<ref>''Matthew for Everyone'' by Tom Wright 2004 {{ISBN|0-664-22787-2}} page 9</ref> |
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[[Image:Christ Handing the Keys to St. Peter by Pietro Perugino.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Pietro Perugino]]'s depiction of the "[[Confession of Peter|Giving of the Keys to Saint Peter]]" by Jesus, 1492]] |
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Later in this period, at about the middle of each of the three [[Synoptic Gospels]], two related episodes mark a turning point in the ministry of Jesus: the [[Confession of Peter]] and the [[Transfiguration of Jesus]].<ref name=KingsburyMark >''The Christology of Mark's Gospel'' by Jack Dean Kingsbury 1983 {{ISBN|0-8006-2337-1}} pages 91-95</ref><ref name=Barton132 >''The Cambridge companion to the Gospels'' by Stephen C. Barton {{ISBN|0-521-00261-3}} pages 132-133</ref><ref name="Steven L. Cox pages 121-135"/><ref name="Jesus pages 189-207"/> These episodes begin in [[Caesarea Philippi]], just north of the [[Sea of Galilee]], at the beginning of the final journey to [[Jerusalem]] which ends in the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] and [[Resurrection of Jesus]].<ref name=Karris >''The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament'' by Robert J. Karris 1992 {{ISBN|0-8146-2211-9}} pages 885-886</ref> These episodes mark the beginnings of the gradual disclosure of the identity of Jesus as the [[Christ|Messiah]] to his disciples; and his prediction of his own suffering and death.<ref name=KingsburyMark /><ref name=Barton132 /><ref name=Karris /><ref name=Lee21 >''Transfiguration'' by Dorothy A. Lee 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8264-7595-4}} pages 21-30</ref><ref name= Nobbs /> |
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Peter's Confession begins as a dialogue between Jesus and his disciples in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#16:13|Matthew 16:13]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#8:27|Mark 8:27]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#9:18|Luke 9:18]]. Jesus asks his disciples: ''But who do you say that I am?'' Simon Peter answers him: ''You are the Christ, the Son of the living God''.<ref name=Karris /><ref name="Kingsburyxvi">''Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology'' by Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell, David R. Bauer 1999 {{ISBN|0-664-25752-6}} page xvi</ref><ref>''The Gospel of Mark, Volume 2'' by John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington 2002 {{ISBN|0-8146-5965-9}} page 336</ref> In [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#16:17|Matthew 16:17]], Jesus blesses Peter for his answer, and states: "flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father who is in heaven." In blessing Peter, Jesus not only accepts the titles ''[[Christ]]'' and ''[[Son of God]]'', which Peter attributes to him, but declares the proclamation a divine revelation by stating that his [[God the Father|Father in Heaven]] had revealed it to Peter.<ref name=Yueh >''One teacher: Jesus' teaching role in Matthew's gospel'' by John Yueh-Han Yieh 2004 {{ISBN|3-11-018151-7}} pages 240-241</ref> In this assertion, by endorsing both titles as divine revelation, Jesus unequivocally declares himself to be both Christ and the Son of God.<ref name=Yueh /><ref>''Jesus God and Man'' by Wolfhart Pannenberg 1968 {{ISBN|0-664-24468-8}} pages 53-54</ref> |
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In the Gospel of Matthew, following this episode, Jesus also selects Peter as the leader of the Apostles, and states that "upon this rock I will build my church".<ref name=Boring /> |
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In [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#16:18|Matthew 16:18]] Jesus then continues: |
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"That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church". The word "church" (''ekklesia'' in Greek) as used here, appears in the Gospels only once more, in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#18:17|Matthew 18:17]], and refers to the community of believers at the time.<ref name=Rudolf7 >''The Gospel of Matthew'' by [[Rudolf Schnackenburg]] 2002 {{ISBN|0-8028-4438-3}} pages 7-9</ref> |
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===Later Perean ministry=== |
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Following the [[Confession of Peter|proclamation by Peter]], the account of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus]] is the next major event and appears in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#17:1|Matthew 17:1-9]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#9:2|Mark 9:2-8]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#9:28|Luke 9:28-36]].<ref name=Barton132/><ref name= Lee21 /><ref name= Nobbs >''The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition'' by Mark Harding, Alanna Nobbs 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3318-1}} pages 281-282</ref> Jesus takes [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and two other apostles with him and goes up to a mountain, which is not named. Once on the mountain, Matthew (17:2) states that Jesus "was transfigured before them; his face shining as the sun, and his garments became white as the light." At that point, the prophets [[Elijah]] and [[Moses]] appear and Jesus begins to talk to them.<ref name=Lee21 /> Luke is specific in describing Jesus in a state of glory, with Luke 9:32 referring to "they saw his glory".<ref name=Lee72 >''Transfiguration'' by Dorothy A. Lee 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8264-7595-4}} pages 72-76</ref> A bright cloud appears around them, and a voice from the cloud states: "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased; listen to him".<ref name=Lee21 /> |
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[[File:S. Apollinare Nuovo Resurr Lazzaro.jpg|thumb|250px|A sixth century mosaic of the [[Raising of Lazarus]], church of [[Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]], [[Ravenna]], Italy.]] |
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The Transfiguration not only supports the identity of Jesus as the [[Son of God]], (as in his [[Baptism of Jesus|Baptism]]), but the statement "listen to him" identifies him as the messenger and mouth-piece of God.<ref name=Meta47 >''Metamorphosis: the Transfiguration in Byzantine theology and iconography'' by Andreas Andreopoulos 2005 {{ISBN|0-88141-295-3}} pages 47-49</ref> The significance is enhanced by the presence of Elijah and Moses, for it indicates to the apostles that Jesus is the voice of God, and, instead of Elijah or Moses, he should be listened to, by virtue of his filial relationship with God.<ref name=Meta47 /> [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/2 Peter#1:16|2 Peter 1:16-18]] echoes the same message: at the Transfiguration, God assigns to Jesus a special "honor and glory" and it is the turning point at which God exalts Jesus above all other powers in creation.<ref>''The Bible knowledge background commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews-Revelation'' by Craig A. Evans {{ISBN|0-7814-4228-1}} pages 319-320</ref> |
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Many of the episodes in the Later Judean ministry are from the Gospel of Luke but, in general, these sequence of episodes in Luke do not provide enough geographical information to determine Perea, though scholars generally assume that the route Jesus followed from Galilee to Jerusalem passed through [[Perea (region)|Perea]].<ref name="Bible' page 929"/> However, the Gospel of John does state that he returned to the area where he was baptized, and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#10:40|John 10:40-42]] states that "many people believed in him beyond the Jordan", saying "all things whatsoever John spake of this man were true".<ref name="Steven L. Cox page 137"/><ref name="Jesus pages 211-229"/><ref name="Bible' page 929"/> The area where Jesus was baptised is inferred as the vicinity of the Perea area, given the activities of the Baptist in [[Bethabara]] and [[Ænon]] in John [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#1:28|1:28]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#3:23|3:23]].<ref name=BigPic /><ref name=Sloyan11 /> |
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This period of ministry includes the [[Five Discourses of Matthew|Discourse on the Church]], in which Jesus anticipates a future community of followers and explains the role of his apostles in leading it.<ref name=Jensen >''Preaching Matthew's Gospel'' by Richard A. Jensen 1998 {{ISBN|978-0-7880-1221-1}} pages 25 & 158</ref><ref name="King pages 215-216">''Behold the King: A Study of Matthew'' by Stanley D. Toussaint 2005 {{ISBN|0-8254-3845-4}} pages 215-216</ref> It includes the parables of [[The Lost Sheep]] and [[The Unforgiving Servant]] in [[Matthew 18]], which also refer to the Kingdom of Heaven. The general theme of the discourse is the anticipation of a future community of followers, and the role of his apostles in leading it.<ref name="King pages 215-216"/><ref name=Chouinard /> |
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Addressing his apostles in {{Bibleref2|Matthew|18:18}}, Jesus states: "Truly, I say to you, whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven". The discourse emphasizes the importance of humility and self-sacrifice as the high virtues within the anticipated community. It teaches that in the Kingdom of God, it is personal humility that matters, not social prominence and clout.<ref name="King pages 215-216"/><ref name=Chouinard >''Matthew'' by Larry Chouinard 1997 {{ISBN|0-89900-628-0}} page 321</ref> |
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At the end of this period, the Gospel of John includes the [[Raising of Lazarus]] episode in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#11:1|John 11:1-46]], in which Jesus brings [[Lazarus of Bethany]] back to life four days after his burial.<ref name=Cox155 >Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 ''Harmony of the Gospels'' {{ISBN|0-8054-9444-8}} pages 155-170</ref> In the Gospel of John, the raising of Lazarus is the climax of the "seven signs" which gradually confirm the identity of Jesus as the [[Son of God]] and the expected Messiah.<ref name="Kellum312">[https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q=%22seven%20signs%22&f=false ''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament''] by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} pages 312–313</ref> It is also a ''pivotal episode'' which starts the chain of events that leads to the crowds seeking Jesus on his [[Triumphal entry into Jerusalem]]—leading to the decision of [[Caiaphas]] and the [[Sanhedrin]] to plan to kill Jesus ([[Crucifixion of Jesus]]).<ref>Francis J. Moloney, Daniel J. Harrington, 1998 ''The Gospel of John'' Liturgical Press {{ISBN|0-8146-5806-7}} page 325</ref> |
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==Final ministry in Jerusalem== |
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[[File:Enrique Simonet - Flevit super illam 1892.jpg|thumb|right|350px|''Flevit super illam'' (He wept over it); by [[Enrique Simonet]], 1892.]] |
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[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -26- - Entry into Jerusalem2.jpg|thumb|250px|Jesus [[triumphal entry into Jerusalem|enters Jerusalem]] and the crowds welcome him, by [[Giotto]], 14th century.]] |
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The final ministry in Jerusalem is traditionally called the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] and begins with Jesus' [[triumphal entry into Jerusalem]] early in the week that includes the [[Last Supper]], and liturgically marked by [[Holy Week]].<ref name=Cox155 /><ref name=Boring256 >''The people's New Testament commentary'' by M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock 2004 {{ISBN|0-664-22754-6}} pages 256-258</ref><ref name=CEvans381 >''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke, Volume 1'' by Craig A. Evans 2003 {{ISBN|0-7814-3868-3}} page 381-395</ref><ref name=M133 >''The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke'' by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt 2005 {{ISBN|1-931018-31-6}} pages 133-134</ref><ref name=CAEvans114 >''The Bible knowledge background commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews-Revelation'' by Craig A. Evans {{ISBN|0-7814-4228-1}} pages 114-118</ref><ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#21:1|Matthew 21:1-11]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#11:1|Mark 11:1-11]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#19:28|Luke 19:28-44]] [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#12:12|John 12:12-19]]</ref> The gospels pay special attention to the account of the last week of the life of Jesus in Jerusalem, and the narrative amounts to about one third of the text of the four gospels, showing its theological significance in Christian thought in the [[Early Christianity|Early Church]].<ref name="Turner613"/><ref>''Preaching Through the Christian Year, Year C'' by Fred B. Craddock, John H. Hayes, Carl R. Holladay, Gene M. Tucker 1994 {{ISBN|1-56338-100-1}} page 172</ref> |
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Before arriving in Jerusalem, in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#12:9|John 12:9-11]], after [[Raising of Lazarus|raising Lazarus]] from the dead, crowds gather around Jesus and believe in him, and the next day the multitudes that had gathered for the feast in Jerusalem welcome Jesus as he descends from the [[Mount of Olives]] towards Jerusalem in |
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[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#21:1|Matthew 21:1-11]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#11:1|Mark 11:1-11]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#19:28|Luke 19:28-44]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#12:12|John 12:12-19]].<ref name=Boring256 /><ref name=CEvans381 /><ref name=M133 /><ref name=MacArthur17 >''John 12-21'' by John MacArthur 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-8024-0824-2}} pages 17-18</ref> In [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#19:41|Luke 19:41-44]] as Jesus approaches Jerusalem, he looks at the city and weeps over it, foretelling the suffering that awaits the city.<ref name=Boring256 /><ref name=M133 /><ref name=Mills1032 >''Mercer Commentary on the New Testament'' by Watson E. Mills 2003 {{ISBN|0-86554-864-1}} pages 1032-1036</ref> |
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[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -27- - Expulsion of the Money-changers from the Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Cleansing of the Temple|Casting out the money changers]]'' by [[Giotto]], 14th century.]] |
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In the three Synoptic Gospels, entry into Jerusalem is followed by the [[Cleansing of the Temple]] episode, in which Jesus expels the money changers from the Temple, accusing them of turning the Temple to a den of thieves through their commercial activities. This is the only account of Jesus using physical force in any of the Gospels.<ref name=CAEvans49 >''The Bible knowledge background commentary'' by Craig A. Evans 2005 {{ISBN|0-7814-4228-1}} page 49</ref><ref name=Bromiley571 >''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'' by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 {{ISBN|0-8028-3785-9}} page 571-572</ref><ref name=Anderson158 >''The Fourth Gospel And the Quest for Jesus'' by Paul N. Anderson 2006 {{ISBN|0-567-04394-0}} page 158</ref> The synoptics include a number of well known [[parables of Jesus|parables]] and sermons such as the [[Widow's mite]] and the [[Second Coming Prophecy]] during the week that follows.<ref name=Boring256 /><ref name=CEvans381 /> |
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In that week, the synoptics also narrate conflicts between Jesus and the elders of the Jews, in episodes such as the [[Authority of Jesus Questioned]] and the [[Woes of the Pharisees]], in which Jesus criticizes their hypocrisy.<ref name=Boring256 /><ref name=CEvans381 /> [[Judas Iscariot]], one of the [[twelve apostles]], approaches the Jewish elders and performs the "[[Bargain of Judas]]" in which he accepts to betray Jesus and hand him over to the elders.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#26:14|Matthew 26:14-16]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#14:10|Mark 14:10-11]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#22:1|Luke 22:1-6]]</ref><ref name=Lockyer106 >''All the Apostles of the Bible'' by Herbert Lockyer 1988 {{ISBN|0-310-28011-7}} page 106-111</ref><ref>''The Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Acts'' by Doremus Almy Hayes 2009 {{ISBN|1-115-87731-3}} page 88</ref> Matthew specifies the price as [[thirty silver coins]].<ref name=Lockyer106 /> |
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In [[Matthew 24]], [[Mark 13]] and [[Luke 21]], Jesus provides a ''Discourse on the End Times'', which is also called the [[Olivet Discourse]] because it was given on the [[Mount of Olives]].<ref name=Jensen /> The discourse is mostly about judgment and the expected conduct of the followers of Jesus, and the need for vigilance by the followers in view of the [[Last Judgment|coming judgment]].<ref name=Leon >''The Gospel according to Matthew'' by Leon Morris 1992 {{ISBN|0-85111-338-9}} pages 593-596</ref> The discourse is generally viewed as referring both to the coming destruction of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], as well as the End Times and [[Second Coming of Christ]], but the many scholarly opinions about which verses refer to which event remain divided.<ref name=Chouinard /><ref name=Leon /> |
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A key episode in the final part of the ministry of Jesus is the [[Last Supper]], which includes the ''[[Eucharist|Institution of the Eucharist]]''. In [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#26:26|Matthew 26:26-29]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#14:22|Mark 14:22-25]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#22:19|Luke 22:19-20]] during the last supper, Jesus takes bread, breaks it and gives it to the disciples, saying: "This is my body which is given for you". He also gives them "the cup" to drink, saying this is his blood. While it may have been fermented, none of the biblical accounts refer to it as wine, but rather as "the fruit of the vine" or "the cup". |
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In {{bibleref2|1Cor.|11:23-26|9|1 Corinthians 11:23–26}}, [[Paul the Apostle]] refers to the Last Supper.<ref name="ReferenceB">[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#26:20|Matthew 26:20]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#14:17|Mark 14:17]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#22:21-23|Luke 22:21-23]] [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#13:1|John 13:1]]</ref><ref name=SCox180 >Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 ''Harmony of the Gospels'' {{ISBN|0-8054-9444-8}} page 180-191</ref><ref name=Fahlbusch52 >''The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4'' by Erwin Fahlbusch, 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2416-5}} pages 52-56</ref><ref name=CEvans465 >''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary'' by Craig A. Evans 2003 {{ISBN|0-7814-3868-3}} pages 465-477</ref> [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#14:1|The Gospel of John 14-17]] concludes the Last Supper with a long, three chapter sermon known as the ''[[Farewell discourse]]'' which prepares the disciples for the [[Ascension of Christ|departure of Jesus]].<ref name=Gail142 >''John'' by Gail R. O'Day, Susan Hylen 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-664-25260-1}}, Chapter 15: The Farewell Discourse, pages 142-168</ref><ref name=Herman546 >''The Gospel according to John'' by [[Herman Nicolaas Ridderbos|Herman Ridderbos]] 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-0453-2}} ''The Farewell Prayer'': pages 546-576</ref> |
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<gallery perrow=4> |
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Image:Brooklyn Museum - Woe unto You, Scribes and Pharisees (Malheur à vous, scribes et pharisiens) - James Tissot.jpg|[[Woes of the Pharisees|Woes of Pharisees]] |
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File:Duccio di Buoninsegna - Pact of Judas - WGA06789.jpg|[[Bargain of Judas]] |
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File:Juan de Juanes 002.jpg|[[Last Supper]] & [[Eucharist]] |
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File:Christ Taking Leave of the Apostles.jpg|[[Farewell discourse]] |
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</gallery> |
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== Lihat pula == |
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* [[Kronologi Yesus]] |
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{{s-start}} |
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{{s-hou|[[Kronologi Yesus|Kehidupan Yesus]]: Pelayanan|||}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Murid-murid pertama Yesus|Yesus memanggil murid-murid yang pertama]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=Peristiwa dalam<br>[[Perjanjian Baru]]}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[Yesus diurapi]]}} |
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{{end}} |
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== Referensi == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
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[[Kategori:Yesus]] |
[[Kategori:Yesus]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 29 Maret 2024 13.43
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Pelayanan Yesus Kristus merupakan riwayat pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh Yesus Kristus semasa hidup-Nya di dunia, menurut keyakinan orang Kristen berdasarkan catatan dalam Alkitab, terutama bagian Perjanjian Baru. Yesus diyakini sebagai "Domba Allah", seperti yang pernah dinyatakan oleh Yohanes Pembaptis.[1] Domba Paskah yang terakhir ini harus berumur satu tahun dan tidak bercela, seperti yang tertulis di dalam kitab Taurat.[2] Tentu bukan Yesus Kristus yang berumur satu tahun yang dimaksudkan sebagaimana domba paskah sebelumnya dipilih dan dikurbankan, tetapi Yesus Kristus baru dianggap sebagai orang dewasa penuh pada umur 30 tahun menurut kebudayaan Timur. Yesus Kristus mulai pelayanannya pada umur 30 tahun (Lukas 3:23).[3][4]
Dalam kitab-kitab Injil kanonik, pelayanan Yesus dimulai sejak pembaptisan-Nya di wilayah provinsi Romawi Yudea dan Trans-Yordan, dekat sungai Jordan, dan berakhir di kota Yerusalem, setelah Perjamuan Malam Terakhir dengan para murid-Nya.[5] Kebanyakan Kristen meyakini bahwa masa pelayanan Yesus Kristus bukan satu tahun, melainkan tiga setengah tahun. Kronologi Yesus biasanya memberikan tanggal permulaan pelayanan sekitar tahun 27–29 dan tanggal berakhirnya pada rentang tahun 30–36 Masehi.[3][4][6][7]
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Tahun-tahun pelayanan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tahun pertama dapat disebut sebagai tahun ketidakjelasan, disebabkan catatan yang dimiliki mengenai tahun ini sangat sedikit, dan disebabkan oleh karena selama itu Yesus hanya sedikit muncul dihadapan umum. Tahun ini dihabiskan olehNya di Nazaret.
Tahun kedua adalah tahun pelayanan publik, selama tahun ini, beberapa negara telah mengenal Yesus; kegiatanNya tetap, dan reputasiNya telah terkenal diseluruh negri. Bahkan hampir diseluruh Galilea.
Tahun ketiga adalah tahun perlawanan, ketika pelayanan publik berkurang. Musuh-musuhNya bertambah dan melawan Yesus secara terus-menerus, dan akhirnya Yesus menjadi korban dari kebencian. Enam bulan pertama dari tahun terakhir ini dilewati di Galilea, dan enam bulan terakhir dilaluiNya di daerah lain" (Stalker's Life of Jesus Christ, p. 45).
Kitab Injil adalah saksi mata dari segala sesuatu yang telah Yesus Kristus firmankan dan kerjakan dalam berbagai segi. Kegiatan dan dasar pelayanan Yesus disarikan dalam Injil Matius sebagai berikut:
- Demikianlah Yesus berkeliling ke semua kota dan desa; Ia mengajar dalam rumah-rumah ibadat dan memberitakan Injil Kerajaan Sorga serta melenyapkan segala penyakit dan kelemahan. Melihat orang banyak itu, tergeraklah hati Yesus oleh belas kasihan kepada mereka, karena mereka lelah dan terlantar seperti domba yang tidak bergembala. Maka kata-Nya kepada murid-murid-Nya: "Tuaian memang banyak, tetapi pekerja sedikit. Karena itu mintalah kepada tuan yang empunya tuaian, supaya Ia mengirimkan pekerja-pekerja untuk tuaian itu."[8]
Lingkup Pelayanan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Selama di muka bumi, Yesus, yang adalah Anak Allah, melakukan berbagai pelayanan yang melingkupi antara lain (tapi tidak terbatas pada):
- Menyebarkan ajaran tentang Kerajaan Allah, kasih Allah, dan hidup yang kekal (Matius 5-7, Lukas 10:25, Lukas 8:1).
- Memberikan pengampunan akan dosa (Lukas 7:37-5)
- Merangkul dan bergaul bersama orang-orang yang dianggap sampah oleh masyarakat (Matius 9:10-11). Bahkan dalam kenyataannya, sejumlah murid Yesus dulunya adalah seorang pemungut cukai (Matius 10:3), yakni seorang penagih pajak, yang dibenci oleh masyarakat karena dianggap kaki tangan penjajah.
- Mengadakan mujizat-mujizat (Matius 14:15-21), mengusir roh jahat (Markus 1:23-26), menyembuhkan penyakit (Matius 8:5-13)
- Mengecam dan menegur para ahli-ahli agama (ahli Taurat) yang pada saat itu hidup menyimpang dari ajaran Taurat yang mereka sendiri ajarkan (Matius 12:34)
- Menebus dosa manusia (Yohanes 3:16)
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pelayanan Yesus Kehidupan Yesus: Pelayanan
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| Didahului oleh: Yesus memanggil murid-murid yang pertama |
Peristiwa dalam Perjanjian Baru |
Diteruskan oleh: Yesus diurapi |
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Yohanes 1:29
- ^ Keluaran 12:5
- ^ a b The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 140
- ^ a b Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN 0-931464-50-1 pages 113-129
- ^ Christianity: an introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006 ISBN 978-1-4051-0901-7 pages 16-22
- ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible menyatakan bahwa Yesus memulai pelayanan-Nya "sekitar tahun 28 M" pada "usia sekitar 31 tahun". Dalam Chronos, kairos, Christos: Paul L. Maier secara khusus menyatakan bahwa ia menganggap kunjuungan ke Bait Suci yang dicatat dalam Injil Matius pada "sekitar tahun 29 M", menggunakan berbagai faktor yang diringkasnya dalam sebuah tabel kronologi. Tabel Maier menganggap pada tahun 28 M Yesus berusia sekitar 32 tahun, dan pada http://www.mtio.com/articles/aissar30.htm Paul Meir jelas menyatakan bahwa tahun 5 SM adalah tahun kelahiran Yesus. Paul N. Anderson memberi tarikh kejadian di Bait Suci pada "sekitar tahun 26-27 M", Jerry Knoblet memperkirakannya tahun 27 M. Dalam bukunya, Robert Fortna & Thatcher memperkirakan tahun 28. Köstenberger & Kellum (halaman 140) membuat pernyataan sama seperti Maier, yaitu Yesus berusia 32 tahun sekitar tahun 28 M ketika pelayanan-Nya dimulai.
- ^ Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN 0-8308-2699-8 pages 19-21
- ^ Matius 9:35–38
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber] Gambar pada pranala luar
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(Indonesia)Peta interaktif pelayanan Yesus |