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{{see also|Hizbullah (disambiguasi)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox political party
{{Infobox political party
|name = Hezbollah
| party_name = Hizbullah
| native_name = {{Nobold|حزب الله}}{{br}}{{Nobold|{{transl|ar|DIN|Ḥizbullāh}}}}
| party_logo = [[Berkas:Hezbollah Flag.jpg|200px|Flag of Hezbollah]]<br/>[[Bendera Hizbullah (Lebanon)|Bendera Hizbullah]]
| native_name_lang = ar
| leader = [[Hassan Nasrallah]]
|logo =
| foundation = 1982–1985 (resmi)
|leader1_title = [[Sekretaris Jenderal Hezbollah|Sekretaris Jenderal]]
| ideology = [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Islamisme]]<br>[[Anti-Zionisme]]
| religion = [[Shia]]
|leader1_name = [[Hassan Nasrallah]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1985}} (resmi)
| nationality = [[Lebanon]]
| wing1_title = Sayap parlemen
| website = Lihat [[#Pranala luar|Daftar situs resmi]].
| wing1 = [[Loyalitas pada Blok Perlawanan]]
| colours = Kuning, Hijau
| wing2_title = Sayap paramiliter
| colorcode = {{Hezbollah/meta/color}}
| seats1_title = [[Parlemen Lebanon]]
| wing2 = Perlawanan Islam di Lebanon
[[Brigade Perlawanan Lebanon]]
| seats1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|12|128|hex=#F7DF19}}
|ideology = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| seats2_title = [[Pemerintah Lebanon Juni 2011|Kabinet Lebanon]]
| [[Nasionalisme Islam]]<ref>Ekaterina Stepanova, [http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf |date=10 March 2016}}, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113</ref>
| seats2 = {{Infobox political party/seats|2|30|hex=#F7DF19}}
| [[Anti-Zionisme]]
| country = Lebanon
| [[Anti-imperialisme]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Elie Alagha |first=Joseph |title=Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto |year=2011 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8555-037-2 |pages=15, 20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0ntL1fUi8kC&pg=PA15}}<br/>{{cite book |last=Shehata |first=Samer |title=Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-78361-3 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhl_E-XAeLYC&pg=PA176}}<br/>{{cite journal |last=Husseinia |first=Rola El |title=Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2010_31_5/page/803 |journal=Third World Quarterly |year=2010 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=803–815 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2010.502695}}</ref>
| [[Jihad#Syiah|Jihad Syiah]]<ref name="Shiite_jihad">{{cite report |author=Philip Smyth |date=February 2015 |title=The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Studies |pages=7–8 |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150705/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| [[Pemikiran politik dan warisan Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeinisme]]<ref name="Shiite_jihad"/>
| [[Sentimen anti-Barat|Anti-Barat]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Levitt |year=2013 |title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God |page=356 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA356 |quote="Hezbollah's anti-Western militancy began with attacks against Western targets in Lebanon, then expanded to attacks abroad intended to exact revenge for actions threatening its or Iran's interests, or to press foreign governments to release captured operatives." |isbn=9781849043335}}<br/>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9QycqW1qogC&pg=PA267 |title=An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences |page=267 |quote=Based upon these beliefs, Hezbollah became vehemently anti-West and anti-Israel. |isbn=9780415635400 |last1=Hanhimäki |first1=Jussi M. |last2=Blumenau |first2=Bernhard |year=2013}}<br/>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MkxxSUSTuEC&pg=PT421 |title=Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology |page=396 |quote=Hezbollah is anti-West and anti-Israel and has engaged in a series of terrorist actions including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings. |isbn=978-1133049647 |last1=Siegel |first1=Larry J. |date=3 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="bbc-hi-me"/>
| [[Antisemitisme]]<ref>[[Julius, Anthony]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BGkSLxDBNTgC&pg=PA529 ''Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England'']. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015.<br/>Michael, Robert and Philip Rosen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d5927rY-UgoC&pg=PA231 ''Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present'']. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015.<br/>Perry, Mark. [https://archive.org/details/talkingtoterrori00perr/page/n175 <!-- pg=158 --> ''Talking to Terrorists: Why America Must Engage with Its Enemies'']. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015<br/>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Analysis-Hezbollahs-lethal-anti-Semitism |title=Analysis: Hezbollah's lethal anti-Semitism |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>
}} {{small|(secara resmi ditolak)}}<ref name=Gleis>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBtwkj78BUC&pg=PT63|title=Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study|author1=Joshua L. Gleis |author2=Benedetta Berti |year=2012|quote=|isbn=9781421406718}}</ref>
|headquarters= [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
| slogan = {{lang-ar|فَإِنَّ حِزْبَ ٱللَّهِ هُمُ ٱلْغَالِبُونَ}}<br>"Maka sungguh, pengikut (agama) Allah itulah yang menang" {{cite Quran|5|56}}
|website = [http://www.moqawama.org/ www.moqawama.org]
|colours = {{hlist |item_style=margin-left:0.5em|Kuning|Hijau}}
|colorcode = {{Hezbollah/meta/color}}
|religion = [[Islam Syiah]]
|national = [[Aliansi 8 Maret]]
|international=
|position =
|seats1_title = [[Parlemen Lebanon|Parlemen]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/May-09/448707-interior-ministry-releases-numbers-of-votes-for-new-mp.ashx |title=Interior Ministry releases numbers of votes for new MPs |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=9 May 2018 |access-date=2021-05-18 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308112628/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/May-09/448707-interior-ministry-releases-numbers-of-votes-for-new-mp.ashx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|seats1 = {{Composition bar|13|128|hex=#F7DF19|per=1}}
|country = Lebanon
| flag =
<!--?: | war = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Perang Saudara Lebanon]] |[[Perang Lebanon 2006]] |[[Konflik Lebanon 2008]] |[[Perang Saudara Suriah]]}}-->
}}
}}
{{Infobox War Faction|Hezbollah
'''Hizbullah''' ([[bahasa Arab]]: ‮حزب الله‬ Hezbollah, [[bahasa Indonesia]]: "Partai Allah / Partai Tuhan") adalah organisasi [[Politik]] dan [[Paramiliter]] dari kelompok [[Syiah]] didirikan pada tahun [[1982]] yang berbasis di Libanon.<ref name="HG20Ak02">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |title=Hezbollah's transformation |first=Dahr |last=Jamail |publisher=Asia Times |date=2006-07-20 |accessdate=2009-02-07 |archive-date=2006-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sejak didirikan, organisasi ini telah berkembang menjadi organisasi yang bercampur ke dalam strukur sosial Lebanon melalui pelayanan sosial dan partisipasi aktif dalam politik sambil tetap melancarkan serangan teror internasional dan operasi-operasi militer regional. Kelompok ini secara rutin berselisih dengan Israel dan menentang pengaruh barat di Lebanon, dan yang paling baru adalah terlibat dalam perang saudara di Suriah sebagai pendukung pemerintah Assad.<ref name="CFR">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F|title=Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)|first=|last=|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=2008-09-13|accessdate=2009-02-07|archive-date=2008-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913091527/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="HG20Ak02" /> Kelompok ini dianggap sebagai organisasi teroris oleh Amerika Serikat, Israel, Kanada, dan Australia.<ref name="UKHO">[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups British Home office official listing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318131118/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups |date=2009-03-18 }} of Proscribed terrorist groups</ref><ref name="UK ban">{{cite web|title=UK ban on Hezbollah military arm| first=|last=|publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7485213.stm |date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hizballah_External_Security_Organisation |title=Australian National Security Listing |access-date=2009-02-08 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519054738/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hizballah_External_Security_Organisation |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.arabmediawatch.com/amw/CountryBackgrounds/Lebanon/MediaMyths/Hezbollahisaterroristorganisation/tabid/314/Default.aspx arabmediawatch.com]</ref>
|war=[[Perang Saudara Lebanon]], [[Konflik Israel–Lebanon]], [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)]], [[Perang Lebanon 2006]], [[Konflik Lebanon 2008]], [[Perang Saudara Suriah]] dan [[Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)]]
----
Target utama dalam [[Perang Melawan Terorisme]]
|active= 1982–Sekarang
|ideology={{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| [[Nasionalisme Islam]]<ref>Ekaterina Stepanova, [http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf |date=10 March 2016}}, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113</ref>
| [[Anti-Zionisme]]
| [[Anti-imperialisme]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Elie Alagha |first=Joseph |title=Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto |year=2011 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8555-037-2 |pages=15, 20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0ntL1fUi8kC&pg=PA15}}<br/>{{cite book |last=Shehata |first=Samer |title=Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-78361-3 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhl_E-XAeLYC&pg=PA176}}<br/>{{cite journal |last=Husseinia |first=Rola El |title=Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2010_31_5/page/803 |journal=Third World Quarterly |year=2010 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=803–815 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2010.502695}}</ref>
| [[Jihad#Syiah|Jihad Syiah]]<ref name="Shiite_jihad">{{cite report |author=Philip Smyth |date=February 2015 |title=The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Studies |pages=7–8 |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150705/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| [[Pemikiran politik dan warisan Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeinisme]]<ref name="Shiite_jihad"/>
| [[Sentimen anti-Barat|Anti-Barat]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Levitt |year=2013 |title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God |page=356 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA356 |quote="Hezbollah's anti-Western militancy began with attacks against Western targets in Lebanon, then expanded to attacks abroad intended to exact revenge for actions threatening its or Iran's interests, or to press foreign governments to release captured operatives." |isbn=9781849043335}}<br/>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9QycqW1qogC&pg=PA267 |title=An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences |page=267 |quote=Based upon these beliefs, Hezbollah became vehemently anti-West and anti-Israel. |isbn=9780415635400 |last1=Hanhimäki |first1=Jussi M. |last2=Blumenau |first2=Bernhard |year=2013}}<br/>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MkxxSUSTuEC&pg=PT421 |title=Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology |page=396 |quote=Hezbollah is anti-West and anti-Israel and has engaged in a series of terrorist actions including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings. |isbn=978-1133049647 |last1=Siegel |first1=Larry J. |date=3 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="bbc-hi-me"/>
| [[Antisemitisme]]<ref>[[Julius, Anthony]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BGkSLxDBNTgC&pg=PA529 ''Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England'']. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015.<br/>Michael, Robert and Philip Rosen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d5927rY-UgoC&pg=PA231 ''Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present'']. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015.<br/>Perry, Mark. [https://archive.org/details/talkingtoterrori00perr/page/n175 <!-- pg=158 --> ''Talking to Terrorists: Why America Must Engage with Its Enemies'']. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015<br/>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Analysis-Hezbollahs-lethal-anti-Semitism |title=Analysis: Hezbollah's lethal anti-Semitism |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>
}} {{small|(secara resmi ditolak)}}<ref name=Gleis>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBtwkj78BUC&pg=PT63|title=Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study|author1=Joshua L. Gleis |author2=Benedetta Berti |year=2012|quote=|isbn=9781421406718}}</ref>
|clans=* Unit 3800<ref name="iq">{{cite web |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/11/hezbollah-fighters-train-iraqi-shiite-militants-near-mosul.php |title=Hezbollah fighters train Iraqi Shiite militants near Mosul - FDD's Long War Journal |date=5 November 2016 |website=longwarjournal.org}}</ref>
|headquarters=Lebanon
|size=100.000 (Klaim [[Hassan Nasrallah|Nasrallah]])
|partof=
|predecessor=
|successor=
|allies='''Negara sekutu:'''
*{{flag|Iran}}
*{{flag|Suriah}}
*{{RUS}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/41746/New-Experience-of-Hezbollah-with-Russian-Military |title=New Experience of Hezbollah with Russian Military |date=2 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/russia-is-arming-hezbollah-say-two-of-the-groups-field-commanders |title=Russia is Arming Hezbollah, Say Two of the Group's Field Commanders |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=11 January 2016 |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Jesse}}</ref>
*{{LBN}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetower.org/5354-hezbollah-fights-alongside-laf-demonstrating-its-continuing-control-over-lebanon/ |title=Hezbollah Fights Alongside LAF Demonstrating its Continuing Control over Lebanon |date=21 August 2017 |website=The Tower |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202024824/http://www.thetower.org/5354-hezbollah-fights-alongside-laf-demonstrating-its-continuing-control-over-lebanon/ |archive-date=2 February 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flag|Irak}}<ref name="iq2">{{cite web |url=http://www.iraqinews.com/arab-world-news/funeral-2-hezbollah-elements-killed-jurf-al-sakhar-baiji/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191324/https://www.iraqinews.com/arab-world-news/funeral-2-hezbollah-elements-killed-jurf-al-sakhar-baiji/ |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>(hanya melawan ISIS)
*{{flag|Korea Utara}} (diduga, dibantah oleh Korea Utara)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10998755/North-Korea-denies-reports-of-missile-deal-with-Hamas.html |title=North Korea denies reports of missile deal with Hamas |first=Damien |last=McElroy |date=29 July 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
'''Sekutu non-negara:'''
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} [[Pergerakan Amal]]
*{{flagicon image|Houthis Logo.png}} [[Hutsi]] (diklaim oleh pemerintah Yaman Hadi dan sekutunya, dibantah oleh Hezbollah)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Jul-11/456144-yemeni-fm-slams-hezbollahs-houthi-support-report.ashx|title=Yemeni FM slams Hezbollah's Houthi support: report|website=THE DAILY STAR|access-date=2021-05-18|archive-date=2018-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728190925/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Jul-11/456144-yemeni-fm-slams-hezbollahs-houthi-support-report.ashx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-nasrallah-idUSKBN1DK22D|title=Lebanon's Hezbollah denies sending weapons to Yemen|date=20 November 2017|work=Reuters}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Hamas]]
*{{Flagicon image|Hashd_Al-Sha%27abi_flag.svg}} [[Pasukan Mobilisasi Rakyat]]
<br>''[[Hubungan Luar Negeri Hezbollah|Lihat lebih banyak]]''
|opponents='''Negara lawan:'''
* {{flag|Israel}}<ref name="Hezbollah – International terrorist organization">{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Hizbullah/Pages/Hezbollah-International-terrorist-organization.aspx|title=Hezbollah – International terrorist organization|date=22 July 2013|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
* {{flag|Turki}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/israel-impressed-how-turkish-army-crushed-hezbollah-in-idlib-syria/|title=Israel Impressed How Turkish Army Crushed Hezbollah In Idlib, Syria|first=Xavier|last=Francis|date=21 May 2020|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/israel-learned-from-hezbollahs-defeat-at-the-hands-of-turkey-628836/amp|title=Israel learned from Hezbollah's defeat at the hands of Turkey|website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/turkish-strike-in-syria-kills-nine-hezbollah-members-according-to-source-1.8599581|title=Turkish strike in Syria kills nine Hezbollah members, according to source|website=Haaretz.com}}</ref>
*{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}
'''Lawan non-negara:'''
* [[Tentara Lebanon Selatan]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]]
* {{flag|Negara Islam Irak dan Syam}}
* {{flagdeco|Oposisi Suriah}} [[Tentara Pembebasan Suriah]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg}} [[Front Al-Nusra]]
* [[Tahrir al-Sham|Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham]]
|battles={{plainlist|
*[[Perang Saudara Lebanon]]
*[[Konflik Lebanon Selatan (1985–2000)|Konflik Lebanon Selatan]]
*[[Perang Iran–Irak]]<ref name="archive.org5">{{cite web|url=http://memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=IA44808|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103949/http://memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=IA44808 |archive-date=11 February 2009|title= The Iranian Roots of Hizbullah|author=Dr. Nimrod Raphaeli|date=11 February 2009|publisher=MEMRI}}</ref>
*[[Perang Bosnia]]
*[[Perang Lebanon 2006]]
*[[Konflik Lebanon 2008]]
*[[Perang Saudara Suriah]]
*[[Perang Saudara Irak (2014–2017)]]<ref name="iq"/><ref name="iq2"/>}}
|image=File:InfoboxHez.PNG}}

'''Hezbollah''' ({{lang-ar|‮حزب الله‬|translit=Hizbullāh|lit=Partai Allah}}) adalah organisasi [[politik]] dan [[paramiliter]] dari kelompok [[Islam|Pejuang Islam]] yang didirikan pada tahun [[1982]] dan terletak di [[Lebanon]].<ref name="HG20Ak02">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |title=Hezbollah's transformation |first=Dahr |last=Jamail |publisher=Asia Times |date=2006-07-20 |accessdate=2009-02-07 |archive-date=2006-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sejak didirikan, organisasi ini telah berkembang menjadi organisasi yang bercampur ke dalam strukur sosial Lebanon melalui pelayanan sosial dan partisipasi aktif dalam politik sambil tetap melancarkan serangan perjuangan internasional dan operasi-operasi militer regional.

Kelompok ini secara rutin berselisih dengan [[Israel]] dan menentang pengaruh barat di Lebanon, dan yang paling baru adalah terlibat dalam perang saudara di Suriah sebagai pendukung pemerintah [[Bashar al-Assad|Assad]].<ref name="HG20Ak02" /><ref name="CFR">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F|title=Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)|first=|last=|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=2008-09-13|accessdate=2009-02-07|archive-date=2008-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913091527/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kelompok ini dianggap sebagai organisasi teroris oleh [[Amerika Serikat]], Israel, [[Kanada]], dan [[Australia]].<ref name="UKHO">[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups British Home office official listing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318131118/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups |date=2009-03-18 }} of Proscribed terrorist groups</ref><ref name="UK ban">{{cite web|title=UK ban on Hezbollah military arm| first=|last=|publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7485213.stm |date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hizballah_External_Security_Organisation |title=Australian National Security Listing |access-date=2009-02-08 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519054738/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hizballah_External_Security_Organisation |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.arabmediawatch.com/amw/CountryBackgrounds/Lebanon/MediaMyths/Hezbollahisaterroristorganisation/tabid/314/Default.aspx arabmediawatch.com]</ref>


== Organisasi ==
== Organisasi ==
[[Berkas:HezbollahOrgChart.svg|jmpl|450px|Bagan Organisasi Hezbollah oleh Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh.]]
[[Berkas:HezbollahOrgChart.svg|jmpl|450px|Bagan Organisasi Hezbollah oleh Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh.]]{{Rapikan|Sub bagian}}
Pada awalnya para pemimpin Hizbullah mengatakan bahwa gerakan ini bukanlah sebagai sebuah organisasi, oleh karena itu tidak mempunyai kartu anggota, hiraki kepemimpinan <ref>''al-Nahar al-Arabi walduwali'', 10-16 June 1985; and ''La Revue du Liban'', 27 July-3 August 1985. quoted in Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon,'' (1997), p.41</ref> dan struktur organisasi <ref>Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon,'' (1997), p. 64</ref> yang jelas
Pada awalnya para pemimpin Hezbollah mengatakan bahwa gerakan ini bukanlah sebagai sebuah organisasi, oleh karena itu tidak mempunyai kartu anggota, hiraki kepemimpinan <ref>''al-Nahar al-Arabi walduwali'', 10-16 June 1985; and ''La Revue du Liban'', 27 July-3 August 1985. quoted in Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon,'' (1997), p.41</ref> dan struktur organisasi <ref>Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon,'' (1997), p. 64</ref> yang jelas
== Organ propaganda ==
== Organ Media Melawan Propaganda Barat ==
Hisbullah mempunyai majalah mingguan ''Kabdat Alla'' serta penyiaran satelit, radio ''Al Nour'' dan televisi ''[[Al-Manar (jurnal)|Al-Manar]]'' yang pernah melakukan penyiarkan 29 bagian episode mengenai konspirasi Yahudi di seluruh dunia dengan judul ''Al-Shatat'' yang diklaim oleh sementara pihak sebagai alat [[Agitprop|agitasi dan propaganda]] yang bersifat menyebarkan [[Antisemitisme]] <ref>''Lihat:'' Avi Jorisch, "Al-Manar: Hizbollah TV," Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2004. ''lihat pula'' Lisbeth Rausing, "Frequenzen des Hasses. Wie die Hisbollah ihre Mordpropaganda nach Europe trdgt," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), Vol. 13, March 2004 (German).</ref><ref>"In the Israeli-occupied territories," declared the most prominent of the German participants, Christoph Zv bel, "force is used on a daily basis," as a result of which Hizbollah also thinks in terms of "changing the situation through the use of force." See "Die Hisbollah ist eine Kraft unter vielen," interview with Christoph Zv bel in JungleWorld, 25 February 2004 (German). On the relationship between Islamic anti-Semitism and Israeli policy, see Matthias K|ntzel, "The Roots of Delusion," on the website: http://www.matthiaskuentzel.de.</ref>
Hisbullah mempunyai majalah mingguan ''Kabdat Alla'' serta penyiaran satelit, radio ''Al Nour'' dan televisi ''[[Al-Manar (jurnal)|Al-Manar]]'' yang pernah melakukan penyiarkan 29 bagian episode mengenai konspirasi Yahudi di seluruh dunia dengan judul ''Al-Shatat'' yang diklaim oleh sementara pihak sebagai alat [[Agitprop|agitasi dan propaganda]] yang bersifat menyebarkan [[Antisemitisme]] <ref>''Lihat:'' Avi Jorisch, "Al-Manar: Hizbollah TV," Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2004. ''lihat pula'' Lisbeth Rausing, "Frequenzen des Hasses. Wie die Hisbollah ihre Mordpropaganda nach Europe trdgt," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), Vol. 13, March 2004 (German).</ref><ref>"In the Israeli-occupied territories," declared the most prominent of the German participants, Christoph Zv bel, "force is used on a daily basis," as a result of which Hizbollah also thinks in terms of "changing the situation through the use of force." See "Die Hisbollah ist eine Kraft unter vielen," interview with Christoph Zv bel in JungleWorld, 25 February 2004 (German). On the relationship between Islamic anti-Semitism and Israeli policy, see Matthias K|ntzel, "The Roots of Delusion," on the website: http://www.matthiaskuentzel.de.</ref>
<ref>Leon Poliakov, Vom Antizionismus zum Anti-Semitismus (Freiburg: ca ira- Verlag, 1992), p. 104 (German).</ref> dan 3 bulan kemudian setelah penyiaran ''Al-Shafat'' sebuah lembaga Jerman bernama [[Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES)]] pusat pemikir yang dekat dengan [[Partai Sosial Demokrat Jerman]] (German Social Democratic Party - SPD) bersama-sama dengan Hizbullah "research department" membuat konferensi bersama di Beirut dengan tema "[[The Islamic World and Europe: From Dialogue to Agreement]]" <ref>Along with the FES and the Hizbollah Consultative Centre for Studies and Documentation, the Deutsche Orient-Institut Beirut and the University of Birminham's Centre for the Study of Islam were also involved in organizing the conference, held on 17-19 February 2004. See the FES's press release of 23 February 2004.</ref><ref>Among the participants in the conference were Social Democratic MP Christoph Zv pel (between 1999 and 2002 a minister of state in the Foreign Office and currently spokesperson for the SPD's Middle East Dialogue Parliamentary Group), Michael L|ders and Helga Baumgarten (Middle East experts), Volker Perthes (from the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik think tank), AndrdGdrber (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung), Manfred Kropp (Deutsches Orient- Institut Beirut), and Friedemann B|ttner (FU Berlin).</ref>
<ref>Leon Poliakov, Vom Antizionismus zum Anti-Semitismus (Freiburg: ca ira- Verlag, 1992), p. 104 (German).</ref> dan 3 bulan kemudian setelah penyiaran ''Al-Shafat'' sebuah lembaga Jerman bernama [[Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES)]] pusat pemikir yang dekat dengan [[Partai Sosial Demokrat Jerman]] (German Social Democratic Party - SPD) bersama-sama dengan Hezbollah "research department" membuat konferensi bersama di Beirut dengan tema "[[The Islamic World and Europe: From Dialogue to Agreement]]" <ref>Along with the FES and the Hizbollah Consultative Centre for Studies and Documentation, the Deutsche Orient-Institut Beirut and the University of Birminham's Centre for the Study of Islam were also involved in organizing the conference, held on 17-19 February 2004. See the FES's press release of 23 February 2004.</ref><ref>Among the participants in the conference were Social Democratic MP Christoph Zv pel (between 1999 and 2002 a minister of state in the Foreign Office and currently spokesperson for the SPD's Middle East Dialogue Parliamentary Group), Michael L|ders and Helga Baumgarten (Middle East experts), Volker Perthes (from the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik think tank), AndrdGdrber (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung), Manfred Kropp (Deutsches Orient- Institut Beirut), and Friedemann B|ttner (FU Berlin).</ref>


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 32: Baris 111:


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.moqawama.net/ Situs resmi Hizbullah]
* [http://www.moqawama.net/ Situs resmi Hezbollah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803053856/http://moqawama.net/ |date=2006-08-03 }}
* [http://www.manar.com/ Jaringan TV Al-Manar]
* [http://www.manar.com/ Jaringan TV Al-Manar]
* [http://www.al-nour.net/ Radio Al-Nour]
* [http://www.al-nour.net/ Radio Al-Nour]
{{politik-stub}}


[[Kategori:Ideologi politik]]
[[Kategori:Partai Islam|Hezbollah]]
[[Kategori:Partai politik di Lebanon]]
[[Kategori:Partai politik di Lebanon|Hezbollah]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi Islam]]
[[Kategori:Partai politik yang didirikan tahun 1985]]
[[Kategori:Konflik Arab-Israel]]
[[Kategori:Konflik Arab–Israel]]

Revisi terkini sejak 14 Juni 2024 01.52

Lihat pula: Hizbullah (disambiguasi)

Hezbollah
حزب الله
Ḥizbullāh
Sekretaris JenderalHassan Nasrallah
Dibentuk1985; 39 tahun lalu (1985) (resmi)
Kantor pusatBeirut, Lebanon
Sayap parlemenLoyalitas pada Blok Perlawanan
Sayap paramiliterPerlawanan Islam di Lebanon Brigade Perlawanan Lebanon
Ideologi
(secara resmi ditolak)[7]
AgamaIslam Syiah
Afiliasi nasionalAliansi 8 Maret
Warna
  • Kuning
  • Hijau
Parlemen[8]
13 / 128 （10%）
Situs web
www.moqawama.org
Hezbollah
Waktu operasi1982–Sekarang
Kelompok
MarkasLebanon
Ideologi
(secara resmi ditolak)[7]
Jumlah anggota100.000 (Klaim Nasrallah)
SekutuNegara sekutu:

Sekutu non-negara:


Lihat lebih banyak
LawanNegara lawan:

Lawan non-negara:

Pertempuran dan perang

Hezbollah (bahasa Arab: ‮حزب الله‬, translit. Hizbullāh, har. 'Partai Allah') adalah organisasi politik dan paramiliter dari kelompok Pejuang Islam yang didirikan pada tahun 1982 dan terletak di Lebanon.[26] Sejak didirikan, organisasi ini telah berkembang menjadi organisasi yang bercampur ke dalam strukur sosial Lebanon melalui pelayanan sosial dan partisipasi aktif dalam politik sambil tetap melancarkan serangan perjuangan internasional dan operasi-operasi militer regional.

Kelompok ini secara rutin berselisih dengan Israel dan menentang pengaruh barat di Lebanon, dan yang paling baru adalah terlibat dalam perang saudara di Suriah sebagai pendukung pemerintah Assad.[26][27] Kelompok ini dianggap sebagai organisasi teroris oleh Amerika Serikat, Israel, Kanada, dan Australia.[28][29][30][31]

Organisasi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bagan Organisasi Hezbollah oleh Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh.

Pada awalnya para pemimpin Hezbollah mengatakan bahwa gerakan ini bukanlah sebagai sebuah organisasi, oleh karena itu tidak mempunyai kartu anggota, hiraki kepemimpinan [32] dan struktur organisasi [33] yang jelas

Organ Media Melawan Propaganda Barat[sunting | sunting sumber]

Hisbullah mempunyai majalah mingguan Kabdat Alla serta penyiaran satelit, radio Al Nour dan televisi Al-Manar yang pernah melakukan penyiarkan 29 bagian episode mengenai konspirasi Yahudi di seluruh dunia dengan judul Al-Shatat yang diklaim oleh sementara pihak sebagai alat agitasi dan propaganda yang bersifat menyebarkan Antisemitisme [34][35] [36] dan 3 bulan kemudian setelah penyiaran Al-Shafat sebuah lembaga Jerman bernama Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) pusat pemikir yang dekat dengan Partai Sosial Demokrat Jerman (German Social Democratic Party - SPD) bersama-sama dengan Hezbollah "research department" membuat konferensi bersama di Beirut dengan tema "The Islamic World and Europe: From Dialogue to Agreement" [37][38]

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Ekaterina Stepanova, Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects Diarsipkan 10 March 2016 di Wayback Machine., Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113
  2. ^ Elie Alagha, Joseph (2011). Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Amsterdam University Press. hlm. 15, 20. ISBN 978-90-8555-037-2. 
    Shehata, Samer (2012). Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. Routledge. hlm. 176. ISBN 978-0-415-78361-3. 
    Husseinia, Rola El (2010). "Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria". Third World Quarterly. 31 (5): 803–815. doi:10.1080/01436597.2010.502695. 
  3. ^ a b c d Philip Smyth (February 2015). The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects (PDF) (Laporan). The Washington Institute for Near East Studies. hlm. 7–8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-04-02. Diakses tanggal 13 March 2015. 
  4. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. hlm. 356. ISBN 9781849043335. Hezbollah's anti-Western militancy began with attacks against Western targets in Lebanon, then expanded to attacks abroad intended to exact revenge for actions threatening its or Iran's interests, or to press foreign governments to release captured operatives. 
    Hanhimäki, Jussi M.; Blumenau, Bernhard (2013). An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences. hlm. 267. ISBN 9780415635400. Based upon these beliefs, Hezbollah became vehemently anti-West and anti-Israel. 
    Siegel, Larry J. (3 February 2012). Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology. hlm. 396. ISBN 978-1133049647. Hezbollah is anti-West and anti-Israel and has engaged in a series of terrorist actions including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings. 
  5. ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama bbc-hi-me
  6. ^ Julius, Anthony. Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015.
    Michael, Robert and Philip Rosen. Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015.
    Perry, Mark. Talking to Terrorists: Why America Must Engage with Its Enemies. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015
    "Analysis: Hezbollah's lethal anti-Semitism". The Jerusalem Post. 
  7. ^ a b Joshua L. Gleis; Benedetta Berti (2012). Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study. ISBN 9781421406718. 
  8. ^ "Interior Ministry releases numbers of votes for new MPs". The Daily Star. 9 May 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2021-05-18. 
  9. ^ a b "Hezbollah fighters train Iraqi Shiite militants near Mosul - FDD's Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. 5 November 2016. 
  10. ^ Ekaterina Stepanova, Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects Diarsipkan 10 March 2016 di Wayback Machine., Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113
  11. ^ Elie Alagha, Joseph (2011). Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Amsterdam University Press. hlm. 15, 20. ISBN 978-90-8555-037-2. 
    Shehata, Samer (2012). Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. Routledge. hlm. 176. ISBN 978-0-415-78361-3. 
    Husseinia, Rola El (2010). "Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria". Third World Quarterly. 31 (5): 803–815. doi:10.1080/01436597.2010.502695. 
  12. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. hlm. 356. ISBN 9781849043335. Hezbollah's anti-Western militancy began with attacks against Western targets in Lebanon, then expanded to attacks abroad intended to exact revenge for actions threatening its or Iran's interests, or to press foreign governments to release captured operatives. 
    Hanhimäki, Jussi M.; Blumenau, Bernhard (2013). An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences. hlm. 267. ISBN 9780415635400. Based upon these beliefs, Hezbollah became vehemently anti-West and anti-Israel. 
    Siegel, Larry J. (3 February 2012). Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology. hlm. 396. ISBN 978-1133049647. Hezbollah is anti-West and anti-Israel and has engaged in a series of terrorist actions including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings. 
  13. ^ Julius, Anthony. Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015.
    Michael, Robert and Philip Rosen. Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015.
    Perry, Mark. Talking to Terrorists: Why America Must Engage with Its Enemies. Via Google Books. 1 May 2015
    "Analysis: Hezbollah's lethal anti-Semitism". The Jerusalem Post. 
  14. ^ "New Experience of Hezbollah with Russian Military". 2 February 2016. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  15. ^ Rosenfeld, Jesse (11 January 2016). "Russia is Arming Hezbollah, Say Two of the Group's Field Commanders". The Daily Beast. 
  16. ^ "Hezbollah Fights Alongside LAF Demonstrating its Continuing Control over Lebanon". The Tower. 21 August 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 February 2020. Diakses tanggal 28 July 2018. 
  17. ^ a b "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 June 2018. Diakses tanggal 28 July 2018. 
  18. ^ McElroy, Damien (29 July 2014). "North Korea denies reports of missile deal with Hamas". The Daily Telegraph. 
  19. ^ "Yemeni FM slams Hezbollah's Houthi support: report". THE DAILY STAR. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-07-28. Diakses tanggal 2021-05-18. 
  20. ^ "Lebanon's Hezbollah denies sending weapons to Yemen". Reuters. 20 November 2017. 
  21. ^ "Hezbollah – International terrorist organization". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 July 2013. 
  22. ^ Francis, Xavier (21 May 2020). "Israel Impressed How Turkish Army Crushed Hezbollah In Idlib, Syria". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. 
  23. ^ "Israel learned from Hezbollah's defeat at the hands of Turkey". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 
  24. ^ "Turkish strike in Syria kills nine Hezbollah members, according to source". Haaretz.com. 
  25. ^ Dr. Nimrod Raphaeli (11 February 2009). "The Iranian Roots of Hizbullah". MEMRI. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 February 2009. 
  26. ^ a b Jamail, Dahr (2006-07-20). "Hezbollah's transformation". Asia Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-07-20. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-07. 
  27. ^ "Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)". Council on Foreign Relations. 2008-09-13. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-13. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-07. 
  28. ^ British Home office official listing Diarsipkan 2009-03-18 di Wayback Machine. of Proscribed terrorist groups
  29. ^ "UK ban on Hezbollah military arm". BBC News. 2008-02-07. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-07. 
  30. ^ "Australian National Security Listing". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-08. 
  31. ^ arabmediawatch.com
  32. ^ al-Nahar al-Arabi walduwali, 10-16 June 1985; and La Revue du Liban, 27 July-3 August 1985. quoted in Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.41
  33. ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 64
  34. ^ Lihat: Avi Jorisch, "Al-Manar: Hizbollah TV," Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2004. lihat pula Lisbeth Rausing, "Frequenzen des Hasses. Wie die Hisbollah ihre Mordpropaganda nach Europe trdgt," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), Vol. 13, March 2004 (German).
  35. ^ "In the Israeli-occupied territories," declared the most prominent of the German participants, Christoph Zv bel, "force is used on a daily basis," as a result of which Hizbollah also thinks in terms of "changing the situation through the use of force." See "Die Hisbollah ist eine Kraft unter vielen," interview with Christoph Zv bel in JungleWorld, 25 February 2004 (German). On the relationship between Islamic anti-Semitism and Israeli policy, see Matthias K|ntzel, "The Roots of Delusion," on the website: http://www.matthiaskuentzel.de.
  36. ^ Leon Poliakov, Vom Antizionismus zum Anti-Semitismus (Freiburg: ca ira- Verlag, 1992), p. 104 (German).
  37. ^ Along with the FES and the Hizbollah Consultative Centre for Studies and Documentation, the Deutsche Orient-Institut Beirut and the University of Birminham's Centre for the Study of Islam were also involved in organizing the conference, held on 17-19 February 2004. See the FES's press release of 23 February 2004.
  38. ^ Among the participants in the conference were Social Democratic MP Christoph Zv pel (between 1999 and 2002 a minister of state in the Foreign Office and currently spokesperson for the SPD's Middle East Dialogue Parliamentary Group), Michael L|ders and Helga Baumgarten (Middle East experts), Volker Perthes (from the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik think tank), AndrdGdrber (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung), Manfred Kropp (Deutsches Orient- Institut Beirut), and Friedemann B|ttner (FU Berlin).

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

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