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{{for|organisme pemakan daging secara umum|karnivor}}
{{for|organisme pemakan daging secara umum|karnivor}}{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Taxobox
[[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] '''Carnivora''' {{IPA2|kɑː(r)ˈnɪvɔːˌrə}} (dari [[bahasa Latin]] ''carō'' (stem ''carn-'') 'daging', + ''vorāre'' 'mencabik') adalah ordo [[mamalia]] berplasenta<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parker|first=Sybil, P|date=1984|title=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology|publisher=McGraw-Hill Company|url-status=live}}</ref> yang telah terspesialisasi untuk sebagian besar memakan daging. Ordo carnivora menjadi ordo mamalia terbesar kelima, terdiri dari setidaknya 279 spesies yang dapat ditemukan pada semua massa daratan utama di Bumi dan pada beragam jenis habitat, mulai dari wilayah kutub yang dingin, daerah [[Gurun Sahara]] yang sangat gersang, sampai ke samudra lepas. Angota ordo ini memiliki [[rancangan tubuh]] yang sangat beragam, baik dalam ukuran maupun bentuk.
| name = Carnivora
{{taxobox|name=Carnivora
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|40|0}}[[Eosen Tengah]] - [[Holosen]]
| domain = [[Eukariota|Eukaryota]]
| image = Canis lupus laying.jpg
| regnum = [[Hewan|Animalia]]
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Serigala abu-abu]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
{{kladtb|[[Carnivoramorpha]]}}
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
{{kladtb|[[Carnivoraformes]]}}
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Eutheria]]
| superordo = [[Laurasiatheria]]
| ordo = '''Carnivora'''
| ordo = '''Carnivora'''
| ordo_authority = [[Thomas Edward Bowdich|Bowdich]], 1821
| ordo_authority = [[Thomas Edward Bowdich|Bowdich]], 1821<ref>Bowditch, T. E. 1821. An analysis of the natural classifications of Mammalia for the use of students and travelers J. Smith Paris. 115. (merujuk pada halaman 24, 33)</ref>
|fossil_range={{fossil_range|51.88|0|earliest=66.0}}[[Eosen Awal]]-[[Holosen]]<ref name="Foley-Mason2023">{{cite journal |last1=Foley |first1=N. M. |last2=Mason |first2=V. C. |last3=Harris |first3=A. J. |last4=Bredemeyer |first4=K. R. |last5=Damas |first5=J. |last6=Lewin |first6=H. A. |last7=Eizirik |first7=E. |last8=Gatesy |first8=J. |last9=Karlsson |first9=E. K. |last10=Lindblad-Toh |first10=K. |author11=Zoonomia Consortium |last12=Springer |first12=M. S. |last13=Murphy |first13=W. J. |year=2023 |title=A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution |journal=Science |volume=380 |issue=6643 |at=eabl8189 |doi=10.1126/science.abl8189|pmid=37104581 |pmc=10233747 }}</ref>|image=<imagemap>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Families]]
File:Carnivora_portraits.jpg|300px
| subdivision = * 17, See [[#Classification|classification]]
rect 580 485 0 0 [[Citah]]
| }}
rect 582 0 1191 485 [[Beruang cokelat]]
[[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] '''Carnivora''' {{IPA2|kɑː(r)ˈnɪvɔːˌrə}} (dari [[bahasa Latin]] ''carō'' (stem ''carn-'') 'daging', + ''vorāre'' 'mencabik') meliputi lebih dari 260 jenis [[mamalia]] berplasenta.

rect 0 486 577 972 [[Hiena tutul]]
rect 581 487 1190 971 [[Serigala]]

rect 0 975 577 1387 [[Binturung]]
rect 582 974 1190 1388 [[Rakun]]

rect 0 1392 577 1805 [[Garangan abu-abu india]]
rect 581 1391 1188 1807 [[Cerpelai cokelat amerika]]

rect 0 1811 577 2231 [[Fosa]]
rect 581 1810 1190 2231 [[Walrus]]
</imagemap>|image_upright=1.15|image_caption=Beragam hewan carnivora, [[feliform]] di kiri, dan [[caniform]] di kanan|display_parents=2|taxon=Carnivora|authority=[[Thomas Edward Bowdich|Bowdich]], 1821<ref name="Bowditch, T. E 1821. pages 24, 33">Bowditch, T. E. 1821. An analysis of the natural classifications of Mammalia for the use of students and travelers J. Smith Paris. 115. (refer pages 24, 33)</ref>|subdivision_ranks=Subordo|subdivision=* [[Caniformia]]
* [[Feliformia]]|synonyms={{collapsible list |bullets=true |title=list of synonyms:
|Caniformes {{small|(Zagorodniuk, 2008)}}<ref>Zagorodniuk, I. (2008) [https://www.academia.edu/27585773/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_Scientific_names_of_mammalian_orders_from_descriptive_to_uniform_ "Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform"] Visnyk of Lviv University, Biology series, Is. 48. P. 33-43</ref><ref>Zagorodniuk, I. (2014) [http://terioshkola.org.ua/library/pts12-divers/pts12-11-zag-mamdivers.pdf "Changes In Taxonomic Diversity Of Ukrainian Mammals For The Last Three Centuries: Extinct, Phantom And Alien Species"] Proceedings of the Theriological School, Vol. 12: 3–16</ref>
|Carnaria {{small|(Haeckel, 1866)}}<ref>Haeckel, Ernst (1866.) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52177#page/11/mode/1up "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen."] Berlin: Georg Reimer.</ref>
|Carnassidentia {{small|(Wortman, 1901)}}<ref>J. L. Wortman (1901.) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40243865#page/157/mode/1up "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum."] The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206</ref>
|Carnivoramorphia {{small|(Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992)}}<ref>Kalandadze, N. N. and S. A. Rautian (1992.) "Systema mlekopitayushchikh i istorygeskaya zoogeographei [The system of mammals and historical zoogeography]." Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Moskovskogo Goschdarstvennoro Universiteta 29:44–152.</ref>
|Carnivores {{small|(Cuvier, 1817)}}<ref>Georges Cuvier, Pierre André Latreille (1817.) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_H9sTAAAAQAAJ/page/n3/mode/2up "Le Règne Animal Distribué d'après son Organisation, pour Servir de Base à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d'Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée"] Déterville libraire, Imprimerie de A. Belin, Paris, 4 Volumes</ref>
|Carnivori {{small|(Vieq d'Azyr, 1792)}}<ref>Félix Vicq-Dazyr (1792.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=8E5wN2Ake3kC&pg=PP9 "Encyclopédie Méthodique, Vol. 2: Système Anatomique, Quadrupèdes"] Panckoucke</ref>
|Carnivorida {{small|(Pearse, 1936)}}<ref>Arthur Sperry Pearse, (1936) [https://archive.org/details/zoologicalnamesl1936pear/page/24/mode/2up?q=Creodontina "Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science"] American Association for the Advancement of Science</ref><ref>G. G. Simpson (1952) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2411849?seq=1 "For and Against Uniform Endings in Zoological Nomenclature"] in "Systematic Zoology Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring, 1952)", pp. 20-23, Published By: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.</ref>
|Carnivoriformes {{small|(Kinman, 1994)}}<ref>Kenneth E. Kinman (1994.) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88 pages</ref>
|Carnivoripedida {{small|(Vyalov, 1966)}}<ref>O. S. Vyalov (1966.) "Sledy Zhiznedeyatel'nosti Organizmov i ikh Paleontologicheskoye Znacheniye [Traces of Vital Activity of Organisms and their Paleontological Significance]" Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1-219</ref>
|Cynofeliformia {{small|(Ginsburg, 1982)}}
|Cynofeloidea {{small|(Hough, 1953)}}<ref>Hough, J. R. (1953.) [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0243g/report.pdf "Auditory region in North American fossil Felidae: Its significance in phylogeny."] United States Geological SurveyProfessional Papers, 243-G,95–115.</ref>
|Cynosia {{small|(Rafinesque, 1815)}}<ref name="Rafinesque1815">{{Cite journal |last=Rafinesque |first=Constantine Samuel |date=1815 |title=Analyse de la Nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés |volume=1815 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/188066#page/11/mode/1up |publisher=Palermo, Aux dépens de l'auteur, 223 pp.}}</ref>
|Digitigrada {{small|(Illiger, 1811)}}<ref>Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger (1811.) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/188747#page/7/mode/1up "Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium."] Berlin: Sumptibus C. Salfeld, xviii, 301 pages</ref>
|Digitigradae {{small|(Gray, 1821)}}<ref name="Gray1821">{{cite journal |last=Gray |first=J. E. |year=1821 |title=On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals |url=https://archive.org/stream/londonmedicalre08unkngoog#page/n314/mode/1up |journal=London Medical Repository |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=296–310}}</ref>
|Eucarnivora {{small|(Mekayev, 2002)}}<ref>Mekayev, Y. A. (2002.) "The faunagenesis and classification of mammals." Petrov’s Academy of Sciences and Arts, St. Petersburg, 1–895.</ref>
|Ferae {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}<ref name="Linnaeus1758"/>
|Fissipeda {{small|(Blumenbach, 1791)}}<ref>Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1791.) [https://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1791?p=5 "Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Vierte auflage."] Göttingen, Johann Christian Dieterich, xii+704+[33] pp., 3 pls.</ref>
|Neocarnivora {{small|(Radinsky, 1977)}}<ref>Leonard Radinsky (1977.) [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/brains-of-early-carnivores/AE507D4080D40AA8254D1306CC349824 "Brains of early carnivores."] Paleobiology, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 333 - 349</ref>
|Plantigrada {{small|(Illiger, 1811)}}
}}|range_map=Carnivora_Distribution.png|range_map_caption=Sebaran dan kepadatan spesies-spesies Carnivora yang masih hidup}}
Carnivora dibagi menjadi dua subordo, yaitu [[Feliformia]], yang mencakup [[Felidae|felid]] sejati dan beberapa hewan "mirip kucing"; dan [[Caniformia]], yang mencakup [[Canidae|canid]] sejati dan banyak hewan "mirip anjing". Feliformia mencakup famili [[Felidae]], [[Viverridae]], [[hyena]] dan [[garangan]], kebanyakan darinya hidup di Dunia Lama; kucing adalah pengecualian dari ini, hidup di Dunia Lama dan Dunia Baru berkat penyebrangan ke Amerika. Caniformia mencakup [[Caninae]], [[Procyonidae]], [[beruang]], [[Mustelidae]], [[sigung]] dan [[anjing laut]], yang dapat ditemukan di seluruh dunia dengan keanekaragaman morfologis, diet dan perilaku yang sangat beragam.


== Klasifikasi ==
== Klasifikasi ==
[[Berkas:Mirounga leonina male.JPG||thumb|[[Gajah laut Selatan]], ''carnivora'' terbesar]]
[[Berkas:Mirounga leonina male.JPG||jmpl|[[Gajah laut Selatan]], ''carnivora'' terbesar]]
* '''Ordo Carnivora'''
* '''Ordo Carnivora'''
** Upaordo [[Feliformia]] ("mirip-kucing")
** Upaordo [[Feliformia]] ("mirip-kucing")
Baris 34: Baris 67:
**** Superfamili [[Herpestoidea]]
**** Superfamili [[Herpestoidea]]
***** Famili [[Hyaenidae]]: [[hyena]] dan [[Aardwolf]]; 4 spesies dalam 4 genera
***** Famili [[Hyaenidae]]: [[hyena]] dan [[Aardwolf]]; 4 spesies dalam 4 genera
***** Famili [[Eupleridae]] : musang Madagaskar; 8 spesies dalam 7 genera
***** Famili [[Eupleridae]]: musang Madagaskar; 8 spesies dalam 7 genera
***** Famili [[Herpestidae]]: [[garangan]] dan kerabatnya; 33 spesies dalam 14 genera
***** Famili [[Herpestidae]]: [[garangan]] dan kerabatnya; 33 spesies dalam 14 genera
** Upaordo [[Caniformia]] ("mirip-anjing")
** Upaordo [[Caniformia]] ("mirip-anjing")
Baris 54: Baris 87:
***** Famili [[Phocidae]]: [[anjing laut]]; 19 spesies dalam 9 genera
***** Famili [[Phocidae]]: [[anjing laut]]; 19 spesies dalam 9 genera


=== Pohon Filogenetik ===
=== Pohon filogenetik ===
[[Berkas:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|[[Beruang kutub]], ''carnivora'' darat terbesar.]]
[[Berkas:Polar-bear.jpg|jmpl|[[Beruang kutub]], ''carnivora'' darat terbesar.]]
[[Berkas:Trillium Poncho cat dog.jpg|thumb|[[Kucing]] dan [[anjing]], ''carnivora'' yang biasa dijadikan [[Hewan peliharaan|piaraan]].]]
[[Berkas:Trillium Poncho cat dog.jpg|jmpl|[[Kucing]] dan [[anjing]], carnivora yang biasa dijadikan [[Hewan peliharaan|piaraan]].]]


{{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
{{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
Baris 135: Baris 168:


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Rubah kucing]], ''carnivora'' baru yang ditemukan di [[Kalimantan]]
* [[Karnivor]] - untuk hewan pemakan daging secara umum
* [[Karnivor]] - untuk hewan pemakan daging secara umum

== Referensi ==
<references />


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
⚫
{{wikispecies-inline|Carnivora}}
* {{en}} [http://home.uchicago.edu/~johnf/pdf/Flynn_etal_2005.pdf Flynn et al: Molecular Phylogeny of Carnivora]
* {{en}} [http://home.uchicago.edu/~johnf/pdf/Flynn_etal_2005.pdf Flynn et al: Molecular Phylogeny of Carnivora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630051528/http://home.uchicago.edu/~johnf/pdf/Flynn_etal_2005.pdf |date=2007-06-30 }}
* {{en}} [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=285903&jid=SYP&volumeId=3&issueId=01&aid=285902 Wesley-Hunt: Phylogeny of the Carnivores]
* {{en}} [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=285903&jid=SYP&volumeId=3&issueId=01&aid=285902 Wesley-Hunt: Phylogeny of the Carnivores]{{Pranala mati|date=Agustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

⚫
{{wikispecies|Carnivora}}


{{Mamalia}}
{{Mamalia}}
{{biologi-stub}}
{{Carnivora}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25306}}


[[Kategori:Karnivora|*]]
[[Kategori:Karnivor|*]]
[[Kategori:Mamalia]]
[[Kategori:Mamalia]]
[[Kategori:Ordo mamalia]]


{{biologi-stub}}

Revisi per 11 Juli 2024 11.49

Untuk organisme pemakan daging secara umum, lihat karnivor.

Ordo Carnivora IPA: [kɑː(r)ˈnɪvɔːˌrə] (dari bahasa Latin carō (stem carn-) 'daging', + vorāre 'mencabik') adalah ordo mamalia berplasenta[1] yang telah terspesialisasi untuk sebagian besar memakan daging. Ordo carnivora menjadi ordo mamalia terbesar kelima, terdiri dari setidaknya 279 spesies yang dapat ditemukan pada semua massa daratan utama di Bumi dan pada beragam jenis habitat, mulai dari wilayah kutub yang dingin, daerah Gurun Sahara yang sangat gersang, sampai ke samudra lepas. Angota ordo ini memiliki rancangan tubuh yang sangat beragam, baik dalam ukuran maupun bentuk.

Carnivora
Rentang waktu: 51.88–0 jtyl
Eosen Awal-Holosen[2]
CitahBeruang cokelatHiena tutulSerigalaBinturungRakunGarangan abu-abu indiaCerpelai cokelat amerikaFosaWalrus
Beragam hewan carnivora, feliform di kiri, dan caniform di kanan
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kerajaan:
Animalia
Filum:
Chordata
Kelas:
Mammalia
Klad: Carnivoramorpha
Klad: Carnivoraformes
Ordo:
Carnivora

Subordo
Sebaran dan kepadatan spesies-spesies Carnivora yang masih hidup
Sinonim
list of synonyms:
  • Caniformes (Zagorodniuk, 2008)[4][5]
  • Carnaria (Haeckel, 1866)[6]
  • Carnassidentia (Wortman, 1901)[7]
  • Carnivoramorphia (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992)[8]
  • Carnivores (Cuvier, 1817)[9]
  • Carnivori (Vieq d'Azyr, 1792)[10]
  • Carnivorida (Pearse, 1936)[11][12]
  • Carnivoriformes (Kinman, 1994)[13]
  • Carnivoripedida (Vyalov, 1966)[14]
  • Cynofeliformia (Ginsburg, 1982)
  • Cynofeloidea (Hough, 1953)[15]
  • Cynosia (Rafinesque, 1815)[16]
  • Digitigrada (Illiger, 1811)[17]
  • Digitigradae (Gray, 1821)[18]
  • Eucarnivora (Mekayev, 2002)[19]
  • Ferae (Linnaeus, 1758)[20]
  • Fissipeda (Blumenbach, 1791)[21]
  • Neocarnivora (Radinsky, 1977)[22]
  • Plantigrada (Illiger, 1811)

Carnivora dibagi menjadi dua subordo, yaitu Feliformia, yang mencakup felid sejati dan beberapa hewan "mirip kucing"; dan Caniformia, yang mencakup canid sejati dan banyak hewan "mirip anjing". Feliformia mencakup famili Felidae, Viverridae, hyena dan garangan, kebanyakan darinya hidup di Dunia Lama; kucing adalah pengecualian dari ini, hidup di Dunia Lama dan Dunia Baru berkat penyebrangan ke Amerika. Caniformia mencakup Caninae, Procyonidae, beruang, Mustelidae, sigung dan anjing laut, yang dapat ditemukan di seluruh dunia dengan keanekaragaman morfologis, diet dan perilaku yang sangat beragam.

Klasifikasi

Gajah laut Selatan, carnivora terbesar

Pohon filogenetik

Beruang kutub, carnivora darat terbesar.
Kucing dan anjing, carnivora yang biasa dijadikan piaraan.
   Carnivora   
Feliformia
 

Nimravidae†

 
 
 

Stenoplesictidae†

 
 

Percrocutidae†

 
 
 

Nandiniidae

 
 
 
 

Prionodontidae

 
 
 

Barbourofelidae†

 
 

Felidae

 
 
 
 
 

Viverridae

 
 
 

Hyaenidae

 
 
 

Herpestidae

 
 

Eupleridae

 
 
 
 
 
 
   Caniformia   
 

Amphicyonidae†

 
 

Canidae

 
   Arctoidea   
   
 

Hemicyonidae†

 
 

Ursidae

 
 
 
Pinnipedia
 

Enaliarctidae†

 
 
   

Phocidae

 
 
   

Otariidae

 
 

Odobenidae

 
 
 
 
   Musteloidea   
   

Ailuridae

 
 
   

Mephitidae

 
 
   

Procyonidae

 
 

Mustelidae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Lihat pula

  • Karnivor - untuk hewan pemakan daging secara umum

Referensi

  1. ^ Parker, Sybil, P (1984). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology. McGraw-Hill Company. 
  2. ^ Foley, N. M.; Mason, V. C.; Harris, A. J.; Bredemeyer, K. R.; Damas, J.; Lewin, H. A.; Eizirik, E.; Gatesy, J.; Karlsson, E. K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Zoonomia Consortium; Springer, M. S.; Murphy, W. J. (2023). "A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution". Science. 380 (6643). eabl8189. doi:10.1126/science.abl8189. PMC 10233747 alt=Dapat diakses gratis Periksa nilai |pmc= (bantuan). PMID 37104581 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  3. ^ Bowditch, T. E. 1821. An analysis of the natural classifications of Mammalia for the use of students and travelers J. Smith Paris. 115. (merujuk pada halaman 24, 33)
  4. ^ Zagorodniuk, I. (2008) "Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" Visnyk of Lviv University, Biology series, Is. 48. P. 33-43
  5. ^ Zagorodniuk, I. (2014) "Changes In Taxonomic Diversity Of Ukrainian Mammals For The Last Three Centuries: Extinct, Phantom And Alien Species" Proceedings of the Theriological School, Vol. 12: 3–16
  6. ^ Haeckel, Ernst (1866.) "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen." Berlin: Georg Reimer.
  7. ^ J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206
  8. ^ Kalandadze, N. N. and S. A. Rautian (1992.) "Systema mlekopitayushchikh i istorygeskaya zoogeographei [The system of mammals and historical zoogeography]." Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Moskovskogo Goschdarstvennoro Universiteta 29:44–152.
  9. ^ Georges Cuvier, Pierre André Latreille (1817.) "Le Règne Animal Distribué d'après son Organisation, pour Servir de Base à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d'Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée" Déterville libraire, Imprimerie de A. Belin, Paris, 4 Volumes
  10. ^ Félix Vicq-Dazyr (1792.) "Encyclopédie Méthodique, Vol. 2: Système Anatomique, Quadrupèdes" Panckoucke
  11. ^ Arthur Sperry Pearse, (1936) "Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science" American Association for the Advancement of Science
  12. ^ G. G. Simpson (1952) "For and Against Uniform Endings in Zoological Nomenclature" in "Systematic Zoology Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring, 1952)", pp. 20-23, Published By: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
  13. ^ Kenneth E. Kinman (1994.) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88 pages
  14. ^ O. S. Vyalov (1966.) "Sledy Zhiznedeyatel'nosti Organizmov i ikh Paleontologicheskoye Znacheniye [Traces of Vital Activity of Organisms and their Paleontological Significance]" Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1-219
  15. ^ Hough, J. R. (1953.) "Auditory region in North American fossil Felidae: Its significance in phylogeny." United States Geological SurveyProfessional Papers, 243-G,95–115.
  16. ^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). "Analyse de la Nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés". 1815. Palermo, Aux dépens de l'auteur, 223 pp. 
  17. ^ Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger (1811.) "Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium." Berlin: Sumptibus C. Salfeld, xviii, 301 pages
  18. ^ Gray, J. E. (1821). "On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals". London Medical Repository. 15 (1): 296–310. 
  19. ^ Mekayev, Y. A. (2002.) "The faunagenesis and classification of mammals." Petrov’s Academy of Sciences and Arts, St. Petersburg, 1–895.
  20. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Linnaeus1758
  21. ^ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1791.) "Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Vierte auflage." Göttingen, Johann Christian Dieterich, xii+704+[33] pp., 3 pls.
  22. ^ Leonard Radinsky (1977.) "Brains of early carnivores." Paleobiology, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 333 - 349

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