Antidepresan: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| medicinenet= antidepressants |
| medicinenet= antidepressants |
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| rxlist=100734 |
| rxlist=100734 |
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'''Antidepresan''' adalah sebuah [[obat]] yang digunakan untuk mengobati [[gangguan depresi mayor]], beberapa gangguan kecemasan, beberapa kondisi nyeri kronis, dan untuk membantu mengelola beberapa kecanduan.<ref name="Jennings2018">{{cite book|title=Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide|last1=Jennings|first1=Leigh|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-74602-9|editor1-last=Grossberg|editor1-first=George T.|pages=45–71|chapter=Chapter 4: Antidepressants|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4|editor2-last=Kinsella|editor2-first=Laurence J.}}</ref> Efek samping umum dari antidepresan termasuk mulut kering, penambahan berat badan, [[pusing]], sakit kepala, dan [[disfungsi seksual]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Healy D, Noury LJ, Manginb D | title = Enduring sexual dysfunction after treatment with antidepressants, 5α-reductase inhibitors and isotretinoin: 300 cases | journal = International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 125–134 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29733030 | pmc = 6004900 | doi = 10.3233/JRS-180744 }}</ref><ref name="Bahrick">{{cite journal |doi=10.2174/1874350100801010042 |title=Persistence of Sexual Dysfunction Side Effects after Discontinuation of Antidepressant Medications: Emerging Evidence |journal=The Open Psychology Journal |volume=1 |pages=42–50 |year=2008 |last1=Bahrick |first1=Audrey S. | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor MJ, Rudkin L, Bullemor-Day P, Lubin J, Chukwujekwu C, Hawton K | title = Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = CD003382 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23728643 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003382.pub3 | url = https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/strategies-for-managing-sexual-dysfunction-induced-by-antidepressant-medication(5f0f0033-e139-42cc-9590-d3b5cad1bb25).html }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kennedy SH, Rizvi S | title = Sexual dysfunction, depression, and the impact of antidepressants | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–64 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19512977 | doi = 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31819c76e9 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/new-product-information-wording-extracts-prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac_en.pdf Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI); selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) – Persistent sexual dysfunction after drug withdrawal ](EPITT no 19277), 11 June 20191, EMA/PRAC/265221/2019, Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC)</ref> |
'''Antidepresan''' adalah sebuah [[obat]] yang digunakan untuk mengobati [[gangguan depresi mayor]], beberapa [[gangguan kecemasan]], beberapa kondisi [[nyeri kronis]], dan untuk membantu mengelola beberapa [[kecanduan]].<ref name="Jennings2018">{{cite book|title=Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide|last1=Jennings|first1=Leigh|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-74602-9|editor1-last=Grossberg|editor1-first=George T.|pages=45–71|chapter=Chapter 4: Antidepressants|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4|editor2-last=Kinsella|editor2-first=Laurence J.}}</ref> [[Efek samping]] umum dari antidepresan termasuk [[Xerostomia|mulut kering]], [[penambahan berat badan]], [[pusing]], [[sakit kepala]], dan [[disfungsi seksual]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Healy D, Noury LJ, Manginb D | title = Enduring sexual dysfunction after treatment with antidepressants, 5α-reductase inhibitors and isotretinoin: 300 cases | journal = International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 125–134 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29733030 | pmc = 6004900 | doi = 10.3233/JRS-180744 }}</ref><ref name="Bahrick">{{cite journal |doi=10.2174/1874350100801010042 |title=Persistence of Sexual Dysfunction Side Effects after Discontinuation of Antidepressant Medications: Emerging Evidence |journal=The Open Psychology Journal |volume=1 |pages=42–50 |year=2008 |last1=Bahrick |first1=Audrey S. | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor MJ, Rudkin L, Bullemor-Day P, Lubin J, Chukwujekwu C, Hawton K | title = Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = CD003382 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23728643 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003382.pub3 | url = https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/strategies-for-managing-sexual-dysfunction-induced-by-antidepressant-medication(5f0f0033-e139-42cc-9590-d3b5cad1bb25).html }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kennedy SH, Rizvi S | title = Sexual dysfunction, depression, and the impact of antidepressants | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–64 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19512977 | doi = 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31819c76e9 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/new-product-information-wording-extracts-prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac_en.pdf Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI); selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) – Persistent sexual dysfunction after drug withdrawal ](EPITT no 19277), 11 June 20191, EMA/PRAC/265221/2019, Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC)</ref> |
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Sebagian besar jenis antidepresan biasanya aman dikonsumsi, tetapi dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya pikiran untuk bunuh diri ketika dikonsumsi oleh anak-anak, remaja, dan dewasa muda. Sindrom penghentian dapat terjadi setelah menghentikan antidepresan yang menyerupai depresi berulang. |
Sebagian besar jenis antidepresan biasanya aman dikonsumsi, tetapi dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya pikiran untuk bunuh diri ketika dikonsumsi oleh anak-anak, remaja, dan dewasa muda. Sindrom penghentian dapat terjadi setelah menghentikan antidepresan yang menyerupai depresi berulang. |
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== Jenis == |
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Berikut merupakan jenis obat antidepresan: |
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===''Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor'' (SSRIs)=== |
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* [[Citalopram]] |
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* [[Escitalopram]] |
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* [[Fluoksetin]] |
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* [[Fluvoksamin]] |
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* [[Paroksetin]] |
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* [[Sertralin]] |
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Dihentikan/ditarik: |
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* [[Indalpin]] |
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* [[Zimelidin]] |
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===''Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors'' (SNRIs)=== |
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* [[Desvenlafaksin]] |
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* [[Duloksetin]] |
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* [[Levomilnacipran]] |
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* [[Milnacipran]] |
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* [[Venlafaksin]] |
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===''Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors'' (SNDRIs)=== |
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* [[Toludesvenlafaksin]] |
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* [[Nefazodon]]<ref name="Tatsumi1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E | title = Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 340 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 249–258 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9537821 | doi = 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9 }}</ref> |
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===''Serotonin modulators and stimulators'' (SMSs)=== |
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* [[Vilazodon]] |
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* [[Vortioksetin]] |
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===''Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors'' (SARIs)=== |
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* [[Nefazodon]] (Dihentikan/ditarik di banyak negara) |
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* [[Trazodon]] |
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Dihentikan/ditarik: |
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* [[Etoperidon]] |
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===''Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors'' (NRIs)=== |
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* [[Reboksetin]] |
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* [[Teniloksazin]] – juga merupakan antagonis reseptor 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> |
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* [[Viloksazin]] – juga merupakan antagonis reseptor 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> dan agonis reseptor 5-5-HT<sub>2C</sub> |
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Hanya di luar label: |
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* [[Atomoksetin]]<ref name="pmid29630286">{{cite book | vauthors = Fedder D, Patel H, Saadabadi A | chapter = Atomoxetine | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493234/ | date = March 2023 | title = StatPearls [Internet] | location = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing | pmid = 29630286 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21155988">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dell'Osso B, Palazzo MC, Oldani L, Altamura AC | title = The noradrenergic action in antidepressant treatments: pharmacological and clinical aspects | journal = CNS Neurosci Ther | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 723–32 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21155988 | pmc = 6493872 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00217.x | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid19752841">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fleurence R, Williamson R, Jing Y, Kim E, Tran QV, Pikalov AS, Thase ME | title = A systematic review of augmentation strategies for patients with major depressive disorder | journal = Psychopharmacol Bull | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 57–90 | date = 2009 | pmid = 19752841 | doi = | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid25295426">{{cite journal | vauthors = Corp SA, Gitlin MJ, Altshuler LL | title = A review of the use of stimulants and stimulant alternatives in treating bipolar depression and major depressive disorder | journal = J Clin Psychiatry | volume = 75 | issue = 9 | pages = 1010–8 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25295426 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.13r08851 | url = }}</ref> |
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===''Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors'' (NDRIs)=== |
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* [[Bupropion]] – juga merupakan antagonis non-kompetitif reseptor asetilkolin nikotinat<ref name="pmid19897080">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arias HR, Santamaría A, Ali SF | title = Pharmacological and neurotoxicological actions mediated by bupropion and diethylpropion | journal = Int. Rev. Neurobiol. | volume = 88 | pages = 223–55 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19897080 | doi = 10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88009-4 | series = International Review of Neurobiology | isbn = 9780123745040 }}</ref> |
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Hanya di luar label: |
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* [[Amfetamin]] – sebenarnya agen pelepas norepinefrin-dopamin (NDRA)<ref name="pmid25813654">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dale E, Bang-Andersen B, Sánchez C | title = Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs | journal = Biochem. Pharmacol. | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–97 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25813654 | doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.011 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid25295426" /> |
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* [[Metilfenidat]]<ref name="pmid10907387">{{cite journal | vauthors = Challman TD, Lipsky JJ | title = Methylphenidate: its pharmacology and uses | journal = Mayo Clin. Proc. | volume = 75 | issue = 7 | pages = 711–21 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10907387 | doi = 10.4065/75.7.711 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid22144657">{{cite journal | vauthors = Prommer E | title = Methylphenidate: established and expanding roles in symptom management | journal = Am J Hosp Palliat Care | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 483–90 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22144657 | doi = 10.1177/1049909111427029 | s2cid = 21384037 | url = }}</ref> |
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* [[Modafinil]] – sebenarnya penghambat pengambilan kembali dopamin selektif ditambah tindakan lainnya<ref name="pmid32447354">{{cite journal | vauthors = Urban AE, Cubała WJ | title = The role of eugeroics in the treatment of affective disorders | journal = Psychiatr Pol | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–33 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32447354 | doi = 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/90687 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid28318897">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kleeblatt J, Betzler F, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, Köhler S | title = Efficacy of off-label augmentation in unipolar depression: A systematic review of the evidence | journal = Eur Neuropsychopharmacol | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 423–441 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28318897 | doi = 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.003 | s2cid = 3740987 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid31643130">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nunez NA, Singh B, Romo-Nava F, Joseph B, Veldic M, Cuellar-Barboza A, Cabello Arreola A, Vande Voort JL, Croarkin P, Moore KM, Biernacka J, McElroy SL, Frye MA | title = Efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive modafinil/armodafinil in bipolar depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Bipolar Disord | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–120 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31643130 | doi = 10.1111/bdi.12859 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid28256707">{{cite journal | vauthors = Szmulewicz AG, Angriman F, Samamé C, Ferraris A, Vigo D, Strejilevich SA | title = Dopaminergic agents in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Acta Psychiatr Scand | volume = 135 | issue = 6 | pages = 527–538 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28256707 | doi = 10.1111/acps.12712 | s2cid = 3712257 | url = }}</ref> |
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Dihentikan/ditarik: |
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* [[Amineptin]] |
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* [[Nomifensin]] |
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===Antidepresan trisiklik=== |
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* [[Amitriptilin]] |
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* [[Amitriptilinoksida]] |
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* [[Desipramin]] |
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* [[Dibenzepin]] |
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* [[Dimetakrin]] |
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* [[Dosulepin]] |
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* [[Doksepin]] |
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* [[Imipramin]] |
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* [[Klomipramin]] |
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* [[Lofepramin]] |
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* [[Melitrasen]] |
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* [[Nitroksazepin]] |
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* [[Nortriptilin]] |
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* [[Noksiptilin]] |
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* [[Pipofezin]] |
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* [[Protriptilin]] |
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* [[Trimipramin]] |
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[[Opipramol]], [[tianeptin]], dan [[amineptin]] (dihentikan) secara kimiawi adalah TCA tetapi secara [[farmakodinamika]] atipikal, dan oleh karena itu dikelompokkan di tempat lain. |
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Dihentikan/ditarik: |
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* [[Butriptilin]] |
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* [[Demeksiptilin]] |
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* [[Fluasizin]] |
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* [[Imipraminoksida]] |
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* [[Iprindol]] |
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* [[Metapramin]] |
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* [[Propizepin]] |
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* [[Kuinupramin]] |
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* [[Tiazesim]] – sebenarnya bukan TCA tapi antidepresan mirip trisiklik |
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* [[Tofenasin]] – sebenarnya bukan TCA tapi antidepresan mirip trisiklik |
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===Antidepresan tetrasiklik=== |
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* [[Amoksapin]] |
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* [[Maprotilin]] |
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* [[Mianserin]] |
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* [[Mirtazapin]] |
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* [[Setiptilin]] |
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Mianserin, mirtazapin, dan setiptilin juga kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai antidepresan noradrenergik dan serotonergik spesifik (NaSSA). |
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===''Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors'' (MAOIs)=== |
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====Tidak dapat diubah==== |
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;Nonselektif |
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* [[Fenelzin]] |
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* [[Isokarboksazid]] |
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* [[Tranilsipromin]] |
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Dihentikan/ditarik: |
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* [[Benmoksin]] |
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* [[Feniprazin]] |
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* [[Fenoksipropazin]] |
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* [[Iproklozid]] |
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* [[Iproniazid]] |
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* [[Mebanazin]] |
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* [[Nialamida]] |
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* [[Oktamoksin]] |
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* [[Pivhidrazin]] |
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* [[Safrazin]] |
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;Selektif untuk MAO-B |
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* [[Selegilin]] |
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====Dapat diubah==== |
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;Nonselektif |
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Dihentikan/ditarik: |
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* [[Karoksazon]] |
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;Selektif untuk MAO-A |
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* [[Metralindol]] |
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* [[Moklobemid]] |
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* [[Pirlindol]] |
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Obat-obatan ini kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai penghambat MAO-A yang dapat diubah (RIMA). |
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Dihentikan/ditarik: |
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* [[Eprobemid]] |
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* [[Minaprin]] |
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* [[Toloksaton]] |
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====Dicampur==== |
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;Nonselektif |
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* [[Bifemelan]] – RIMA, penghambat MAO-B yang tidak dapat diubah, dan NRI lemah |
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===Antipsikotik atipikal=== |
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* [[Amisulprid]] – disetujui dalam dosis rendah sebagai monoterapi untuk [[Distimia|depresi persisten]] |
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* [[Kuetiapin]] – disetujui sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi bipolar |
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* [[Lumateperon]] – disetujui sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi bipolar |
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* [[Lurasidon]] – disetujui sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi bipolar |
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===Lainnya=== |
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====Dipasarkan==== |
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* [[Agomelatin]] – [[Antagonis reseptor]] 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> dan agonis reseptor MT<sub>1</sub> dan MT<sub>2</sub> |
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* [[Allopregnanolon]] – Modulator alosterik positif reseptor GABA<sub>A</sub> – disetujui untuk [[depresi pascapersalinan]] |
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* [[Esketamin]] – antagonis reseptor NMDA non-kompetitif, tindakan lain<ref name="SpravatoLabel">{{cite web | title = SPRAVATO™ (esketamine) nasal spray FDA label | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]] | date = 5 March 2019 | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/211243lbl.pdf | access-date = 6 March 2019}}</ref> |
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* [[Gepiron]] – Agonis parsial reseptor 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> dan antagonis reseptor α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergik |
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* [[Opipramol]] — Agonis reseptor σ<sub>1</sub>, tindakan lain |
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* [[Tianeptin]] – agonis reseptor μ-opioid yang lemah dan atipikal, tindakan lain |
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====Hanya di luar label==== |
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* [[Ketamin]] – antagonis reseptor NMDA non-kompetitif<ref name="pmid26768892">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang MW, Harris KM, Ho RC | title = Is off-label repeat prescription of ketamine as a rapid antidepressant safe? Controversies, ethical concerns, and legal implications | journal = BMC Med Ethics | volume = 17 | pages = 4 | year = 2016 | pmid = 26768892 | pmc = 4714497 | doi = 10.1186/s12910-016-0087-3 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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* [[Pramipeksol]] - Agonis [[Reseptor (biokimia)|reseptor]] dopamin D2, D3, dan D4<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tundo A, Betro' S, de Filippis R, Marchetti F, Nacca D, Necci R, Iommi M | title = Pramipexole Augmentation for Treatment-Resistant Unipolar and Bipolar Depression in the Real World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | journal = Life | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 1043 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 37109571 | pmc = 10141126 | doi = 10.3390/life13041043 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2023Life...13.1043T }}</ref> |
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** Agonis dopamin tidak dianjurkan karena kecenderungannya memfasilitasi perkembangan kecanduan bahkan pada individu yang tidak memiliki riwayat perilaku tersebut. |
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====Dihentikan/ditarik==== |
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* [[α-Metiltriptamin]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>αMT<nowiki>]</nowiki> – agonis reseptor serotonin non-selektif, agen pelepas serotonin-norepinefrin-dopamin (SNDRA), dan RIMA lemah |
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* [[Etriptamin]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>α-Etiltriptamin<nowiki> (αET)]</nowiki> – agonis reseptor serotonin non-selektif, SNDRA, dan RIMA lemah |
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* [[Indeloksazin]] – agen pelepas serotonin (SRA), NRI, dan antagonis reseptor NMDA |
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* [[Medifoksamin]] – penghambat penhambilan kembali serotonin-dopamin (SDRI) yang lemah dan antagonis reseptor 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> dan 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> |
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* [[Oksaflozan]] – Agonis reseptor 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, dan 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> |
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* [[Pivagabin]] – [[Mekanisme aksi|mekanisme kerja]]nya tidak diketahui/tidak jelas |
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====Dijual bebas==== |
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Antidepresan berikut tersedia dengan [[resep dokter]] dan dijual bebas: |
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* [[Ademetionin]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>''S''-Adenosil-<small>L</small>-metionin (SAMe)<nowiki>]</nowiki> – [[kofaktor (biokimia)|kofaktor]] dalam [[biosintesis]] neurotransmitter monoamin |
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* ''[[Hypericum perforatum]]'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>''St. John's Wort''<nowiki>]</nowiki> (Jarsin, Kira, Movina) – Aktivator TRPC6, dan berbagai tindakan lainnya |
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* [[Oksitriptan]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>5-Hidroksitriptofan (5-HTP)<nowiki>]</nowiki> – [[Prekursor (kimia)|prekursor]] dalam biosintesis [[serotonin]] |
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* [[Triptofan]] – prekursor dalam biosintesis serotonin |
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===Perawatan tambahan=== |
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====Antipsikotik atipikal==== |
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* [[Aripiprazol]] – disetujui sebagai tambahan antidepresan untuk depresi berat |
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* [[Brekspiprazol]] – disetujui sebagai tambahan antidepresan untuk depresi berat |
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* [[Lumateperon]] – disetujui sebagai tambahan untuk penstabil suasana hati untuk depresi bipolar |
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* [[Lurasidon]] – disetujui sebagai tambahan untuk penstabil suasana hati untuk depresi bipolar |
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* [[Olanzapin]] – disetujui sebagai tambahan antidepresan untuk depresi berat |
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* [[Kuetiapin]] – disetujui sebagai tambahan antidepresan atau penstabil suasana hati untuk depresi berat dan depresi bipolar |
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;Hanya di luar label |
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* [[Risperidon]] |
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====Antipsikotik tipikal==== |
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;Hanya di luar label |
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* [[Trifluoperazin]]<ref |
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name="pmid27514300">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thase ME | title = Adverse Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotics as Adjuncts to Antidepressants: Are the Risks Worth the Benefits? | journal = Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 477–86 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27514300 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.008 }}</ref> |
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====Lainnya==== |
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;Hanya di luar label |
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* [[Buspiron]] – Agonis parsial reseptor 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> |
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* [[Litium (pengobatan)|Litium]] – penstabil suasana hati (mekanisme aksi tidak diketahui/tidak jelas) |
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* [[Levotiroksin]] (T<sub>4</sub>) – [[hormon tiroid]] (agonis reseptor hormon tiroid) |
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* [[Triiodotironina]] (T<sub>3</sub>) – hormon tiroid (agonis reseptor hormon tiroid) |
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===Obat kombinasi=== |
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* [[Amitriptilin/klordiazepoksid]] – Kombinasi TCA dan [[benzodiazepin]] |
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* [[Amitriptilin/perfenazin]] – TCA dan kombinasi antipsikotik tipikal |
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* [[Flupentiksol/melitrasen]] – TCA dan kombinasi antipsikotik tipikal |
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* [[Olanzapin/fluoksetin]] – Kombinasi SSRI dan antipsikotik atipikal – disetujui sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi bipolar dan depresi yang resistan terhadap pengobatan |
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* [[Tranilsipromin/trifluoperazin]] – MAOI dan kombinasi antipsikotik tipikal |
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* [[Bupropion/dekstrometorfan]] – antagonis reseptor NMDA non-kompetitif, agonis reseptor σ<sub>1</sub>, SNRI, NDRI, tindakan lainnya |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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Revisi terkini sejak 12 Juli 2024 03.37
Antidepresan | |
---|---|
Kelas obat-obatan | |
Pengenal kelas | |
Penggunaan | Gangguan depresi |
Kode ATC | N06A |
Data klinis | |
Drugs.com | Drug Classes |
Consumer Reports | Best Buy Drugs |
WebMD | MedicineNet RxList |
Pranala luar | |
MeSH | D000928 |
Dalam Wikidata |
Antidepresan adalah sebuah obat yang digunakan untuk mengobati gangguan depresi mayor, beberapa gangguan kecemasan, beberapa kondisi nyeri kronis, dan untuk membantu mengelola beberapa kecanduan.[1] Efek samping umum dari antidepresan termasuk mulut kering, penambahan berat badan, pusing, sakit kepala, dan disfungsi seksual.[2][3][4][5][6]
Sebagian besar jenis antidepresan biasanya aman dikonsumsi, tetapi dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya pikiran untuk bunuh diri ketika dikonsumsi oleh anak-anak, remaja, dan dewasa muda. Sindrom penghentian dapat terjadi setelah menghentikan antidepresan yang menyerupai depresi berulang.
Jenis
[sunting | sunting sumber]Berikut merupakan jenis obat antidepresan:
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor (SSRIs)
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dihentikan/ditarik:
Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
[sunting | sunting sumber]Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs)
[sunting | sunting sumber]Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs)
[sunting | sunting sumber]Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dihentikan/ditarik:
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Reboksetin
- Teniloksazin – juga merupakan antagonis reseptor 5-HT2A
- Viloksazin – juga merupakan antagonis reseptor 5-HT2B dan agonis reseptor 5-5-HT2C
Hanya di luar label:
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)
[sunting | sunting sumber]Hanya di luar label:
- Amfetamin – sebenarnya agen pelepas norepinefrin-dopamin (NDRA)[13][11]
- Metilfenidat[14][15]
- Modafinil – sebenarnya penghambat pengambilan kembali dopamin selektif ditambah tindakan lainnya[16][17][18][19]
Dihentikan/ditarik:
Antidepresan trisiklik
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Amitriptilin
- Amitriptilinoksida
- Desipramin
- Dibenzepin
- Dimetakrin
- Dosulepin
- Doksepin
- Imipramin
- Klomipramin
- Lofepramin
- Melitrasen
- Nitroksazepin
- Nortriptilin
- Noksiptilin
- Pipofezin
- Protriptilin
- Trimipramin
Opipramol, tianeptin, dan amineptin (dihentikan) secara kimiawi adalah TCA tetapi secara farmakodinamika atipikal, dan oleh karena itu dikelompokkan di tempat lain.
Dihentikan/ditarik:
- Butriptilin
- Demeksiptilin
- Fluasizin
- Imipraminoksida
- Iprindol
- Metapramin
- Propizepin
- Kuinupramin
- Tiazesim – sebenarnya bukan TCA tapi antidepresan mirip trisiklik
- Tofenasin – sebenarnya bukan TCA tapi antidepresan mirip trisiklik
Antidepresan tetrasiklik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Mianserin, mirtazapin, dan setiptilin juga kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai antidepresan noradrenergik dan serotonergik spesifik (NaSSA).
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tidak dapat diubah
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Nonselektif
Dihentikan/ditarik:
- Benmoksin
- Feniprazin
- Fenoksipropazin
- Iproklozid
- Iproniazid
- Mebanazin
- Nialamida
- Oktamoksin
- Pivhidrazin
- Safrazin
- Selektif untuk MAO-B
Dapat diubah
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Nonselektif
Dihentikan/ditarik:
- Selektif untuk MAO-A
Obat-obatan ini kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai penghambat MAO-A yang dapat diubah (RIMA).
Dihentikan/ditarik:
Dicampur
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Nonselektif
- Bifemelan – RIMA, penghambat MAO-B yang tidak dapat diubah, dan NRI lemah
Antipsikotik atipikal
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Amisulprid – disetujui dalam dosis rendah sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi persisten
- Kuetiapin – disetujui sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi bipolar
- Lumateperon – disetujui sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi bipolar
- Lurasidon – disetujui sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi bipolar
Lainnya
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dipasarkan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Agomelatin – Antagonis reseptor 5-HT2C dan agonis reseptor MT1 dan MT2
- Allopregnanolon – Modulator alosterik positif reseptor GABAA – disetujui untuk depresi pascapersalinan
- Esketamin – antagonis reseptor NMDA non-kompetitif, tindakan lain[20]
- Gepiron – Agonis parsial reseptor 5-HT1A dan antagonis reseptor α2-adrenergik
- Opipramol — Agonis reseptor σ1, tindakan lain
- Tianeptin – agonis reseptor μ-opioid yang lemah dan atipikal, tindakan lain
Hanya di luar label
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ketamin – antagonis reseptor NMDA non-kompetitif[21]
- Pramipeksol - Agonis reseptor dopamin D2, D3, dan D4[22]
- Agonis dopamin tidak dianjurkan karena kecenderungannya memfasilitasi perkembangan kecanduan bahkan pada individu yang tidak memiliki riwayat perilaku tersebut.
Dihentikan/ditarik
[sunting | sunting sumber]- α-Metiltriptamin [αMT] – agonis reseptor serotonin non-selektif, agen pelepas serotonin-norepinefrin-dopamin (SNDRA), dan RIMA lemah
- Etriptamin [α-Etiltriptamin (αET)] – agonis reseptor serotonin non-selektif, SNDRA, dan RIMA lemah
- Indeloksazin – agen pelepas serotonin (SRA), NRI, dan antagonis reseptor NMDA
- Medifoksamin – penghambat penhambilan kembali serotonin-dopamin (SDRI) yang lemah dan antagonis reseptor 5-HT2A dan 5-HT2C
- Oksaflozan – Agonis reseptor 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, dan 5-HT2C
- Pivagabin – mekanisme kerjanya tidak diketahui/tidak jelas
Dijual bebas
[sunting | sunting sumber]Antidepresan berikut tersedia dengan resep dokter dan dijual bebas:
- Ademetionin [S-Adenosil-L-metionin (SAMe)] – kofaktor dalam biosintesis neurotransmitter monoamin
- Hypericum perforatum [St. John's Wort] (Jarsin, Kira, Movina) – Aktivator TRPC6, dan berbagai tindakan lainnya
- Oksitriptan [5-Hidroksitriptofan (5-HTP)] – prekursor dalam biosintesis serotonin
- Triptofan – prekursor dalam biosintesis serotonin
Perawatan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Antipsikotik atipikal
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Aripiprazol – disetujui sebagai tambahan antidepresan untuk depresi berat
- Brekspiprazol – disetujui sebagai tambahan antidepresan untuk depresi berat
- Lumateperon – disetujui sebagai tambahan untuk penstabil suasana hati untuk depresi bipolar
- Lurasidon – disetujui sebagai tambahan untuk penstabil suasana hati untuk depresi bipolar
- Olanzapin – disetujui sebagai tambahan antidepresan untuk depresi berat
- Kuetiapin – disetujui sebagai tambahan antidepresan atau penstabil suasana hati untuk depresi berat dan depresi bipolar
- Hanya di luar label
Antipsikotik tipikal
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Hanya di luar label
Lainnya
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Hanya di luar label
- Buspiron – Agonis parsial reseptor 5-HT1A
- Litium – penstabil suasana hati (mekanisme aksi tidak diketahui/tidak jelas)
- Levotiroksin (T4) – hormon tiroid (agonis reseptor hormon tiroid)
- Triiodotironina (T3) – hormon tiroid (agonis reseptor hormon tiroid)
Obat kombinasi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Amitriptilin/klordiazepoksid – Kombinasi TCA dan benzodiazepin
- Amitriptilin/perfenazin – TCA dan kombinasi antipsikotik tipikal
- Flupentiksol/melitrasen – TCA dan kombinasi antipsikotik tipikal
- Olanzapin/fluoksetin – Kombinasi SSRI dan antipsikotik atipikal – disetujui sebagai monoterapi untuk depresi bipolar dan depresi yang resistan terhadap pengobatan
- Tranilsipromin/trifluoperazin – MAOI dan kombinasi antipsikotik tipikal
- Bupropion/dekstrometorfan – antagonis reseptor NMDA non-kompetitif, agonis reseptor σ1, SNRI, NDRI, tindakan lainnya
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Jennings, Leigh (2018). "Chapter 4: Antidepressants". Dalam Grossberg, George T.; Kinsella, Laurence J. Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide. Springer. hlm. 45–71. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4. ISBN 978-3-319-74602-9.
- ^ Healy D, Noury LJ, Manginb D (May 2018). "Enduring sexual dysfunction after treatment with antidepressants, 5α-reductase inhibitors and isotretinoin: 300 cases". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine. 29 (3): 125–134. doi:10.3233/JRS-180744. PMC 6004900 . PMID 29733030.
- ^ Bahrick AS (2008). "Persistence of Sexual Dysfunction Side Effects after Discontinuation of Antidepressant Medications: Emerging Evidence". The Open Psychology Journal. 1: 42–50. doi:10.2174/1874350100801010042.
- ^ Taylor MJ, Rudkin L, Bullemor-Day P, Lubin J, Chukwujekwu C, Hawton K (May 2013). "Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (5): CD003382. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003382.pub3. PMID 23728643.
- ^ Kennedy SH, Rizvi S (April 2009). "Sexual dysfunction, depression, and the impact of antidepressants". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 29 (2): 157–64. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31819c76e9. PMID 19512977.
- ^ Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI); selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) – Persistent sexual dysfunction after drug withdrawal (EPITT no 19277), 11 June 20191, EMA/PRAC/265221/2019, Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC)
- ^ Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (December 1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology. 340 (2-3): 249–258. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.
- ^ Fedder D, Patel H, Saadabadi A (March 2023). "Atomoxetine". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29630286.
- ^ Dell'Osso B, Palazzo MC, Oldani L, Altamura AC (December 2011). "The noradrenergic action in antidepressant treatments: pharmacological and clinical aspects". CNS Neurosci Ther. 17 (6): 723–32. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00217.x. PMC 6493872 . PMID 21155988.
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- ^ a b Corp SA, Gitlin MJ, Altshuler LL (September 2014). "A review of the use of stimulants and stimulant alternatives in treating bipolar depression and major depressive disorder". J Clin Psychiatry. 75 (9): 1010–8. doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08851. PMID 25295426.
- ^ Arias HR, Santamaría A, Ali SF (2009). "Pharmacological and neurotoxicological actions mediated by bupropion and diethylpropion". Int. Rev. Neurobiol. International Review of Neurobiology. 88: 223–55. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88009-4. ISBN 9780123745040. PMID 19897080.
- ^ Dale E, Bang-Andersen B, Sánchez C (2015). "Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs". Biochem. Pharmacol. 95 (2): 81–97. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.011 . PMID 25813654.
- ^ Challman TD, Lipsky JJ (2000). "Methylphenidate: its pharmacology and uses". Mayo Clin. Proc. 75 (7): 711–21. doi:10.4065/75.7.711 . PMID 10907387.
- ^ Prommer E (2012). "Methylphenidate: established and expanding roles in symptom management". Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 29 (6): 483–90. doi:10.1177/1049909111427029. PMID 22144657.
- ^ Urban AE, Cubała WJ (February 2020). "The role of eugeroics in the treatment of affective disorders". Psychiatr Pol. 54 (1): 21–33. doi:10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/90687 . PMID 32447354.
- ^ Kleeblatt J, Betzler F, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, Köhler S (May 2017). "Efficacy of off-label augmentation in unipolar depression: A systematic review of the evidence". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 27 (5): 423–441. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.003. PMID 28318897.
- ^ Nunez NA, Singh B, Romo-Nava F, Joseph B, Veldic M, Cuellar-Barboza A, Cabello Arreola A, Vande Voort JL, Croarkin P, Moore KM, Biernacka J, McElroy SL, Frye MA (March 2020). "Efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive modafinil/armodafinil in bipolar depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Bipolar Disord. 22 (2): 109–120. doi:10.1111/bdi.12859 . PMID 31643130.
- ^ Szmulewicz AG, Angriman F, Samamé C, Ferraris A, Vigo D, Strejilevich SA (June 2017). "Dopaminergic agents in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Acta Psychiatr Scand. 135 (6): 527–538. doi:10.1111/acps.12712. PMID 28256707.
- ^ "SPRAVATO™ (esketamine) nasal spray FDA label" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 5 March 2019. Diakses tanggal 6 March 2019.
- ^ Zhang MW, Harris KM, Ho RC (2016). "Is off-label repeat prescription of ketamine as a rapid antidepressant safe? Controversies, ethical concerns, and legal implications". BMC Med Ethics. 17: 4. doi:10.1186/s12910-016-0087-3 . PMC 4714497 . PMID 26768892.
- ^ Tundo A, Betro' S, de Filippis R, Marchetti F, Nacca D, Necci R, Iommi M (April 2023). "Pramipexole Augmentation for Treatment-Resistant Unipolar and Bipolar Depression in the Real World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Life. 13 (4): 1043. Bibcode:2023Life...13.1043T. doi:10.3390/life13041043 . PMC 10141126 Periksa nilai
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Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Media tentang Antidepressants di Wikimedia Commons