Umat Katolik Goa: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
{{Infobox ethnic group |
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|group= Katolik Goa<br />''Goenche Katholik'' |
|group=Umat Katolik Goa<br />''Goenche Katholik'' |
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|image=[[Berkas:Archbishop Oswald Gracias (face).jpg|100px]] |
|image=[[Berkas:Archbishop Oswald Gracias (face).jpg|100px]] |
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|image_caption=<small>Kardinal [[Oswald Gracias]] <!-- [[Remo Fernandes]] --> • </small> <!--• [[Eunice de Souza]] • [[Lorna Cordeiro]]</small> --> |
|image_caption=<small>Kardinal [[Oswald Gracias]] <!-- [[Remo Fernandes]] --> • </small> <!--• [[Eunice de Souza]] • [[Lorna Cordeiro]]</small> --> |
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Baris 29: | Baris 29: | ||
|region13= →[[Karachi]] (1954) |
|region13= →[[Karachi]] (1954) |
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|pop13=~10,000<ref name="den81"/> |
|pop13=~10,000<ref name="den81"/> |
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|region14=[[Berkas:GCC Flag.svg|25px]] [[negara-negara Arab di Teluk |
|region14=[[Berkas:GCC Flag.svg|25px]] [[negara-negara Arab di Teluk Persia|Negara-negara Arab Teluk Persia]] |
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|pop14=~20,000<ref name="den81"/> |
|pop14=~20,000<ref name="den81"/> |
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|region15={{flagicon|Kanada}} Kanada (1999) |
|region15={{flagicon|Kanada}} Kanada (1999) |
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'''Katolik Goa''' ({{lang-knn|''Goenche Katholik''}}) adalah sebuah komunitas [[etnis-agama]] [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]] dan keturunan-keturunan mereka dari negara bagian [[Goa]], yang terletak di pesisir barat [[India]]. Mereka adalah [[orang Konkani]] dan berbicara dalam [[bahasa Konkani]]. Penjelajah [[Kekaisaran Portugis|Portugis]] datang ke Goa pada 1510, dan misionaris Katolik melakukan aktivitas disana setelahnya, ketika [[Paus |
'''Umat Katolik Goa''' ({{lang-knn|''Goenche Katholik''}}) adalah sebuah komunitas [[etnis-agama]] [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]] dan keturunan-keturunan mereka dari negara bagian [[Goa]], yang terletak di pesisir barat [[India]]. Mereka adalah [[orang Konkani]] dan berbicara dalam [[bahasa Konkani]]. Penjelajah [[Kekaisaran Portugis|Portugis]] datang ke Goa pada 1510, dan misionaris Katolik melakukan aktivitas disana setelahnya, ketika [[Paus Nikolas V]] mengeluarkan [[bulla kepausan]] ''[[Romanus Pontifex]]'' pada 1455, yang menyerukan penyebaran kepercayaan Kristen di Asia. |
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[[Inkuisisi Goa]] dan peperangan Portugis–[[Kekaisaran Maratha|Maratha]] adalah peristiwa terkenal dalam sejarah mereka yang membuat beberapa Katolik Goa bermigrasi ke wilayah-wilayah tetangga. Setelah orang-orang Goa berpindah ke agama Kristen, agama baru mereka berpadu dengan pakaian, kepecayaan, dan sistem kasta [[Hindu]]. |
[[Inkuisisi Goa]] dan peperangan Portugis–[[Kekaisaran Maratha|Maratha]] adalah peristiwa terkenal dalam sejarah mereka yang membuat beberapa Katolik Goa bermigrasi ke wilayah-wilayah tetangga. Setelah orang-orang Goa berpindah ke agama Kristen, agama baru mereka berpadu dengan pakaian, kepecayaan, dan sistem kasta [[Hindu]]. |
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Budaya Katolik |
Budaya Katolik Goa adalah percampuran antara budaya Indo-Hindu dan Kristen-Luso. Diaspora umat Katolik Goa terkonsentrasi di [[negara-negara Arab di Teluk Persia]], [[Lusosfer]], dan negara-negara berbahasa Inggris seperti [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Kanada]]. |
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==Identitas etnis== |
== Identitas etnis == |
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orang-orang [[Katolik Roma]] yang berasal dari negara bagian [[Goa]], sebuah wilayah yang berada di pesisir barat [[India]], dan keturunan-keturunan mereka umumnya disebut sebagai Katolik Goa. Setelah [[orang |
orang-orang [[Katolik Roma]] yang berasal dari negara bagian [[Goa]], sebuah wilayah yang berada di pesisir barat [[India]], dan keturunan-keturunan mereka umumnya disebut sebagai Katolik Goa. Setelah [[orang Portugis di India|pendaratan Portugis]] di Goa pada 1510, [[orang Portugis|Portugis]] mengkonsolidasikan kekuasaan mereka dengan mendirikan institusi kebudayaan dan pemerintahan mereka sendiri. Katolik Goa mendapatkan kewarganegaraan Portugis,<ref>{{harvnb|Holm|1989|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC&printsec=frontcover#PPA286,M1 286]|Ref=holm}}</ref> dan menjadi warga negara Portugis setelahnya.<ref>{{harvnb|Richards|1981|p=74|Ref=ric}}</ref> |
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Pada akhir 1800an, emigrasi berskala besar Katolik Goa ke [[Bombay]] dimulai. Pada waktu [[Sejarah Bombay dibawah kekuasaan Britania|Bombay berada dibawah kekuasaan Britania]], para pendatang mengetahui keberadaan komunitas Katolik Roma pribumi lainnya, yang lebih dikenal sebagai [[Orang India Timur|Katolik India Timur]], yang tinggal di Bombay. Karena komunitas India Timur, Goa, dan [[Katolik Mangalore]] |
Pada akhir 1800an, emigrasi berskala besar Katolik Goa ke [[Bombay]] dimulai. Pada waktu [[Sejarah Bombay dibawah kekuasaan Britania|Bombay berada dibawah kekuasaan Britania]], para pendatang mengetahui keberadaan komunitas Katolik Roma pribumi lainnya, yang lebih dikenal sebagai [[Orang India Timur|Katolik India Timur]], yang tinggal di Bombay. Karena komunitas India Timur, Goa, dan [[Katolik Mangalore]] dikonversi menjadi Kristen oleh bangsa Portugis, orang Inggris menyebut mereka sebagai "Kristen Portugis".<ref name="bapp25">{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=25|Ref=bap}}</ref> Semuanya tergabung dalam gereja-gereja yang sama dan menghadiri banyak kegiatan religius yang sama juga.<ref>{{harvnb|Larsen|1998|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=6jF4Q5jQWboC&printsec=frontcover#PPA345,M1 Migrants in Bombay, p. 345]|Ref=larsen}}</ref> |
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Pada tanggal 3 Februari 1951, untuk mencegak kritik internasional, Portugal mengubah undang-undangnya untuk menyatakan Goa sebagai sebuah provinsi luar negeri dari Portugal.<ref>{{harvnb|Asian recorder|1962|p=4371|Ref=as}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Asian recorder|1962|p=4440|Ref=as}}</ref> Setelah Goa diintegrasikan ke dalam [[Dominion of India]] pada tahun 1961, umat Katolik Goa, yang telah mengidentifikasi diri mereka dengan budaya Portugis dan Portugal, tidak berintegrasi sepenuhnya dengan budaya India.<ref>{{harvnb|Larsen|1998|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=6jF4Q5jQWboC&printsec=frontcover#PPA169,M1 169]|Ref=larsen}}</ref> Berdasarkan hukum Portugis, orang Goa yang lahir sebelum tahun [[1961]] — saat kekuasaan Portugal atas Goa berakhir — dan anak-anak serta cucu-cucu mereka berhak mendapatkan kewarganegaraan Portugis.<ref name="jac">{{harvnb|Jacobsen|Raj|2008|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=6L5MxlMIcG0C&printsec=frontcover#PPA23,M1 23]|Ref=jacob}}</ref> Selama tahun-tahun awal paska-Pembebasan dari kekuasaan Portugis, orang-orang Goa merasa kesulitan untuk menerima sebutan "orang India". Mereka sengaja menyebut diri mereka "orang Goa" untuk membedakan dengan orang India lainnya.<ref>{{harvnb|Larsen|1998|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=6jF4Q5jQWboC&printsec=frontcover#PPA170,M1 170]|Ref=larsen}}</ref> |
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== Distribusi geografis == |
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[[Berkas:Goan Catholic Distribution (India).jpg|jmpl|250px|Distribusi umat Katolik Goa di India]] |
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Menurut sensus tahun 2001 terdapat sekitar 359.568 umat [[Kristen]] di Goa,<ref name="stats">{{en}} {{citation |
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|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |
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|title=Population by religious communities |
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|publisher=Census department of India}}</ref> dan kebanyakan dari mereka adalah [[Katolik Roma]] dari [[Ritus Latin]].{{Citation needed}} Banyak umat Katolik Goa tinggal di [[Mumbai]] dan [[Bangalore]]. Pada tahun 1960-an ada sekitar 100.000 umat Katolik Goa di [[Bombay]], 90.000 di antaranya di kawasan perkotaan Bombay, dan 10.000 di daerah pinggiran kota Bombay.<ref name="bapp">{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=27|Ref=bap}}</ref> Daerah lain di India yang memiliki sebagian kecil umat Katolik Goa adalah [[Delhi]], [[Kalkuta]], [[Madras]], [[Pune]], Ahmednagar, [[Hyderabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nasik]], dan [[Ranchi]]. |
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Umat Katolik Goa juga ditemukan di luar negeri, baik sebagai [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]] (NRIs) atau sebagai warga negara resmi dari negaranya yang baru, dengan beberapa orang terlahir di luar negeri.<ref name="gulf">{{en}} {{citation |
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|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/young-nris-trace-their-roots-in-goa-1.148308 |
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|title=Young NRIs trace their roots in Goa |
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|date=8 December 2008 |
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|work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> Mereka ditemukan di [[negara-negara Arab di Teluk Persia]] di [[Timur Tengah]], termasuk [[Arab Saudi]], [[Bahrain]], [[Uni Emirat Arab]], dan [[Kuwait]].<ref name="Teman">{{en}} {{citation |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=hub090906Serenading_PhotoFeatures.asp |
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|title=Serenanding memory |
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|author=Manohar Shetty |
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|work=[[Tehelka|Tehelka magazine]]}}</ref> Beberapa telah bermigrasi ke dunia [[Anglosfer]], termasuk [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Britania Raya]], [[Kanada]], [[Australia]], dan [[Selandia Baru]]. Pada tahun 1954 terdapat sekitar 1.000.000 umat Katolik Goa di India dan 1.800.000 umat Katolik Goa di luar Goa. Sebelum [[Perang Teluk I]] (1990-1991) kemungkinan terdapat sekitar 150.000 orang Goa yang berada di luar India.<ref name="heritage">{{en}} {{harvnb|Afonso|1991|loc="Roots"|Ref=heri}}</ref> Ada sekitar 100.000 umat Katolik Goa di [[Portugal]].<ref>{{en}} {{citation |
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|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/22/stories/1322106l.htm |
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|title=Portugal's Goa |
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|work=[[The Hindu]] |
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|accessdate=3 August 2009 |
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|location=Chennai, India |
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|date=22 April 2001 |
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|archive-date=2011-06-04 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122920/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/22/stories/1322106l.htm |
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|dead-url=yes |
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}}</ref> Jumlah yang besar ditemukan di [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{en}} {{citation|url=http://www.india-today.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20000819/sonia.html|title=Karachi Vignettes|author=Sonia Faleiro|work=[[India Today]]|accessdate=16 December 2008|archive-date=2009-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328194644/http://www.india-today.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20000819/sonia.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Baru-baru ini emigran ditemukan di [[Jerman]] dan [[Austria]].<ref name="dajworld">{{en}} {{citation |
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|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=955 |
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|title=Nativity Fest Around the World |
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|accessdate=30 October 2008 |
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|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |
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|archive-date=2008-09-25 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925083944/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=955 |
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|dead-url=yes |
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}}</ref> |
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Pada tahun 1999 Goan Overseas Association, Canorient Christian Association, dan asosiasi orang Goa lainnya memperkirakan bahwa ada sekitar 23.000 umat Katolik Goa di Kanada, 13.000 di antaranya berada di [[Ontario]].<ref name="Enc613">{{harvnb|Magocsi, Multicultural History Society of Ontario|1999|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA613,M1 613]|Ref=Enc}}</ref> Selama tahun 1954 diperkirakan terdapat 20.000 umat Katolik Goa di negara-negara Arab di [[Teluk Persia]]; sementara ada 30.000 yang tinggal di Pakistan, 10.000 di antaranya menetap di Karachi.<ref name="den81">{{harvnb|Kurzon|2003|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC&lpg=PA81&dq=Goans%20in%20the%20Gulf&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q=&f=false 81]|Ref=den}}</ref> Pada tahun 1931 diperkirakan ada sekitar 1.772 umat Katolik Goa di [[Tanganyika]]<ref name="I178">{{harvnb|Cambell|Rew|1999|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=81VixxlazT0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Identity+and+Affect#PPA178,M1 178]|Ref=id}}</ref> dan 700 di [[Dar es Salaam]], keduanya terletak di [[Tanzania]].<ref name="cdiff234">{{harvnb|Fincher|Jacobs|1998|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=VLygIMjqhmkC&lpg=PA240&dq=Goans%20in%20the%20United%20States&lr=&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q=Goan&f=false 234]}}</ref> Di [[Uganda]] sepanjang tahun 1931, terdapat sekitar 1.124 umat Katolik Goa,<ref name="ts363">{{harvnb|Thomas|Scott|1949|p=363}}</ref> 500 di antaranya menetap di [[Kampala]] —ibu kota negara tersebut.<ref name="ts427">{{harvnb|Thomas|Scott|1949|p=427}}</ref> Sebelum tahun 1960-an diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 5.000 umat Katolik Goa di [[Nairobi]], Kenya.<ref name="Min94">{{harvnb|Zenner|1991|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=FljGSzbhr4oC&printsec=frontcover#PPA94,M1 94]|Ref=min}}</ref> Pada abad ke-20 ada sekitar 6.000 umat Katolik Goa di [[London]],<ref name="port727">{{harvnb|PortCities London|2009|loc=[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/The-Goan-community-of-London.html Introduction, chp. id. 727]}}</ref> sedangkan pada tahun 2001 ada 9.000 yang berada di [[Swindon]], Britania Raya.<ref name="swell">{{harvnb|Norton|2007|p=40}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
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|title = Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510–1961 |
|title = Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510–1961 |
||
|year |
|year = 1996 |
||
|publisher = Concept Publishing Company |
|publisher = Concept Publishing Company |
||
|isbn = 978-81-7022-591-1 |
|isbn = 978-81-7022-591-1 |
||
|accessdate =9 March 2010 |
|accessdate = 9 March 2010 |
||
|ref = harv |
|ref = harv |
||
|postscript = <!--None--> |
|postscript = <!--None--> |
||
}} |
|||
*{{Cite book |
* {{Cite book |
||
|last = da Silva Gracias |
|last = da Silva Gracias |
||
|first = Fátima |
|first = Fátima |
||
|url = http://books.google.com/?id=DxZE03zaHKwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q= |
|url = http://books.google.com/?id=DxZE03zaHKwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q= |
||
|title = Health and hygiene and colonial Goa, 1510–1961 |
|title = Health and hygiene and colonial Goa, 1510–1961 |
||
|series= Issue 4 of XCHR studies series |
|series = Issue 4 of XCHR studies series |
||
|year = 1994 |
|year = 1994 |
||
|publisher = Concept Publishing Company |
|publisher = Concept Publishing Company |
||
|isbn |
|isbn = 978-81-7022-506-5 |
||
|accessdate =9 March 2010 |
|accessdate = 9 March 2010 |
||
|ref = harv |
|ref = harv |
||
|postscript = <!--None--> |
|postscript = <!--None--> |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last =Daus |
|last =Daus |
||
|first =Ronald |
|first =Ronald |
||
|title =Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus to Wuppertal/Germany |
|title =Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus to Wuppertal/Germany |
||
| |
|publisher =Peter Hammer Verlag |
||
|year =1983 |
|year =1983 |
||
|format= |
|format= |
||
Baris 225: | Baris 278: | ||
|accessdate=28 November 2008 |
|accessdate=28 November 2008 |
||
|ref=Daus|language=de}} |
|ref=Daus|language=de}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|author=Dhanesh Jain |
|author=Dhanesh Jain |
||
|author2=George Cardona |
|author2=George Cardona |
||
Baris 234: | Baris 287: | ||
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mK4kEuDXySIC&printsec=frontcover |
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mK4kEuDXySIC&printsec=frontcover |
||
|accessdate=22 January 2009 |
|accessdate=22 January 2009 |
||
|ref=in}} |
|ref=in |
||
}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Holm |
|last=Holm |
||
|first=John A. |
|first=John A. |
||
|title= |
|title=Pidgins and Creoles: Reference Survey |
||
|volume=II |
|volume=II |
||
|publisher=Cambridge University Press |
|publisher=Cambridge University Press |
||
Baris 245: | Baris 299: | ||
|isbn=978-0-521-35940-5 |
|isbn=978-0-521-35940-5 |
||
|accessdate=30 April 2009 |
|accessdate=30 April 2009 |
||
|ref=holm}} |
|ref=holm |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Jacobsen |
|last=Jacobsen |
||
|first=Knut A. |
|first=Knut A. |
||
Baris 252: | Baris 307: | ||
|first2=Selva J. |
|first2=Selva J. |
||
|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen, Selva J. Raj |
|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen, Selva J. Raj |
||
|title= |
|title=South Asian Christian Diaspora: Invisible Diaspora in Europe and North America |
||
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6L5MxlMIcG0C&printsec=frontcover |
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6L5MxlMIcG0C&printsec=frontcover |
||
|year=2008 |
|year=2008 |
||
|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |
|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |
||
|isbn=978-0-7546-6261-7 |
|isbn=978-0-7546-6261-7 |
||
|ref=jacob}} |
|ref=jacob |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Kerr |
|last=Kerr |
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|first=Robert |
|first=Robert |
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Baris 269: | Baris 325: | ||
|accessdate=5 January 2008 |
|accessdate=5 January 2008 |
||
|publisher=George Ramsay and Company |
|publisher=George Ramsay and Company |
||
|ref=kerr}} |
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||
}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Zenner |
|last=Zenner |
||
|first=Walter P. |
|first=Walter P. |
||
Baris 279: | Baris 336: | ||
|isbn=0-7914-0642-3 |
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||
|accessdate=16 Januari 2009 |
|accessdate=16 Januari 2009 |
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|ref=min}} |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Kurzon |
|last=Kurzon |
||
|first=Dennis |
|first=Dennis |
||
Baris 286: | Baris 344: | ||
|title=Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |
|title=Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |
||
|year=2003 |
|year=2003 |
||
|publisher= |
|publisher=Multilingual Matters |
||
|isbn=1-85359-673-6 |
|isbn=1-85359-673-6 |
||
|accessdate=3 Desember 2008 |
|accessdate=3 Desember 2008 |
||
|ref=den}} |
|ref=den |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite journal |
* {{cite journal |
||
|last=Dias |
|last=Dias |
||
|first=Giselle |
|first=Giselle |
||
Baris 299: | Baris 358: | ||
|accessdate=23 Desember 2008 |
|accessdate=23 Desember 2008 |
||
|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 66 [[Kilobyte|KB]] |
|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 66 [[Kilobyte|KB]] |
||
|ref=dias |
|ref=dias |
||
|journal= |
|||
|archive-date=2008-11-21 |
|||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121204702/http://www.goatoronto.com/images/stories/stock/catholic-goan-research-paper.pdf |
|||
|dead-url=yes |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite journal |
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|last=Gomes |
|last=Gomes |
||
|first=Olivinho |
|first=Olivinho |
||
Baris 309: | Baris 373: | ||
|ref=harv |
|ref=harv |
||
|postscript=<!--None-->}} |
|postscript=<!--None-->}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=George |
|last=George |
||
|first=K. M. |
|first=K. M. |
||
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&printsec=frontcover |
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&printsec=frontcover |
||
|title= |
|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: An Anthology: Surveys and Poems |
||
|year=1992 |
|year=1992 |
||
|volume=I |
|volume=I |
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Baris 319: | Baris 383: | ||
|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |
|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |
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|accessdate=28 November 2008 |
|accessdate=28 November 2008 |
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|ref=geo}} |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Kelley |
|last=Kelley |
||
|first=Gerald B. |
|first=Gerald B. |
||
|author2=Edward C. Dimock |
|author2=Edward C. Dimock|author3=Braj B. Kachru |
||
|title= Dimensions of Sociolinguistics in South Asia: Papers in Memory of Gerald B. Kelley |
|||
|year=1992 |
|year=1992 |
||
|publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., |
|publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., |
||
|isbn=978-81-204-0573-8 |
|isbn=978-81-204-0573-8 |
||
|ref=kelly}} |
|ref=kelly}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Lal |
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|first=Mohan |
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Baris 340: | Baris 405: | ||
|isbn=81-260-1221-8 |
|isbn=81-260-1221-8 |
||
|accessdate=3 December 2008 |
|accessdate=3 December 2008 |
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|ref=eni}} |
|ref=eni |
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}} |
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*{{Cite book |
* {{Cite book |
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|last=Maffei |
|last=Maffei |
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|first=Angelus Francis Xavier |
|first=Angelus Francis Xavier |
||
Baris 351: | Baris 417: | ||
|accessdate=24 August 2008 |
|accessdate=24 August 2008 |
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|ref=harv |
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}} |
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*{{Cite journal |
* {{Cite journal |
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|last=De Sousa |
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|first=Nora Secco |
|first=Nora Secco |
||
Baris 361: | Baris 428: | ||
|ref=harv |
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||
|postscript=<!--None-->}} |
|postscript=<!--None-->}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Naimpalli |
|last=Naimpalli |
||
|first=Sadanand |
|first=Sadanand |
||
Baris 370: | Baris 437: | ||
|isbn=81-7991-149-7 |
|isbn=81-7991-149-7 |
||
|accessdate=15 September 2008 |
|accessdate=15 September 2008 |
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|ref=nai}} |
|ref=nai |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Noronha (Ed) |
|last=Noronha (Ed) |
||
|first=Frederick |
|first=Frederick |
||
|year= |
|year=2008 |
||
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=11rRjnzhJQIC&printsec=frontcover |
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=11rRjnzhJQIC&printsec=frontcover |
||
|title=In Black And White: Insiders' Stories About the Press in Goa: Insiders' Stories About the Press in Goa |
|title=In Black And White: Insiders' Stories About the Press in Goa: Insiders' Stories About the Press in Goa |
||
Baris 380: | Baris 448: | ||
|isbn=81-905682-0-5 |
|isbn=81-905682-0-5 |
||
|accessdate=16 December 2008 |
|accessdate=16 December 2008 |
||
|ref=no}} |
|ref=no |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite journal |
* {{cite journal |
||
|title=Goan Migrants Swell Catholic Community |
|title=Goan Migrants Swell Catholic Community |
||
|last=Norton |
|last=Norton |
||
Baris 387: | Baris 456: | ||
| date= 6 October 2007 | journal=[[The Tablet]] |
| date= 6 October 2007 | journal=[[The Tablet]] |
||
|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
||
*{{Cite journal |
* {{Cite journal |
||
|author=PortCities London |
|author=PortCities London |
||
|year=2009 |
|year=2009 |
||
Baris 395: | Baris 464: | ||
|accessdate=17 August 2009 |
|accessdate=17 August 2009 |
||
|ref=harv |
|ref=harv |
||
|postscript=<!--None-->}} |
|postscript=<!--None--> |
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}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Porter |
|last=Porter |
||
|first=James |
|first=James |
||
Baris 409: | Baris 479: | ||
|isbn=0-8240-4946-2 |
|isbn=0-8240-4946-2 |
||
|accessdate=5 August 2009 |
|accessdate=5 August 2009 |
||
|ref=gar}} |
|ref=gar |
||
}} |
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*{{Cite book |
* {{Cite book |
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|last=Prabhu |
|last=Prabhu |
||
|first=Ramachandra Krishna |
|first=Ramachandra Krishna |
||
Baris 418: | Baris 489: | ||
|ref=harv |
|ref=harv |
||
|postscript=<!--None-->}}. |
|postscript=<!--None-->}}. |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Vaz |
|last=Vaz |
||
|first=J. Clement |
|first=J. Clement |
||
Baris 427: | Baris 498: | ||
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&printsec=frontcover |
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&printsec=frontcover |
||
|accessdate=7 June 2009 |
|accessdate=7 June 2009 |
||
|ref=em}} |
|ref=em |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|author=Narendra K. Wagle |
|author=Narendra K. Wagle |
||
|coauthors=George Coehlo, University of Toronto Centre for South Asian Studies, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Toronto |
|coauthors=George Coehlo, University of Toronto Centre for South Asian Studies, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Toronto |
||
Baris 436: | Baris 508: | ||
|isbn=1-895214-12-2 |
|isbn=1-895214-12-2 |
||
|ref=wag}} |
|ref=wag}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Gune |
|last=Gune |
||
|first=Vithal Trimbak |
|first=Vithal Trimbak |
||
Baris 446: | Baris 518: | ||
|accessdate=6 June 2009 |
|accessdate=6 June 2009 |
||
|ref=gaz}} |
|ref=gaz}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|author=Paul R. Magocsi |
|author=Paul R. Magocsi |
||
|coauthors=Multicultural History Society of Ontario |
|coauthors=Multicultural History Society of Ontario |
||
Baris 455: | Baris 527: | ||
|isbn=0-8020-2938-8 |
|isbn=0-8020-2938-8 |
||
|accessdate=11 September 2008 |
|accessdate=11 September 2008 |
||
|ref=Enc}} |
|ref=Enc |
||
}} |
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* {{Cite book |
* {{Cite book|last = Rodrigues|first = Francis|publisher = Pater Publications|place = [[Toronto]]|url = http://www.konkanisongbook.com/|title = Greatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1|year = 2009|isbn = 978-0-9811794-0-7|accessdate = 21 February 2010|ref = harv|postscript = <!--None-->}} |
||
⚫ | |||
| url = http://www.konkanisongbook.com/ |
|||
⚫ | |||
| title = Greatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1 |
|||
| year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-9811794-0-7 | accessdate =21 February 2010 | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None--> }} |
|||
⚫ | |||
|title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 |year=2000 |isbn=81-7201-664-6 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} |
|||
⚫ | |||
|last=Sakshena |
|last=Sakshena |
||
|first=R.N. |
|first=R.N. |
||
|title= |
|title=Goa: Into the main stream |
||
|year=2003 |
|year=2003 |
||
|publisher=Abhinav Publications |
|publisher=Abhinav Publications |
||
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7kUE7TV3ZWEC&printsec=frontcover |
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7kUE7TV3ZWEC&printsec=frontcover |
||
|isbn=81-7017-005-2}} |
|isbn=81-7017-005-2 |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Saldhana |
|last=Saldhana |
||
|first=Arun |
|first=Arun |
||
Baris 479: | Baris 549: | ||
|isbn=0-8166-4994-4 |
|isbn=0-8166-4994-4 |
||
|accessdate=6 January 2009 |
|accessdate=6 January 2009 |
||
|ref=sal}} |
|ref=sal |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Sen |
|last=Sen |
||
|first=Colleen Taylor |
|first=Colleen Taylor |
||
Baris 489: | Baris 560: | ||
|isbn=0-313-32487-5 |
|isbn=0-313-32487-5 |
||
|accessdate=29 August 2008 |
|accessdate=29 August 2008 |
||
|ref=sen}} |
|ref=sen |
||
}} |
|||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Thomas |
|last=Thomas |
||
|first=Harold Beken |
|first=Harold Beken |
||
Baris 499: | Baris 571: | ||
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], H. Milford |
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], H. Milford |
||
|accessdate=17 August 2009}} |
|accessdate=17 August 2009}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture |
|last=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture |
||
|title=Indica |
|title=Indica |
||
Baris 507: | Baris 579: | ||
|ref=xav |
|ref=xav |
||
|accessdate=2 January 2009}} |
|accessdate=2 January 2009}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|title= Asian Recorder |
|title= Asian Recorder |
||
|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press |
|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press |
||
Baris 513: | Baris 585: | ||
|volume=8 |
|volume=8 |
||
|ref=as}} |
|ref=as}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|last=Richards |
|last=Richards |
||
|first=James Maude |
|first=James Maude |
||
|year=1981 |
|year=1981 |
||
|title=Goa |
|title=Goa |
||
|url=https://archive.org/details/goa0000rich |
|||
|publisher=C. Hurst |
|publisher=C. Hurst |
||
|isbn=978-0-905838-46-5 |
|isbn=978-0-905838-46-5 |
||
Baris 523: | Baris 596: | ||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
==Bacaan tambahan== |
== Bacaan tambahan == |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
|author=Paul Harding |
|author=Paul Harding |
||
|author2=Bryn Thomas |
|author2=Bryn Thomas |
||
Baris 534: | Baris 607: | ||
|isbn=1-74059-139-9}} |
|isbn=1-74059-139-9}} |
||
==Pranala luar== |
== Pranala luar == |
||
{{Commons category|Goan Catholics}} |
{{Commons category|Goan Catholics}} |
||
*[http://www.kinnigoli.com/?app=article&mode=view&uid=11 Sarasvati's Children] oleh Joe Lobo |
* [http://www.kinnigoli.com/?app=article&mode=view&uid=11 Sarasvati's Children] oleh Joe Lobo |
||
*[http://www.catholic-goan-network.net/index.shtml Jaringan Katolik Goa] |
* [http://www.catholic-goan-network.net/index.shtml Jaringan Katolik Goa] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130222070045/http://www.catholic-goan-network.net/index.shtml |date=2013-02-22 }} |
||
*[http://www.archgoadaman.org/ Situs web Keuskupan Agung Goa dan Daman] |
* [http://www.archgoadaman.org/ Situs web Keuskupan Agung Goa dan Daman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124021737/http://www.archgoadaman.org/ |date=2019-01-24 }} |
||
*[http://sportygoans.blogspot.com Goans on the International Sporting Stage] |
* [http://sportygoans.blogspot.com Goans on the International Sporting Stage] |
||
*[http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2006-November/thread&post_id=050978 Great Men of Goa] |
* [http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2006-November/thread&post_id=050978 Great Men of Goa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328061106/http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2006-November%2Fthread&post_id=050978 |date=2009-03-28 }} |
||
*[http://www.goatoronto.com/ Goan Overseas Association (G.O.A.)] |
* [http://www.goatoronto.com/ Goan Overseas Association (G.O.A.)] |
||
*[http://www.goansinoman.com/ Goan community of Oman] |
* [http://www.goansinoman.com/ Goan community of Oman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217060430/http://goansinoman.com/ |date=2014-12-17 }} |
||
*[http://canorientmontreal.org/aboutus.htm Canorient Christian Association] |
* [http://canorientmontreal.org/aboutus.htm Canorient Christian Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204165454/http://canorientmontreal.org/aboutus.htm |date=2005-02-04 }} |
||
*[http://www.melgoans.com/ Melgoans] |
* [http://www.melgoans.com/ Melgoans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906142219/http://www.melgoans.com/ |date=2008-09-06 }} |
||
{{Topik Asia|Gereja Katolik di}} |
|||
{{Kelompok etnis dan sosial di Goa dan Konkan}} |
|||
[[Kategori:Katolik Roma India]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Komunitas Kristen India]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Komunitas Kristen Pakistan]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Konkani]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Kekristenan di Goa]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di India]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 12 Juli 2024 11.06
![]() Kardinal Oswald Gracias • | |
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan | |
---|---|
![]() | 80,000~100,000 |
→Goa (2001) | more than 300,000[1] |
→Bombay (1960an) | ~100,000[2] |
→Nairobi (sebelum 1960an) | ~5000[3] |
![]() | ~1124[4] |
→Kampala (1931) | ~500[5] |
→![]() | ~1,722[6] |
→Dar es Salaam (1993) | 700[7] |
![]() | ~30,000[8] |
→Karachi (1954) | ~10,000[8] |
![]() | ~20,000[8] |
![]() | ~23,000[9] |
→Ontario (1999) | ~16,000[9] |
→London | >6,000[10] |
→Swindon (2001) | ~9,000[11] |
Bahasa | |
Konkani | |
Agama | |
Kristen (Katolik Roma) | |
Kelompok etnik terkait | |
Orang Konkani, Katolik Karwari, Katolik Mangalore, Brahmin Goud Saraswat, Brahmin Rajapur Saraswat, Brahmin Chitrapur Saraswat, Brahmin Daivadnya, Indo-Arya |
Umat Katolik Goa (Konkani: Goenche Katholik) adalah sebuah komunitas etnis-agama Katolik Roma dan keturunan-keturunan mereka dari negara bagian Goa, yang terletak di pesisir barat India. Mereka adalah orang Konkani dan berbicara dalam bahasa Konkani. Penjelajah Portugis datang ke Goa pada 1510, dan misionaris Katolik melakukan aktivitas disana setelahnya, ketika Paus Nikolas V mengeluarkan bulla kepausan Romanus Pontifex pada 1455, yang menyerukan penyebaran kepercayaan Kristen di Asia.
Inkuisisi Goa dan peperangan Portugis–Maratha adalah peristiwa terkenal dalam sejarah mereka yang membuat beberapa Katolik Goa bermigrasi ke wilayah-wilayah tetangga. Setelah orang-orang Goa berpindah ke agama Kristen, agama baru mereka berpadu dengan pakaian, kepecayaan, dan sistem kasta Hindu.
Budaya Katolik Goa adalah percampuran antara budaya Indo-Hindu dan Kristen-Luso. Diaspora umat Katolik Goa terkonsentrasi di negara-negara Arab di Teluk Persia, Lusosfer, dan negara-negara berbahasa Inggris seperti Britania Raya dan Kanada.
Identitas etnis
[sunting | sunting sumber]orang-orang Katolik Roma yang berasal dari negara bagian Goa, sebuah wilayah yang berada di pesisir barat India, dan keturunan-keturunan mereka umumnya disebut sebagai Katolik Goa. Setelah pendaratan Portugis di Goa pada 1510, Portugis mengkonsolidasikan kekuasaan mereka dengan mendirikan institusi kebudayaan dan pemerintahan mereka sendiri. Katolik Goa mendapatkan kewarganegaraan Portugis,[12] dan menjadi warga negara Portugis setelahnya.[13]
Pada akhir 1800an, emigrasi berskala besar Katolik Goa ke Bombay dimulai. Pada waktu Bombay berada dibawah kekuasaan Britania, para pendatang mengetahui keberadaan komunitas Katolik Roma pribumi lainnya, yang lebih dikenal sebagai Katolik India Timur, yang tinggal di Bombay. Karena komunitas India Timur, Goa, dan Katolik Mangalore dikonversi menjadi Kristen oleh bangsa Portugis, orang Inggris menyebut mereka sebagai "Kristen Portugis".[14] Semuanya tergabung dalam gereja-gereja yang sama dan menghadiri banyak kegiatan religius yang sama juga.[15]
Pada tanggal 3 Februari 1951, untuk mencegak kritik internasional, Portugal mengubah undang-undangnya untuk menyatakan Goa sebagai sebuah provinsi luar negeri dari Portugal.[16][17] Setelah Goa diintegrasikan ke dalam Dominion of India pada tahun 1961, umat Katolik Goa, yang telah mengidentifikasi diri mereka dengan budaya Portugis dan Portugal, tidak berintegrasi sepenuhnya dengan budaya India.[18] Berdasarkan hukum Portugis, orang Goa yang lahir sebelum tahun 1961 — saat kekuasaan Portugal atas Goa berakhir — dan anak-anak serta cucu-cucu mereka berhak mendapatkan kewarganegaraan Portugis.[19] Selama tahun-tahun awal paska-Pembebasan dari kekuasaan Portugis, orang-orang Goa merasa kesulitan untuk menerima sebutan "orang India". Mereka sengaja menyebut diri mereka "orang Goa" untuk membedakan dengan orang India lainnya.[20]
Distribusi geografis
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Goan_Catholic_Distribution_%28India%29.jpg/250px-Goan_Catholic_Distribution_%28India%29.jpg)
Menurut sensus tahun 2001 terdapat sekitar 359.568 umat Kristen di Goa,[1] dan kebanyakan dari mereka adalah Katolik Roma dari Ritus Latin.[butuh rujukan] Banyak umat Katolik Goa tinggal di Mumbai dan Bangalore. Pada tahun 1960-an ada sekitar 100.000 umat Katolik Goa di Bombay, 90.000 di antaranya di kawasan perkotaan Bombay, dan 10.000 di daerah pinggiran kota Bombay.[2] Daerah lain di India yang memiliki sebagian kecil umat Katolik Goa adalah Delhi, Kalkuta, Madras, Pune, Ahmednagar, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Nasik, dan Ranchi.
Umat Katolik Goa juga ditemukan di luar negeri, baik sebagai Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin (NRIs) atau sebagai warga negara resmi dari negaranya yang baru, dengan beberapa orang terlahir di luar negeri.[21] Mereka ditemukan di negara-negara Arab di Teluk Persia di Timur Tengah, termasuk Arab Saudi, Bahrain, Uni Emirat Arab, dan Kuwait.[22] Beberapa telah bermigrasi ke dunia Anglosfer, termasuk Amerika Serikat, Britania Raya, Kanada, Australia, dan Selandia Baru. Pada tahun 1954 terdapat sekitar 1.000.000 umat Katolik Goa di India dan 1.800.000 umat Katolik Goa di luar Goa. Sebelum Perang Teluk I (1990-1991) kemungkinan terdapat sekitar 150.000 orang Goa yang berada di luar India.[23] Ada sekitar 100.000 umat Katolik Goa di Portugal.[24] Jumlah yang besar ditemukan di Karachi, Pakistan.[25] Baru-baru ini emigran ditemukan di Jerman dan Austria.[26]
Pada tahun 1999 Goan Overseas Association, Canorient Christian Association, dan asosiasi orang Goa lainnya memperkirakan bahwa ada sekitar 23.000 umat Katolik Goa di Kanada, 13.000 di antaranya berada di Ontario.[9] Selama tahun 1954 diperkirakan terdapat 20.000 umat Katolik Goa di negara-negara Arab di Teluk Persia; sementara ada 30.000 yang tinggal di Pakistan, 10.000 di antaranya menetap di Karachi.[8] Pada tahun 1931 diperkirakan ada sekitar 1.772 umat Katolik Goa di Tanganyika[6] dan 700 di Dar es Salaam, keduanya terletak di Tanzania.[7] Di Uganda sepanjang tahun 1931, terdapat sekitar 1.124 umat Katolik Goa,[4] 500 di antaranya menetap di Kampala —ibu kota negara tersebut.[5] Sebelum tahun 1960-an diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 5.000 umat Katolik Goa di Nairobi, Kenya.[3] Pada abad ke-20 ada sekitar 6.000 umat Katolik Goa di London,[10] sedangkan pada tahun 2001 ada 9.000 yang berada di Swindon, Britania Raya.[11]
Kutipan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b (Inggris) Population by religious communities, Census department of India
- ^ a b Baptista 1967, hlm. 27
- ^ a b Zenner 1991, hlm. 94
- ^ a b Thomas & Scott 1949, hlm. 363
- ^ a b Thomas & Scott 1949, hlm. 427
- ^ a b Cambell & Rew 1999, hlm. 178
- ^ a b Fincher & Jacobs 1998, hlm. 234
- ^ a b c d Kurzon 2003, hlm. 81
- ^ a b c Magocsi, Multicultural History Society of Ontario 1999, hlm. 613
- ^ a b PortCities London 2009, Introduction, chp. id. 727
- ^ a b Norton 2007, hlm. 40
- ^ Holm 1989, hlm. 286
- ^ Richards 1981, hlm. 74
- ^ Baptista 1967, hlm. 25
- ^ Larsen 1998, hlm. Migrants in Bombay, p. 345
- ^ Asian recorder 1962, hlm. 4371
- ^ Asian recorder 1962, hlm. 4440
- ^ Larsen 1998, hlm. 169
- ^ Jacobsen & Raj 2008, hlm. 23
- ^ Larsen 1998, hlm. 170
- ^ (Inggris) "Young NRIs trace their roots in Goa", Gulf News, 8 December 2008
- ^ (Inggris) Manohar Shetty, "Serenanding memory", Tehelka magazine
- ^ (Inggris) Afonso 1991, "Roots"
- ^ (Inggris) "Portugal's Goa", The Hindu, Chennai, India, 22 April 2001, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-04, diakses tanggal 3 August 2009
- ^ (Inggris) Sonia Faleiro, "Karachi Vignettes", India Today, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-28, diakses tanggal 16 December 2008
- ^ (Inggris) Nativity Fest Around the World, Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-25, diakses tanggal 30 October 2008
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Afonso (S.J.), John Correia (1991). Narendra K. Wagle; George Coelho, ed. To Cherish and to Share: The Goan Christian Heritage. Paper presented at the 1991 Conference on Goa at the University of Toronto (Reprinted with permission from: South Asian Studies Papers, no 9). Toronto, Canada: Goa.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (DOC, 54 KB) tanggal 2011-10-08. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2009.
- Buday, Grant (2000). Golden Goa (edisi ke-illustrated). ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-412-3. Diakses tanggal 5 August 2009.
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- École pratique des hautes études (France), Section des sciences économiques et sociales (University of Oxford), Institute of Social Anthropology (Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia) (1973). Contributions to Indian sociology. 7–8. Mouton.
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- Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967). The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein. Bombay East Indian Association.
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- Jacobsen, Knut A.; Raj, Selva J. (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen, Selva J. Raj, ed. South Asian Christian Diaspora: Invisible Diaspora in Europe and North America. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6261-7.
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- Zenner, Walter P. (1991). Minorities in the Middle: A Cross-cultural Analysis. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0642-3. Diakses tanggal 16 Januari 2009.
- Kurzon, Dennis (2003). Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-673-6. Diakses tanggal 3 Desember 2008.
- Dias, Giselle (May 2007). "A search for an identity Catholic Goans – How they fit in a predominantly Hindu India" (PDF). Goan Association of Toronto, Canada (Based on various books). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF, 66 KB) tanggal 2008-11-21. Diakses tanggal 23 Desember 2008.
- Gomes, Olivinho (1987). "Village Goa: A Study of Goan Social Structure and Change". S. Chand.
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- Lal, Mohan (1992). Mohan Lal; Sahitya Akademi Inde, ed. Encyclopedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1221-8. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2008.
- Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (2001). English-konkani Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0626-4. Diakses tanggal 24 August 2008.
- De Sousa, Nora Secco (2007). "Goa, Cradle of My Dreams". N.S. de Sousa.
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- Norton, T. (6 October 2007). "Goan Migrants Swell Catholic Community". The Tablet.
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- Prabhu, Ramachandra Krishna (1967). Songs of freedom: an anthology of national and international songs from various countries of the world. Popular Prakashan..
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- Narendra K. Wagle (1995). Goa: Continuity and Change. University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies. ISBN 1-895214-12-2.
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- Rodrigues, Francis (2009). Greatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1. Toronto: Pater Publications. ISBN 978-0-9811794-0-7. Diakses tanggal 21 February 2010.
- Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-7201-664-6.
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- Saldhana, Arun (2007). Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4994-4. Diakses tanggal 6 January 2009.
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- Thomas, Harold Beken; Scott, Robert (1949). Uganda. Oxford University Press, H. Milford.
- Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture (1983). Indica. 20. St. Xavier's College (Bombay).
- Asian Recorder. 8. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1962.
- Richards, James Maude (1981). Goa. C. Hurst. ISBN 978-0-905838-46-5.
Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Paul Harding; Bryn Thomas (2003). Goa (edisi ke-3rd). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74059-139-9.
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