Elasmobranchii: Perbedaan antara revisi

Elasmobranchii; Rentang waktu: Devon–Sekarang PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Carcharodon carcharias
	Mobula mobular
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Chondrichthyes
Subkelas:	Elasmobranchii; Bonaparte, 1838
Superordo
	; Ctenacanthiformes (punah); Phoebodontiformes (punah); Xenacanthiformes (punah); Klad Euselachii Hybodontiformes (punah); Klad Neoselachii Batoidea; Selachimorpha; Synechodontiformes (punah); ; ;

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Revisi terkini sejak 10 September 2024 14.54

Elasmobranch tidak mempunyai gelembung renang, dan menjaga keterapungan dengan minyak yang disimpan di hatinya. Beberapa hiu laut dalam diburu nelayan untuk minyak hiu, termasuk Hiu sekolah, Hiu gulper dan Hiu penjemur (pictured).^[1] tiga spesies ini digolongkan oleh IUCN sebagai spesies rentan karena penangkapan berlebihan.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Elasmobranchii (/ɪˌlæzməˈbræŋkiaɪ/^[6]) adalah subkelas dari Chondrichthyes (Ikan bertulang rawan), didalamnya terdiri dari ikan hiu (superordo Selachiimorpha) dan Pari (termasuk Skate dan Hiu gergaji dari famili Pristidae) (superordo Batoidea). Anggota subkelas ini bercirikan mempunyai empat sampai tujuh pasang bukaan insang dipermukaan tubuh, Sirip perut yang kaku dan sisik kecil (placoid scale). Di bagian kepala biasanya terdapat ampula Lorenzini^[7]

Fosil elasmobranchii termuda berasal dari masa Devonian sampai masa Cretaceous, atau lebih awal. Banyak spesies punah pada masa Permian dan ada semburan Radiasi adaptasi pada jaman Jurassic.

Kutipan

From a practical point of view the life-history pattern of elasmobranchs makes this group of animals extremely susceptible to over fishing. It is no coincidence that the commercially exploited marine turtles and baleen whales, which have life-history patterns similar to the sharks, are also in trouble.^[8]

Referensi

^ Vannuccini, Stefania (2002) Shark liver oil products Diarsipkan 2013-06-26 di Wayback Machine. In: Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade, Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104361-2.
^ Fowler, S.L. (2005). "Cetorhinus maximus". 2005: e.T4292A10763893. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2005.RLTS.T4292A10763893.en.
^ "Galeorhinus galeus (School shark)". 2005-06-17. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-26. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Guallart; et al. (2006). "Centrophorus granulosus". Diakses tanggal 11 May 2006.
^ Benton, Michael J. (2015). Vertebrate Palaeontology (dalam bahasa English) (edisi ke-3rd). Blackwell. hlm. 185. ISBN 9781118406847. OCLC 945675149.
^ "Elasmobranchii". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
^ Parker, Sybil, P (1984). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology. McGraw-Hill Company. hlm. 116.
^ Hoenig, J.M. and Gruber, S.H. (1990) "Life-history patterns in the elasmobranchs: implications for fisheries management" Diarsipkan 2013-02-18 di Wayback Machine. In: Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics and the status of the fisheries, eds. J. H. L. Pratt, S. H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi, US Department of Commerce, NOAA technical report NMFS 90, pp.1–16.

[Vannuccini2002-1] Vannuccini, Stefania (2002) Shark liver oil products Diarsipkan 2013-06-26 di Wayback Machine. In: Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade, Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104361-2.

[iucn1-2] Fowler, S.L. (2005). "Cetorhinus maximus". 2005: e.T4292A10763893. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2005.RLTS.T4292A10763893.en.

[iucn2-3] "Galeorhinus galeus (School shark)". 2005-06-17. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-26. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[iucn3-4] Guallart; et al. (2006). "Centrophorus granulosus". Diakses tanggal 11 May 2006.

[5] Benton, Michael J. (2015). Vertebrate Palaeontology (dalam bahasa English) (edisi ke-3rd). Blackwell. hlm. 185. ISBN 9781118406847. OCLC 945675149.

[6] "Elasmobranchii". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

[7] Parker, Sybil, P (1984). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology. McGraw-Hill Company. hlm. 116.

[Hoenig1990-8] Hoenig, J.M. and Gruber, S.H. (1990) "Life-history patterns in the elasmobranchs: implications for fisheries management" Diarsipkan 2013-02-18 di Wayback Machine. In: Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics and the status of the fisheries, eds. J. H. L. Pratt, S. H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi, US Department of Commerce, NOAA technical report NMFS 90, pp.1–16.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{Automatic taxobox
 | name = Elasmobranchii
+| status =
-| image = White shark.jpg
+| status_system =
-| image_caption = [[Hiu putih|Hiu putih<br>(''Carcharodon carcharias'')]]
+| status_ref =
-| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Wenlock|Recent|earliest=Katian|ref=<ref name="Märss2001">{{cite journal |pages=693–701 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0693:ANCFTW]2.0.CO;2 |year=2001 |volume=21 |issue=4 |title=A new chondrichthyan from the Wenlock, Lower Silurian, of Baillie-Hamilton Island, the Canadian Arctic |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |last1=Märss |first1=Tiiu |last2=Gagnier |first2=Pierre-Yves }}</ref><!--A later fossil is described in: <ref name=K-T73>{{cite journal |last=Karatajūte |first=V. |year=1973 |title=''Elegestolepis grossi'' ge. et sp. nov., ein neues typ der placoidschuppe aus dem oberen Silur der Tuwa. |journal=Palaeontographica Abteilung A |volume=143 |pages=35–50}}</ref>-->}}
+| status2 =
-| taxon = Elasmobranchii
+| status2_system =
-| authority = [[Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1838
+| status2_ref =
-| subdivision_ranks = Superorders
+| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Devon|Sekarang}}
-| subdivision =
+| image = Great White Shark (14730719119).jpg
-*[[Pari|Batoidea]]
+| image_caption = ''Carcharodon carcharias''
-*[[Hiu|Selachimorpha]]
+| image2 = Atlantic mobula lisbon.jpg
-}}
+| image2_caption = ''Mobula mobular''
+| domain = [[Eukaryota]]
+| regnum = [[Animalia]]
+| subregnum =
+| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| subphylum =
+| superdivisio =
+| divisio =
+| superclassis =
+| classis = [[Chondrichthyes]]
+| subclassis = '''Elasmobranchii'''
+| infraclassis =
+| subterclassis =
+| superordo =
+| ordo =
+| subordo =
+| infraordo =
+| zoosectio =
+| superfamilia =
+| familia =
+| subfamilia =
+| supertribus =
+| tribus =
+| subtribus =
+| genus =
+| species =
+| authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1838
+| familia_authority =
+| genus_authority =
+| species_authority =
+|subdivision_ranks = Superordo
+|subdivision =
+*
+*[[Ctenacanthiformes]] (punah)
+*[[Phoebodontiformes]] (punah)
+*[[Xenacanthiformes]] (punah)
+*Klad Euselachii
+**[[Hybodontiformes]] (punah)
+**Klad Neoselachii
+***[[Pari|Batoidea]]
+***[[Hiu|Selachimorpha]]
+***[[Synechodontiformes]] (punah)
+| range_map =
+| range_map_caption =
+| range_map_alt =
+| type_species =
+| type_species_authority =
+| synonyms =
+| synonyms_ref =
+}}
 {{Quote box
  |title =
- |quote = [[File:Cetorhinus maximus by greg skomal.JPG|220px|center]] Elasmobranch tidak mempunyai [[swim bladder]], dan menjaga keterapungan dengan minyak yang disimpan di hatinya. Beberapa hiu laut dalam diburu nelayan untuk [[Minyak hati hiu|minyak hiu]], termasuk [[Hiu sekolah]], [[Hiu gulper]] dan [[Hiu raksasa|Hiu penjemur]] ''(pictured)''.<ref name=Vannuccini2002>Vannuccini, Stefania (2002) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x3690e/x3690e0r.htm Shark liver oil products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626203527/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x3690e/x3690e0r.htm |date=2013-06-26 }} In: ''Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade'', Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome. {{ISBN|92-5-104361-2}}.</ref> tiga spesies ini digolongkan oleh [[IUCN]] sebagai [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] karena pemancingan berlebihan ( [[overfishing]]).<ref name="iucn1">{{Cite iucn | author = Fowler, S.L. | title = ''Cetorhinus maximus'' | volume = 2005 | page = e.T4292A10763893 | date = 2005 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2005.RLTS.T4292A10763893.en }}</ref><ref name="iucn2">{{cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39352/0 |title=Galeorhinus galeus (School shark) |date=2005-06-17 |accessdate=2013-03-26 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="iucn3">{{cite iucn|author=Guallart|display-authors=etal|year=2006|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39325/0|title=''Centrophorus granulosus''|access-date=11 May 2006|ref=harv}}</ref>
+ |quote = [[File:Cetorhinus maximus by greg skomal.JPG|220px|center]] Elasmobranch tidak mempunyai [[gelembung renang]], dan menjaga keterapungan dengan minyak yang disimpan di hatinya. Beberapa hiu laut dalam diburu nelayan untuk [[Minyak hati hiu|minyak hiu]], termasuk [[Hiu sekolah]], [[Hiu gulper]] dan [[Hiu raksasa|Hiu penjemur]] ''(pictured)''.<ref name=Vannuccini2002>Vannuccini, Stefania (2002) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x3690e/x3690e0r.htm Shark liver oil products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626203527/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x3690e/x3690e0r.htm |date=2013-06-26 }} In: ''Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade'', Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome. {{ISBN|92-5-104361-2}}.</ref> tiga spesies ini digolongkan oleh [[IUCN]] sebagai [[spesies rentan]] karena penangkapan berlebihan.<ref name="iucn1">{{Cite iucn | author = Fowler, S.L. | title = ''Cetorhinus maximus'' | volume = 2005 | page = e.T4292A10763893 | date = 2005 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2005.RLTS.T4292A10763893.en }}</ref><ref name="iucn2">{{cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39352/0 |title=Galeorhinus galeus (School shark) |date=2005-06-17 |accessdate=2013-03-26 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="iucn3">{{cite iucn|author=Guallart|display-authors=etal|year=2006|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39325/0|title=''Centrophorus granulosus''|access-date=11 May 2006|ref=harv}}</ref>
  |source =
  |align = left
@@ Baris 23: / Baris 73: @@
 [[File:Evolution of cartilaginous fishes.png|thumb|253px|right|<center>Radiasi elasmobranchs, berdasar [[Michael Benton]], 2005.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benton |first1=Michael J. |title=Vertebrate Palaeontology |url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratepalaeo0000bent_4ed |date=2015 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=9781118406847 |page=[https://archive.org/details/vertebratepalaeo0000bent_4ed/page/185 185] |edition=3rd |oclc=945675149 |language=English}}</ref></center>]]
-'''Elasmobranchii''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˌ|l|æ|z|m|ə|ˈ|b|r|æ|ŋ|k|i|aɪ}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Elasmobranchii}}}}) adalah [[Kelas (biologi)|subkelas]] dari [[Chondrichthyes]] (Ikan bertulang rawan), didalamnya terdiri dari ikan [[hiu]] (superordo ''Selachiimorpha'') dan [[Pari]] (termasuk [[skate (ikan)|Skate]] dan [[Hiu gergaji]] dari famili [[Pristidae]]) (superordo ''Batoidea''). Anggota subkelas ini bercirikan mempunyai empat sampai tujuh pasang bukaan insang dipermukaan tubuh, [[Sirip perut]] yang kaku dan sisik kecil ([[placoid scale]]).
+'''Elasmobranchii''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˌ|l|æ|z|m|ə|ˈ|b|r|æ|ŋ|k|i|aɪ}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Elasmobranchii}}}}) adalah [[Kelas (biologi)|subkelas]] dari [[Chondrichthyes]] (Ikan bertulang rawan), didalamnya terdiri dari ikan [[hiu]] (superordo ''Selachiimorpha'') dan [[Pari]] (termasuk [[skate (ikan)|Skate]] dan [[Hiu gergaji]] dari famili [[Pristidae]]) (superordo ''Batoidea''). Anggota subkelas ini bercirikan mempunyai empat sampai tujuh pasang bukaan insang dipermukaan tubuh, [[Sirip perut]] yang kaku dan sisik kecil ([[placoid scale]]). Di bagian kepala biasanya terdapat ampula Lorenzini<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parker|first=Sybil, P|date=1984|title=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology|publisher=McGraw-Hill Company|pages=116|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Fosil elasmobranch termuda berasal dari masa [[Devonian]] sampai masa [[Cretaceous]], atau lebih awal. Banysk spesies punah pada masa  [[Permian]] dan ada semburan [[Radiasi adaptasi]] pada jaman [[Jurassic]].
+Fosil elasmobranchii termuda berasal dari masa [[Devonian]] sampai masa [[Cretaceous]], atau lebih awal. Banyak spesies punah pada masa  [[Permian]] dan ada semburan [[Radiasi adaptasi]] pada jaman [[Jurassic]].
 ==Kutipan==
@@ Baris 42: / Baris 92: @@
 {{reflist}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q194257}}
 [[Kategori:Elasmobranchii]]