Commodus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| (13 revisi perantara oleh 7 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
| Baris 11: | Baris 11: | ||
| reg-type = {{nowrap|Co-emperor}} |
| reg-type = {{nowrap|Co-emperor}} |
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| regent = [[Marcus Aurelius]] (177–180) |
| regent = [[Marcus Aurelius]] (177–180) |
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| spouse |
| spouse= [[Bruttia Crispina]] (istri)<br>[[Marcia (gundik Commodus)|Marcia]] ([[gundik]]) |
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| issue = |
| issue = |
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| dynasty = [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty|Nerva–Antonine]] |
| dynasty = [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty|Nerva–Antonine]] |
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| father = [[Marcus Aurelius]] |
| father = [[Marcus Aurelius]] |
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| mother = [[Faustina |
| mother = [[Faustina yang Muda|Faustina]] |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|161|8|31|df=y}} |
| birth_date = {{Birth date|161|8|31|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Lanuvium]], dekat Roma |
| birth_place = [[Lanuvium]], dekat Roma |
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| Baris 22: | Baris 22: | ||
| place of burial = Roma |
| place of burial = Roma |
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|}} |
|}} |
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'''Commodus''' |
'''Commodus''' (nama lengkap: ''Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus''; 31 Agustus 161 M – 31 Desember 192 M) adalah seorang [[kaisar Romawi]] yang memerintah dari tahun 180 M hingga 192 M. Commodus dikenal sebagai salah satu kaisar paling kontroversial dalam sejarah [[Kekaisaran Romawi]], yang masa pemerintahannya ditandai dengan perubahan radikal dalam politik dan kebijakan kekaisaran, serta perilaku pribadinya yang eksentrik dan kadang kejam. Ia adalah putra dari kaisar terkenal [[Marcus Aurelius]], tetapi memiliki karakter yang sangat berbeda dari ayahnya. |
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==Kehidupan Awal== |
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Commodus mati dibunuh pada tahun 192 M. |
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Commodus lahir pada 31 Agustus 161 di '''Lanuvium''', dekat [[Roma]], sebagai anak kesepuluh dan anak laki-laki pertama dari [[Marcus Aurelius]] dan [[Faustina yang Muda]]. Sejak kecil, ia mendapatkan pendidikan yang cermat, sebagaimana lazim untuk seorang putra kaisar. Ia dibesarkan di lingkungan kekaisaran yang didominasi oleh filsafat [[Stoa]] karena pengaruh ayahnya, [[Marcus Aurelius]], yang terkenal sebagai "kaisar filsuf." |
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==Early life and rise to power (161–180)== |
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Pada usia lima tahun, Commodus diangkat sebagai [[Caesar (gelar)|Caesar]], menandakan bahwa ia adalah pewaris takhta yang ditunjuk. Ini merupakan langkah yang sangat jarang dalam sejarah Romawi, karena kekaisaran biasanya diwariskan kepada jenderal yang kuat atau tokoh politik berpengaruh daripada melalui keturunan langsung. |
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===Early life=== |
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Commodus was born on 31 August 161, as Commodus, in [[Lanuvium]], near [[Ancient Rome|Rome]].<ref name="HA LOC 1">''Historia Augusta - Life of Commodus'' 1</ref> He was the son of the reigning emperor, Marcus Aurelius, and Aurelius' first cousin, [[Faustina the Younger]]; the youngest daughter of [[Roman Emperor]] [[Antoninus Pius]]. Commodus had an elder twin brother, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, who died in 165. On 12 October 166, Commodus was made [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] together with his younger brother, [[Marcus Annius Verus Caesar|Marcus Annius Verus]].<ref>''Historia Augusta'' 12.8</ref><ref name="David 1">David L. Vagi ''Coinage and History of the Roman Empire'' Vol. One: History p.248</ref> The latter died in 169 having failed to recover from an operation, which left Commodus as Marcus Aurelius' sole surviving son.<ref name="David 1"/> |
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==Pemerintahan Bersama Marcus Aurelius== |
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He was looked after by his father's physician, [[Galen]],<ref name="SPM">Susan P. Mattern ''The Prince of Medicine: Galen in the Roman Empire'' p. xx</ref><ref>Cassius Dio ''Roman History'' 71.33.1 </ref> in order to keep Commodus healthy and alive. Galen treated many of Commodus' common illnesses. Commodus received extensive tutoring by a multitude of teachers with a focus on intellectual education.<ref name="Birley 197">Anthony R Birley ''Marcus Aurelius: A Biography'' p.197</ref> Among his teachers Onesicrates, Antistius Capella, Titus Aius Sanctus, and Pitholaus are mentioned.<ref>''Historia Augusta'' 1.6</ref><ref name="Birley 197"/> |
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Commodus diangkat sebagai rekan kaisar (''co-emperor'') oleh ayahnya pada tahun 177 M. Selama masa pemerintahannya bersama, Commodus ikut serta dalam beberapa kampanye militer di perbatasan utara [[Kekaisaran Romawi]], di mana [[Marcus Aurelius]] sedang berusaha menanggulangi ancaman dari [[suku-suku Jermanik]] dan [[bangsa Sarmatia]]. Meskipun terlibat dalam upaya militer, Commodus tidak memiliki minat yang mendalam dalam hal ini, berbeda dengan ayahnya yang menganggap perang di perbatasan sebagai tugas utama kekaisaran. |
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Ketika [[Marcus Aurelius]] wafat pada 17 Maret 180 M, Commodus naik takhta sebagai satu-satunya kaisar. Banyak sejarawan memandang peristiwa ini sebagai titik balik yang dramatis dalam sejarah Romawi. Di bawah pemerintahan [[Marcus Aurelius]], kekaisaran menikmati periode yang relatif stabil dan makmur, sementara di bawah Commodus, kekaisaran mengalami penurunan moral dan disiplin yang signifikan. |
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Commodus is known to have been at [[Carnuntum]], the headquarters of Marcus Aurelius during the [[Marcomannic Wars]], in 172. It was presumably there that, on 15 October 172, he was given the victory title ''Germanicus'', in the presence of the [[Roman army|army]]. The title suggests that Commodus was present at his father's victory over the [[Marcomanni]]. On 20 January 175, Commodus entered the [[College of Pontiffs]], the starting point of a career in public life. |
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==Pemerintahan Sebagai Kaisar Tunggal== |
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In April 175, [[Avidius Cassius]], Governor of [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]], declared himself Emperor following rumors that Marcus Aurelius had died. Having been accepted as Emperor by Syria, [[Palestine]] and [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]], Cassius carried on his rebellion even after it had become obvious that Marcus was still alive. During the preparations for the campaign against Cassius, the Prince assumed his [[toga virilis]] on the [[Danube|Danubian]] front on 7 July 175, thus formally entering [[adulthood]]. Cassius, however, was killed by one of his [[centurion]]s before the campaign against him could begin. |
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Setelah menjadi kaisar tunggal, Commodus dengan cepat menunjukkan perbedaan besar dalam gaya pemerintahannya dibandingkan dengan ayahnya. Salah satu keputusan pertamanya adalah menarik [[pasukan Romawi]] dari perbatasan utara, menandakan berakhirnya perang melawan [[suku-suku Jermanik]], yang sudah dimulai oleh [[Marcus Aurelius]]. Perdamaian yang dicapai melalui kesepakatan dengan musuh ini dianggap memalukan oleh banyak orang, karena [[Marcus Aurelius]] telah menghabiskan sebagian besar masa pemerintahannya berusaha menundukkan suku-suku tersebut. |
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Di dalam negeri, Commodus mulai menjauhkan diri dari tugas administratif, lebih tertarik pada hiburan dan kenikmatan pribadi. Ia sangat menikmati pertunjukan [[gladiator]], bahkan sampai-sampai ia sering berpartisipasi dalam [[pertarungan gladiator]] di arena, sesuatu yang dianggap sangat tidak pantas bagi seorang kaisar. Selain itu, ia mengklaim dirinya sebagai inkarnasi dari [[Herkules|dewa Herkules]], lengkap dengan mengenakan pakaian dan atribut yang menyerupai sang pahlawan [[mitologi Yunani]]. |
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Commodus subsequently accompanied his father on a lengthy trip to the Eastern provinces, during which he visited [[Antioch]]. The Emperor and his son then traveled to [[Athens]], where they were initiated into the [[Eleusinian mysteries]]. They then returned to Rome in the [[Autumn]] of 176. |
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==Kultus Pribadi dan Kebijakan Ekstravaganza== |
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===Joint rule with father (177)=== |
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Commodus mendirikan kultus pribadi yang mendewakan dirinya sebagai "''Herkules Romawi''." Patung-patung Commodus dalam pakaian [[Herkules]] dipasang di seluruh kekaisaran, dan ia menuntut untuk dipanggil dengan gelar dewa. Obsesi Commodus terhadap dirinya sendiri terlihat jelas dalam kebijakan domestiknya. Ia mengganti nama [[Roma]] menjadi "''Colonia Commodiana''," dan bahkan mengubah nama Senat menjadi "Komunitas Commodiana." |
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Marcus Aurelius was the first emperor since [[Vespasian]] to have a biological son of his own and, though he himself was the fifth in the line of the so-called [[Five Good Emperors]], each of whom had adopted his successor, it seems to have been his firm intention that Commodus should be his heir. On 27 November 176, Marcus Aurelius granted Commodus the rank of ''[[Imperator]]'' and, in the middle of 177, the title ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'', giving his son the same status as his own and formally sharing power. |
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Sebagai bagian dari kultus pribadinya, Commodus menggelar serangkaian pertunjukan [[gladiator]] dan perburuan binatang di [[Colosseum]]. Ia secara pribadi bertarung sebagai [[gladiator]], meskipun sebagian besar pertarungan diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga ia pasti menang. Sebagai kaisar, ia tidak segan-segan menggunakan kekerasan untuk mempertahankan kekuasaannya, membunuh sejumlah besar lawan politik dan mereka yang ia anggap sebagai ancaman, termasuk anggota keluarganya sendiri. |
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On 23 December of the same year, the two Augusti celebrated a joint [[Roman triumph|triumph]], and Commodus was given [[tribune|tribunician]] power. On 1 January 177, Commodus became [[consul]] for the first time, which made him, aged 15, the youngest consul in Roman history up to that time. He subsequently married [[Bruttia Crispina]] before accompanying his father to the Danubian front once more in 178, where Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March 180, leaving the 18-year-old Commodus sole emperor. |
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==Krisis Ekonomi dan Sosial== |
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==Sole reign (180–192)== |
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Di bawah pemerintahan Commodus, kekaisaran mengalami krisis ekonomi yang serius. Pengeluaran besar-besaran untuk hiburan publik, gaya hidup mewah, dan kebijakan yang sembrono membuat kas negara terkuras. Korupsi merajalela, dan Commodus jarang terlibat dalam urusan pemerintahan yang serius. Pemerintahan sehari-hari sering kali dikelola oleh para kasim dan favorit istana, yang beroperasi dengan sedikit pengawasan dan sering kali mengambil keuntungan pribadi dari kekuasaan mereka. |
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Upon his accession Commodus devalued the [[Roman currency]]. He reduced the weight of the [[denarius]] from 96 per [[Roman pound]] to 105 (3.85 grams to 3.35 grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 79 percent to 76 percent – the silver weight dropping from 2.57 grams to 2.34 grams. In 186 he further reduced the purity and silver weight to 74 percent and 2.22 grams respectively, being 108 to the Roman pound.<ref>[http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate"]</ref> His reduction of the denarius during his rule was the largest since the empire's first devaluation during [[Nero]]'s reign. |
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Selain krisis ekonomi, terdapat ketidakpuasan yang meluas di antara elit politik dan militer [[Roma]]. Banyak yang memandang Commodus sebagai pemimpin yang tidak kompeten dan berbahaya, yang mengabaikan urusan kenegaraan demi mengejar kepuasan pribadi. |
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Whereas the reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]] had been marked by almost continuous warfare, that of Commodus was comparatively peaceful in the military sense but was marked by political strife and the increasingly arbitrary and capricious behaviour of the emperor himself. In the view of [[Dio Cassius]], a contemporary observer of the period, his accession marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust"<ref>Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html#36 72.36.4], Loeb edition translated E. Cary</ref> – a famous comment which has led some historians, notably [[Edward Gibbon]], to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the [[decline of the Roman Empire]]. |
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==Konspirasi dan Pembunuhan== |
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Despite his notoriety, and considering the importance of his reign, Commodus' years in power are not well chronicled. The principal surviving literary sources are Dio Cassius (a contemporary and sometimes first-hand observer, but for this reign, only transmitted in fragments and abbreviations), [[Herodian]] and the ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' (untrustworthy for its character as a work of literature rather than history, with elements of fiction embedded within its biographies; in the case of Commodus, it may well be embroidering upon what the author found in reasonably good contemporary sources). |
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Ketidakpuasan terhadap Commodus akhirnya mencapai puncaknya pada akhir tahun 192 M. Sekelompok konspirator, termasuk kekasihnya '''Marcia''', kasim pribadinya '''Eclectus''', dan prefek praetorian '''Quintus Aemilius Laetus''', merencanakan pembunuhannya. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 192, setelah upaya untuk meracuninya gagal, Commodus dicekik sampai mati oleh seorang pegulat bernama '''Narcissus'''. |
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[[File:Commodus denier verso ag1.jpg|thumb|250px||A [[Denarius]] featuring Commodus]] |
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Commodus remained with the Danube armies for only a short time before negotiating a peace treaty with the Danubian tribes. He then returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph for the conclusion of the wars on 22 October 180. Unlike the preceding Emperors [[Trajan]], [[Hadrian]], [[Antoninus Pius]] and Marcus Aurelius, he seems to have had little interest in the business of administration and tended throughout his reign to leave the practical running of the state to a succession of favourites, beginning with [[Saoterus]], a freedman from [[Nicomedia]] who had become his [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]. |
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Dissatisfaction with this state of affairs would lead to a series of conspiracies and attempted coups, which in turn eventually provoked Commodus to take charge of affairs, which he did in an increasingly dictatorial manner. Nevertheless, though the [[Roman Senate|senatorial order]] came to hate and fear him, the evidence suggests that he remained popular with the army and the common people for much of his reign, not least because of his lavish shows of largesse (recorded on his coinage) and because he staged and took part in spectacular [[gladiator]]ial combats. |
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One of the ways he paid for his donatives and mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order, and on many inscriptions, the traditional order of the two nominal powers of the state, the Senate and People (''[[SPQR|Senatus Populusque Romanus]]'') is provocatively reversed (''Populus Senatusque...''). |
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===The conspiracies of 182=== |
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[[File:Bust of Commodus 180-192 AD.JPG|thumb|250px|A bust of Commodus as a youth ([[Roman-Germanic Museum]], Cologne).]] |
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At the outset of his reign, Commodus, aged 18, inherited many of his father's senior advisers, notably [[Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus]] (the second husband of Commodus' sister [[Lucilla]]), his father-in-law [[Gaius Bruttius Praesens]], Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio, and [[Caius Aufidius Victorinus|Aufidius Victorinus]], who was [[Praefectus urbi|Prefect of the City of Rome]]. He also had five surviving sisters, all of them with husbands who were potential rivals. Four of his sisters were considerably older than he; the eldest, Lucilla, held the rank of [[Augustus (honorific)|Augusta]] as the widow of her first husband, [[Lucius Verus]]. |
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The first crisis of the reign came in 182, when Lucilla engineered a conspiracy against her brother. Her motive is alleged to have been envy of the [[Roman Empress|Empress]] Crispina. Her husband, Pompeianus, was not involved, but two men alleged to have been her lovers, [[Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus]] (the consul of 167, who was also her first cousin) and [[Appius Claudius Quintianus]], attempted to murder Commodus as he entered a theater. They bungled the job and were seized by the emperor's bodyguard. |
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Quadratus and Quintianus were executed. Lucilla was exiled to [[Capri]] and later killed. Pompeianus retired from public life. One of the two [[praetorian prefect]]s, [[Tarrutenius Paternus]], had actually been involved in the conspiracy but his involvement was not discovered until later on, and in the aftermath, he and his colleague, [[Tigidius Perennis|Sextus Tigidius Perennis]], were able to arrange for the murder of Saoterus, the hated chamberlain. |
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Commodus took the loss of Saoterus badly, and Perennis now seized the chance to advance himself by implicating Paternus in a second conspiracy, one apparently led by [[Publius Salvius Julianus]], who was the son of the jurist [[Salvius Julianus]] and was betrothed to Paternus' daughter. Salvius and Paternus were executed along with a number of other prominent consulars and senators. [[Didius Julianus]], the future emperor and a relative of Salvius Julianus, was dismissed from the governorship of [[Germania Inferior]]. |
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====Cleander==== |
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Perennis took over the reins of government and Commodus found a new chamberlain and favourite in [[Marcus Aurelius Cleander|Cleander]], a [[Phrygia]]n [[freedman]] who had married one of the emperor's mistresses, Demostratia. Cleander was in fact the person who had murdered Saoterus. After those attempts on his life, Commodus spent much of his time outside Rome, mostly on the family estates at Lanuvium. Being physically strong, his chief interest was in sport: taking part in [[horse racing]], [[chariot racing]], and combats with beasts and men, mostly in private but also on occasion in public. |
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===Dacia and Britain=== |
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[[File:Commodus, Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna - 20100226.jpg|thumb|250px|A bust of Commodus ([[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna). According to [[Herodian]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=d7DhHGX6wZkC&pg=PA59&dq=Commodus+appearance&sig=oHNII-3un-Rs1QhDGBwxsHxh-R0 Google Books Search]</ref> he was well proportioned and attractive, with naturally blonde and curly hair.]] |
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Commodus was inaugurated in 183 as consul with Aufidius Victorinus for a colleague and assumed the title ''Pius''. War broke out in [[Dacia]]: few details are available, but it appears two future contenders for the throne, [[Clodius Albinus]] and [[Pescennius Niger]], both distinguished themselves in the campaign. Also, in [[Roman Britain|Britain]] in 184, the governor [[Ulpius Marcellus]] re-advanced the Roman frontier northward to the [[Antonine Wall]], but the [[legionaries]] revolted against his harsh discipline and acclaimed another legate, Priscus, as emperor.<ref name="ReferenceA">Dio Cassius 73.10.2, Loeb edition translated E. Cary</ref> |
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Priscus refused to accept their acclamations, but Perennis had all the legionary [[legatus|legates]] in Britain [[Cashiering|cashiered]]. On 15 October 184 at the [[Capitoline Games]], a [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynic]] philosopher publicly denounced Perennis before Commodus, who was watching, but was immediately put to death. According to Dio Cassius, Perennis, though ruthless and ambitious, was not personally corrupt and generally administered the state well.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |
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However, the following year, a detachment of soldiers from Britain (they had been drafted to [[Roman Italy|Italy]] to suppress brigands) also denounced Perennis to the emperor as plotting to make his own son emperor (they had been enabled to do so by Cleander, who was seeking to dispose of his rival), and Commodus gave them permission to execute him as well as his wife and sons. The fall of Perennis brought a new spate of executions: Aufidius Victorinus committed suicide. Ulpius Marcellus was replaced as [[Governors of Roman Britain|governor of Britain]] by [[Pertinax]]; brought to Rome and tried for treason, Marcellus narrowly escaped death. |
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===Cleander's zenith and fall (185–190)=== |
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Cleander proceeded to concentrate power in his own hands and to enrich himself by becoming responsible for all public offices: he sold and bestowed entry to the Senate, army commands, [[Roman governor|governorships]] and, increasingly, even the [[suffect consul]]ships to the highest bidder. Unrest around the empire increased, with large numbers of army deserters causing trouble in [[Gaul]] and [[Germania|Germany]]. Pescennius Niger mopped up the deserters in Gaul in a military campaign, and a revolt in [[Brittany]] was put down by two [[Roman legion|legions]] brought over from Britain. |
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In 187, one of the leaders of the deserters, Maternus, came from Gaul intending to assassinate Commodus at the Festival of the Great Goddess in March, but he was betrayed and executed. In the same year, [[Pertinax]] unmasked a conspiracy by two enemies of Cleander – Antistius Burrus (one of Commodus' brothers-in-law) and Arrius Antoninus. As a result, Commodus appeared even more rarely in public, preferring to live on his estates. |
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Early in 188, Cleander disposed of the current praetorian prefect, [[Publius Atilius Aebutianus|Atilius Aebutianus]], and himself took over supreme command of the Praetorians at the new rank of ''a pugione'' ("dagger-bearer") with two praetorian prefects subordinate to him. Now at the zenith of his power, Cleander continued to sell public offices as his private business. The climax came in the year 190, which had 25 suffect consuls – a record in the 1000-year history of the Roman consulship—all appointed by Cleander (they included the future Emperor [[Septimius Severus]]). |
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In the spring of 190, Rome was afflicted by a food shortage, for which the ''praefectus annonae'' [[Papirius Dionysius]], the official actually in charge of the [[Grain supply to the city of Rome|grain supply]], contrived to lay the blame on Cleander. At the end of June, a mob demonstrated against Cleander during a horse race in the [[Circus Maximus]]: he sent the praetorian guard to put down the disturbances, but Pertinax, who was now City Prefect of Rome, dispatched the ''[[Vigiles Urbani]]'' to oppose them. Cleander fled to Commodus, who was at [[Laurentum]] in the house of the [[Sextus Quinctilius Condianus|Quinctilii]], for protection, but the mob followed him calling for his head. |
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At the urging of his mistress [[Marcia (mistress of Commodus)|Marcia]], Commodus had Cleander beheaded and his son killed. Other victims at this time were the praetorian prefect Julius Julianus, Commodus' cousin [[Annia Fundania Faustina]], and his brother-in-law Mamertinus. Papirius Dionysius was executed too. |
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The emperor now changed his name to Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus. At 29, he took over more of the reins of power, though he continued to rule through a cabal consisting of Marcia, his new chamberlain Eclectus, and the new praetorian prefect [[Quintus Aemilius Laetus]], who about this time also had many Christians freed from working in the mines in [[Sardinia]]. Marcia, the widow of Quadratus, who had been executed in 182, is alleged to have been a Christian. |
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===Megalomania (190–192)=== |
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In opposition to the Senate, in his pronouncements and [[iconography]], Commodus had always laid stress on his unique status as a source of god-like power, liberality and physical prowess. Innumerable statues around the empire were set up portraying him in the guise of [[Hercules]], reinforcing the image of him as a demigod, a physical giant, a protector and a battler against beasts and men (see "Commodus and Hercules" and "Commodus the Gladiator" below). Moreover, as Hercules, he could claim to be the son of [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], the representative of the supreme god of the Roman [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]]. These tendencies now increased to [[megalomania]]cal proportions. Far from celebrating his descent from Marcus Aurelius, the actual source of his power, he stressed his own personal uniqueness as the bringer of a new order, seeking to re-cast the empire in his own image. |
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During 191, the city of Rome was extensively damaged by a fire that raged for several days, during which many public buildings including the [[Pax (mythology)|Temple of Pax]], the [[Temple of Vesta]] and parts of the imperial palace were destroyed. |
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Perhaps seeing this as an opportunity, early in 192 Commodus, declaring himself the new [[Romulus]], ritually re-founded Rome, renaming the city ''Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana''. All the months of the year were renamed to correspond exactly with his (now twelve) names: ''Lucius'', ''Aelius'', ''Aurelius'', ''Commodus'', ''Augustus'', ''Herculeus'', ''Romanus'', ''Exsuperatorius'', ''Amazonius'', ''Invictus'', ''Felix'', ''Pius''. The legions were renamed ''Commodianae'', the fleet which imported grain from [[Africa province|Africa]] was termed ''Alexandria Commodiana Togata'', the Senate was entitled the Commodian Fortunate Senate, his palace and the Roman people themselves were all given the name ''Commodianus'', and the day on which these reforms were decreed was to be called ''Dies Commodianus''.<ref>[http://www.roman-emperors.org/commod.htm Commodus (AD 180–192)]</ref> |
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Thus he presented himself as the fountainhead of the Empire and Roman life and religion. He also had the head of the [[Colossus of Nero]] adjacent to the [[Colosseum]] replaced with his own portrait, gave it a club and placed a [[bronze]] [[lion]] at its feet to make it look like Hercules, and added an inscription boasting of being "the only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men".<ref>Dio Cassius 73.22.3</ref> |
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===Assassination (192)=== |
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[[File:Römermuseum Osterburken (DerHexer) 2012-09-30 008.jpg|thumb|[[Damnatio memoriae]] of Commodus on an inscription in the Museum of Roman History [[Osterburken]]. The abbreviation "CO" has been restored with paint.]] |
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In November 192, Commodus held Plebeian Games, in which he shot hundreds of animals with arrows and javelins every morning, and fought as a gladiator every afternoon, winning all the bouts. Also in December he announced his intention to inaugurate the year 193 as both consul and gladiator on 1 January. |
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At this point, the prefect Laetus formed a conspiracy with Eclectus to supplant Commodus with Pertinax, taking Marcia into their confidence. On 31 December Marcia poisoned his food but he vomited up the poison; so the conspirators sent his wrestling partner [[Narcissus (wrestler)|Narcissus]] to strangle him in his bath. Upon his death, the Senate declared him a public enemy (a ''de facto'' ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'') and restored the original name to the city of Rome and its institutions. Commodus' statues were thrown down. His body was buried in the [[Mausoleum of Hadrian]]. In 195 the emperor [[Septimius Severus]], trying to gain favour with the family of Marcus Aurelius, rehabilitated Commodus' memory and had the Senate deify him.<ref>To “accept kinship with Commodus ... the bluntly pragmatic decision was taken to deify the former emperor, thus legitimizing Severus’ seizure of power.” See Annelise Freisenbruch, ''Caesars' Wives: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Roman Empire'' (London and New York: Free Press, 2010), 187.</ref> |
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Commodus was succeeded by [[Pertinax]], whose reign was short lived, being the first to fall victim to the [[Year of the Five Emperors]]. Commodus' death marked the end of the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]]. |
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==Karakter dan fisik== |
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===Karakter dan motivasi=== |
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[[File:Commode pièce.jpg|thumb|Commodus]] |
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<!-- Replaced by KunsthistorischesMuseumComodus.jpg above [[File:Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna June 2006 024.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Bust of Commodus ([[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna) According to [[Herodian]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=d7DhHGX6wZkC&pg=PA59&dq=Commodus+appearance&sig=oHNII-3un-Rs1QhDGBwxsHxh-R0 Google Books Search]</ref> he was well proportioned and attractive, with naturally blonde and curly hair.]] --> |
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[[Cassius Dio]], seorang saksi mata, menggambarkannya sebagai "bukan orang jahat secara alami, tetapi sebaliknya, sepolos siapapun yang pernah hidup. Namun, sifat sederhana yang kuat, bersama sifat penakutnya, membuatnya menjadi budak rekan-rekannya, dan melalui mereka, pada mulanya, berkat kenaifannya, tidak bisa menikmati hidup yang lebih baik, dan kemudian diarahkan ke kebiasaan foya-foya dan kejam, yang kemudian menjadi sifat keduanya."<ref>Dio Cassius 73.1.2, Loeb edition translated E. Cary</ref> |
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His recorded actions do tend to show a rejection of his father’s policies, his father’s advisers, and especially his father’s austere lifestyle, and an alienation from the surviving members of his family. It seems likely that he was brought up in an atmosphere of [[Stoicism|Stoic]] [[asceticism]], which he rejected entirely upon his accession to sole rule. |
His recorded actions do tend to show a rejection of his father’s policies, his father’s advisers, and especially his father’s austere lifestyle, and an alienation from the surviving members of his family. It seems likely that he was brought up in an atmosphere of [[Stoicism|Stoic]] [[asceticism]], which he rejected entirely upon his accession to sole rule. |
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| Baris 127: | Baris 63: | ||
===Commodus and Hercules=== |
===Commodus and Hercules=== |
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Disdaining the more philosophic inclinations of his father, Commodus was extremely proud of his physical prowess. The historian Herodian, a contemporary, described Commodus as an extremely handsome man.<ref>Grant, Michael. The Roman Emperors (1985)pp 99. </ref> As mentioned above, he ordered many statues to be made showing him dressed as Hercules with a lion's hide and a club. He thought of himself as the reincarnation of Hercules, frequently emulating the legendary hero's feats by appearing in the arena to fight a variety of wild animals. He was left-handed, and very proud of the fact. |
Disdaining the more philosophic inclinations of his father, Commodus was extremely proud of his physical prowess. The historian Herodian, a contemporary, described Commodus as an extremely handsome man.<ref>Grant, Michael. The Roman Emperors (1985)pp 99. </ref> As mentioned above, he ordered many statues to be made showing him dressed as Hercules with a lion's hide and a club. He thought of himself as the reincarnation of Hercules, frequently emulating the legendary hero's feats by appearing in the arena to fight a variety of wild animals. He was left-handed, and very proud of the fact.<ref>Dio, Cassius. Roman History: Epitome of Book LXXIII pp 111.</ref> Cassius Dio and the writers of the ''[[Augustan History]]'' say that Commodus was a skilled archer, who could shoot the heads off [[ostriches]] in full gallop, and kill a [[Black panther|panther]] as it attacked a victim in the arena. |
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===Commodus the gladiator=== |
===Commodus the gladiator=== |
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| Baris 145: | Baris 81: | ||
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==Lihat Pula== |
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* [[Marcus Aurelius]] |
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{{ahnentafel top|[[Silsilah]] Commodus}} |
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* [[Colosseum]] |
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{{ahnentafel-compact4 |
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* [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] |
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* [[gladiator|Pertunjukan gladiator]] |
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|1= 1. '''Commodus''' |
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|2= 2. [[Marcus Aurelius]] |
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|3= 3. [[Faustina the Younger]] |
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|4= 4. Marcus Annius Verus |
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|5= 5. [[Domitia Lucilla]] Minor |
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|6= 6. [[Antoninus Pius]] |
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|7= 7. [[Faustina the Elder]] |
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|8= 8. [[Marcus Annius Verus]] |
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|9= 9. [[Rupilia Faustina]] |
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|10= 10. Tullus Domitius Calvisius |
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|11= 11. Domitia Lucilla Major |
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|12= 12. [[Titus Aurelius Fulvus]] |
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|13= 13. Arria Fadilla |
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|14= 14. [[Marcus Annius Verus]] |
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|15= 15. [[Rupilia Faustina]] |
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}}</center> |
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{{ahnentafel bottom}} |
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==Referensi== |
== Referensi == |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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* Cassius Dio, Sejarah Romawi |
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* Herodian, Sejarah Kekaisaran Romawi |
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* Anthony Birley, Marcus Aurelius: A Biography |
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* Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |
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==Pranala luar== |
== Pranala luar == |
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{{Commons|Commodus}} |
{{Commons|Commodus}} |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Commodus*.html Historia Augusta: Life of Commodus] |
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Commodus*.html Historia Augusta: Life of Commodus] |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/73*.html Book 73 of Cassius Dio's History] |
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/73*.html Book 73 of Cassius Dio's History] |
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*[http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre115.html Herodian's Roman History] |
* [http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre115.html Herodian's Roman History] |
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{{S-start}} |
{{S-start}} |
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| Baris 186: | Baris 104: | ||
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{{s-reg}} |
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{{s-bef|before = [[Marcus Aurelius]]}} |
{{s-bef|before = [[Marcus Aurelius]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title = [[List of Roman Emperors| |
{{s-ttl|title = [[List of Roman Emperors|Kaisar Romawi]]|years = 180–192}} |
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{{s-aft|after = [[Pertinax]]}} |
{{s-aft|after = [[Pertinax]]}} |
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{{s-off}} |
{{s-off}} |
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| Baris 216: | Baris 134: | ||
{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Kategori:Kaisar Romawi abad ke-2]] |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Commodus |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Roman emperor |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 31 August 0161 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Lanuvium]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 31 December 0192 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = Rome |
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}} |
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[[Kategori:Kaisar Romawi]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 16 Oktober 2024 03.45
| Commodus | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Kaisar ke-18 dari Kekaisaran Romawi | |||||
| Berkuasa | 177 – 31 December 192 | ||||
| Pendahulu | Marcus Aurelius, ayah | ||||
| Penerus | Pertinax | ||||
| Co-emperor | Marcus Aurelius (177–180) | ||||
| Kelahiran | 31 Agustus 161 Lanuvium, dekat Roma | ||||
| Kematian | 31 Desember 192 (usia 31) Roma | ||||
| Pemakaman | Roma | ||||
| Pasangan | Bruttia Crispina (istri) Marcia (gundik) | ||||
| |||||
| Dinasti | Nerva–Antonine | ||||
| Ayah | Marcus Aurelius | ||||
| Ibu | Faustina | ||||
Commodus (nama lengkap: Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus; 31 Agustus 161 M – 31 Desember 192 M) adalah seorang kaisar Romawi yang memerintah dari tahun 180 M hingga 192 M. Commodus dikenal sebagai salah satu kaisar paling kontroversial dalam sejarah Kekaisaran Romawi, yang masa pemerintahannya ditandai dengan perubahan radikal dalam politik dan kebijakan kekaisaran, serta perilaku pribadinya yang eksentrik dan kadang kejam. Ia adalah putra dari kaisar terkenal Marcus Aurelius, tetapi memiliki karakter yang sangat berbeda dari ayahnya.
Kehidupan Awal
[sunting | sunting sumber]Commodus lahir pada 31 Agustus 161 di Lanuvium, dekat Roma, sebagai anak kesepuluh dan anak laki-laki pertama dari Marcus Aurelius dan Faustina yang Muda. Sejak kecil, ia mendapatkan pendidikan yang cermat, sebagaimana lazim untuk seorang putra kaisar. Ia dibesarkan di lingkungan kekaisaran yang didominasi oleh filsafat Stoa karena pengaruh ayahnya, Marcus Aurelius, yang terkenal sebagai "kaisar filsuf."
Pada usia lima tahun, Commodus diangkat sebagai Caesar, menandakan bahwa ia adalah pewaris takhta yang ditunjuk. Ini merupakan langkah yang sangat jarang dalam sejarah Romawi, karena kekaisaran biasanya diwariskan kepada jenderal yang kuat atau tokoh politik berpengaruh daripada melalui keturunan langsung.
Pemerintahan Bersama Marcus Aurelius
[sunting | sunting sumber]Commodus diangkat sebagai rekan kaisar (co-emperor) oleh ayahnya pada tahun 177 M. Selama masa pemerintahannya bersama, Commodus ikut serta dalam beberapa kampanye militer di perbatasan utara Kekaisaran Romawi, di mana Marcus Aurelius sedang berusaha menanggulangi ancaman dari suku-suku Jermanik dan bangsa Sarmatia. Meskipun terlibat dalam upaya militer, Commodus tidak memiliki minat yang mendalam dalam hal ini, berbeda dengan ayahnya yang menganggap perang di perbatasan sebagai tugas utama kekaisaran.
Ketika Marcus Aurelius wafat pada 17 Maret 180 M, Commodus naik takhta sebagai satu-satunya kaisar. Banyak sejarawan memandang peristiwa ini sebagai titik balik yang dramatis dalam sejarah Romawi. Di bawah pemerintahan Marcus Aurelius, kekaisaran menikmati periode yang relatif stabil dan makmur, sementara di bawah Commodus, kekaisaran mengalami penurunan moral dan disiplin yang signifikan.
Pemerintahan Sebagai Kaisar Tunggal
[sunting | sunting sumber]Setelah menjadi kaisar tunggal, Commodus dengan cepat menunjukkan perbedaan besar dalam gaya pemerintahannya dibandingkan dengan ayahnya. Salah satu keputusan pertamanya adalah menarik pasukan Romawi dari perbatasan utara, menandakan berakhirnya perang melawan suku-suku Jermanik, yang sudah dimulai oleh Marcus Aurelius. Perdamaian yang dicapai melalui kesepakatan dengan musuh ini dianggap memalukan oleh banyak orang, karena Marcus Aurelius telah menghabiskan sebagian besar masa pemerintahannya berusaha menundukkan suku-suku tersebut.
Di dalam negeri, Commodus mulai menjauhkan diri dari tugas administratif, lebih tertarik pada hiburan dan kenikmatan pribadi. Ia sangat menikmati pertunjukan gladiator, bahkan sampai-sampai ia sering berpartisipasi dalam pertarungan gladiator di arena, sesuatu yang dianggap sangat tidak pantas bagi seorang kaisar. Selain itu, ia mengklaim dirinya sebagai inkarnasi dari dewa Herkules, lengkap dengan mengenakan pakaian dan atribut yang menyerupai sang pahlawan mitologi Yunani.
Kultus Pribadi dan Kebijakan Ekstravaganza
[sunting | sunting sumber]Commodus mendirikan kultus pribadi yang mendewakan dirinya sebagai "Herkules Romawi." Patung-patung Commodus dalam pakaian Herkules dipasang di seluruh kekaisaran, dan ia menuntut untuk dipanggil dengan gelar dewa. Obsesi Commodus terhadap dirinya sendiri terlihat jelas dalam kebijakan domestiknya. Ia mengganti nama Roma menjadi "Colonia Commodiana," dan bahkan mengubah nama Senat menjadi "Komunitas Commodiana."
Sebagai bagian dari kultus pribadinya, Commodus menggelar serangkaian pertunjukan gladiator dan perburuan binatang di Colosseum. Ia secara pribadi bertarung sebagai gladiator, meskipun sebagian besar pertarungan diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga ia pasti menang. Sebagai kaisar, ia tidak segan-segan menggunakan kekerasan untuk mempertahankan kekuasaannya, membunuh sejumlah besar lawan politik dan mereka yang ia anggap sebagai ancaman, termasuk anggota keluarganya sendiri.
Krisis Ekonomi dan Sosial
[sunting | sunting sumber]Di bawah pemerintahan Commodus, kekaisaran mengalami krisis ekonomi yang serius. Pengeluaran besar-besaran untuk hiburan publik, gaya hidup mewah, dan kebijakan yang sembrono membuat kas negara terkuras. Korupsi merajalela, dan Commodus jarang terlibat dalam urusan pemerintahan yang serius. Pemerintahan sehari-hari sering kali dikelola oleh para kasim dan favorit istana, yang beroperasi dengan sedikit pengawasan dan sering kali mengambil keuntungan pribadi dari kekuasaan mereka.
Selain krisis ekonomi, terdapat ketidakpuasan yang meluas di antara elit politik dan militer Roma. Banyak yang memandang Commodus sebagai pemimpin yang tidak kompeten dan berbahaya, yang mengabaikan urusan kenegaraan demi mengejar kepuasan pribadi.
Konspirasi dan Pembunuhan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Ketidakpuasan terhadap Commodus akhirnya mencapai puncaknya pada akhir tahun 192 M. Sekelompok konspirator, termasuk kekasihnya Marcia, kasim pribadinya Eclectus, dan prefek praetorian Quintus Aemilius Laetus, merencanakan pembunuhannya. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 192, setelah upaya untuk meracuninya gagal, Commodus dicekik sampai mati oleh seorang pegulat bernama Narcissus.
Lihat Pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Cassius Dio, Sejarah Romawi
- Herodian, Sejarah Kekaisaran Romawi
- Anthony Birley, Marcus Aurelius: A Biography
- Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]
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