Sungai Mekong: Perbedaan antara revisi

Sungai Mekong
ទន្លេរមេគង្គ
Megaung Myit
Sungai Mekong; ទន្លេរមេគង្គ; Megaung Myit
	Sungai Mekong.
	Peta OpenStreetMap Wikipedia \| Kode sumber \| Tata penggunaan Koordinat:; 33°42′31″N 94°41′44″E / 33.70861°N 94.69556°E; 10°11′24″N 106°45′0″E / 10.19000°N 106.75000°E; 31°7′56″N 97°10′40″E / 31.13222°N 97.17778°E;
Lokasi
Negara	Tiongkok
Provinsi	Qinghai
Ciri-ciri fisik
Muara sungai
- elevasi	0 units?
Panjang	4350 units?
Luas DAS	DAS: 795000

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Mekong (bahasa Thai: แม่น้ำโขง (pengucapan)) adalah salah satu sungai utama di dunia. Sungai Mekong merupakan sungai terpanjang ke-12 di dunia, dan ke-10 terbesar dalam volume (melepas 475 km³ air setiap tahunnya), dengan wilayah seluas 795.000 km². Dari Tibet, sungai ini mengalir melalui Cina provinsi Yunnan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kamboja, dan Vietnam. Semua negara kecuali China dan Myanmar masuk kedalam Komisi Sungai Mekong. Karena variasi musim yang sangat berbeda dalam aliran dan adanya "rapid" dan air terjun membuat navigasi sangat sulit. dan sungai Mekong ini tidak terlepas dari sejarah bangsa-bangsa terutama di kawasan Asia Tenggara.

Aliran

Ekspedisi untuk mengetahui sumber aliran sungai Mekong dimulai pertama kalinya oleh Michel Peissel. Hasil ekspedisi ini menempatkan sumber aliran sungai Mekong di Rupsa-La di bagian barat Tiongkok. Lokasinya berada di ketinggian 4.975 meter di atas permukaan laut. Panjang sungai Mekong diukur dari Rupsa-La diperkirakan antara 4.350–4.909 km.^{[butuh rujukan]}

Sementara itu, para peneliti asal Tiongkok mengemukakan bahwa sumber aliran sungai Mekong berada di bagian barat laut Tiongkok. Lokasinya berada di Gunung Jifu yang masuk dalam wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Zaduo, Prefektur Otonom Tibet Yushu, Provinsi Qinghai. Sumber aliran ini terletak pada titik koordinat 33°42′31″LU,94°41′44″BT. Ketinggian sumber aliran sungai Mekong sekitar 5.200 meter di atas permukaan laut.^{[butuh rujukan]}

Aliran sungai Mekong dimulai dari Dataran Tinggi Tibet di Tiongkok hingga berakhir di wilayah Vietnam yang berbatasan langsung dengan Laut Tiongkok Selatan. Panjang aliran sungai Mekong rata-rata sekitar 4.800 km. Pengaliran sungai Mekong dari Tiongkok menuju ke Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kamboja dan Vietnam.^[1]

Fenomena tidak biasa

Bola-bola lampu sering kali terlihat dari waktu ke waktu naik dari permukaan air di bagian sungai dekat Vientiane atau Nong Khai. Hal ini sering kali diduga sebagai bola api Naga. Penduduk setempat mengaitkan fenomena ini dengan Phaya Naga, Naga Mekong.

Menurut periset sungai ini merupakan rumah dari banyak jenis ikan raksasa dari sungai dunia lainnya,^[2] yang paling terkenal adalah Catfish Mekong Raksasa.

Tingkat surut sungai di Kamboja lebih rendah dari tingkat pasang laut, dan aliran Mekong masuk ke dalam di bagian di Vietnam sampai Phnom Penh. Delta Mekong yang sangat datar di Vietnam oleh karena itu sering terkena banjir, terutama di provinsi An Giang dan Dong Thap, dekat perbatasan dengan Kamboja.

Referensi

^ Soutullo, Jorge (2019). The Mekong River: Geopolitics Over Development, Hydropower and the Environment (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Policy Department for External Relations. hlm. 5.
^ "MSN | Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos". www.msn.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-06.

Bibliografi

Milton Osborne. 1976. River Road to China: The Mekong River Expedition 1866-1873. George Allen & Unwin.
Milton Osborne. 2000. The Mekong, Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future Atlantic Monthly Press, New York. ISBN 0-87113-806-9

Pranala luar

Outline of the Mekong River Diarsipkan 2007-09-03 di Wayback Machine.
Locating the source of the Mekong Diarsipkan 2004-02-20 di Wayback Machine.
Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Singapore Diarsipkan 2005-05-25 di Wayback Machine. "China in the Mekong River Basin: The Regional Security Implications of Resource Development on the Lancang Jiang" by Evelyn Goh, Working Paper No. 69

[1] Soutullo, Jorge (2019). The Mekong River: Geopolitics Over Development, Hydropower and the Environment (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Policy Department for External Relations. hlm. 5.

[2] "MSN | Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos". www.msn.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-06.

[1]

[2]

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
+{{infobox River
-{{Geobox
 | Sungai
 <!-- *** Name section *** -->
@@ Baris 12: / Baris 12: @@
 | other_name6 = 湄公 (Méigōng)
 <!-- *** Image *** --->
-| image = Mekong.jpg
+| image = Chiang Saen, Mekong River, Thailand.jpg
 | image_size =  285px
-| image_caption = Sungai Mekong saat menjelang matahari terbenam.
+| image_caption = Sungai Mekong.
 <!-- *** Country etc. *** -->
-| country  = China
+| country  = Tiongkok
 | country1 = Burma (Myanmar)
 | country2 = Laos
@@ Baris 29: / Baris 29: @@
 | state5 = [[Provinsi Bokeo|Bokeo]]
 | state6 = [[Provinsi Oudomxai|Oudomxay]]
-| state7 = [[Luang Prabang]]
+| state7 = [[Provinsi Louangphabang|Luang Prabang]]
 | state8 = [[Provinsi Xaignabouli|Sayabouly]]
 | state9 = [[Provinsi Vientiane|Vientiane]]
@@ Baris 35: / Baris 35: @@
 | state11 = [[Provinsi Bolikhamsai|Bolikhamsai]]
 | state12 = [[Provinsi Khammouan|Khammouane]]
-| state13 = [[Provinsi Savannakhet|Savannakhet]]
+| state13 = [[Prov Savannakhet|Savannakhet]]
 | state14 = [[Provinsi Salavan|Salavan]]
 | state15 = [[Provinsi Champasak|Champasak]]
@@ Baris 68: / Baris 68: @@
 | length_round = 0
 | watershed = 795000
-| watershed_round = &minus;3
+| watershed_round = −3
 | discharge_location = Laut Tiongkok Selatan
 | discharge = 16000
-| discharge_round = &minus;4
+| discharge_round = −4
 | discharge_max = 39000
-| discharge_max_round = &minus;5
+| discharge_max_round = −5
 | discharge_min =
 | discharge1_location =
@@ Baris 121: / Baris 121: @@
 | map_caption =
 }}
-[[Berkas:Mekong river location.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Aliran sungai Mekong]]
+[[Berkas:Mekong river location.jpg|jmpl|280px|ka|Aliran sungai Mekong.]]
+'''Mekong''' ({{lang-th|แม่น้ำโขง}} ([http://www.forvo.com/word/แม่น้ำโขง/#th pengucapan])) adalah salah satu [[sungai]] utama di dunia. Sungai Mekong merupakan sungai terpanjang ke-12 di dunia, dan ke-10 terbesar dalam volume (melepas 475&nbsp;km³ [[air]] setiap tahunnya), dengan wilayah seluas 795.000&nbsp;km². Dari [[Tibet]], sungai ini mengalir melalui [[Cina]] provinsi [[Yunnan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Kamboja]], dan [[Vietnam]]. Semua negara kecuali China dan Myanmar masuk kedalam [[Komisi Sungai Mekong]]. Karena variasi musim yang sangat berbeda dalam aliran dan adanya "[[rapid]]" dan [[air terjun]] membuat [[navigasi]] sangat sulit. dan sungai Mekong ini tidak terlepas dari sejarah bangsa-bangsa terutama di kawasan [[Asia Tenggara]].
-[[Berkas:Mekong.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Pemandangan Mekong sebelum matahari terbenam]]
+== Aliran ==
-'''Mekong''' ({{lang-th|แม่น้ำโขง}} ([http://www.forvo.com/word/แม่น้ำโขง/#th Pronunciation])) adalah salah satu [[sungai]] utama di dunia. Dia merupakan sungai terpanjang ke-12 di dunia, dan ke-10 terbesar dalam volume (melepas 475&nbsp;km³ [[air]] setiap tahunnya), dia mengisi wilayah seluas 795.000&nbsp;km² dari [[Tibet]] dia mengalir melalui [[Cina]] provinsi [[Yunnan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Kamboja]], dan [[Vietnam]]. Semua kecuali China dan Myanmar masuk kedalam [[Komisi Sungai Mekong]]. Karena variasi musim yang sangat berbeda dalam aliran dan adanya "[[rapid]]" dan [[air terjun]] membuat [[navigasi]] sangat sulit. dan sungai Mekong ini tidak terlepas dari sejarah bangsa-bangsa terutama di kawasan [[Asia Tenggara]].
+Ekspedisi untuk mengetahui sumber aliran sungai Mekong dimulai pertama kalinya oleh [[Michel Peissel]]. Hasil ekspedisi ini menempatkan sumber aliran sungai Mekong di Rupsa-La di bagian barat [[Tiongkok]]. Lokasinya berada di ketinggian 4.975 meter di atas permukaan laut. Panjang sungai Mekong diukur dari Rupsa-La diperkirakan antara 4.350–4.909 km.{{Butuh rujukan}}[[Berkas:mekong delta.jpg|jmpl|300px|Delta Sungai Mekong dari angkasa, Februari 1996 (selatan terletak di atas).]]
+Sementara itu, para peneliti asal Tiongkok mengemukakan bahwa sumber aliran sungai Mekong berada di bagian barat laut Tiongkok. Lokasinya berada di Gunung Jifu yang masuk dalam wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Zaduo, [[Prefektur Otonom Tibet Yushu]], Provinsi Qinghai. Sumber aliran ini terletak pada titik koordinat {{coor dms|33|42|31|N|94|41|44|E}}. Ketinggian sumber aliran sungai Mekong sekitar 5.200 meter di atas permukaan laut.{{Butuh rujukan}}
-== Arah ==
-[[Berkas:mekong delta.jpg|thumb|300px|Delta Sungai Mekong dari angkasa, Februari 1996 (selatan terletak di atas)]]
+Aliran sungai Mekong dimulai dari [[Dataran tinggi Tibet|Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] di Tiongkok hingga berakhir di wilayah Vietnam yang berbatasan langsung dengan [[Laut Tiongkok Selatan]]. Panjang aliran sungai Mekong rata-rata sekitar 4.800 km. Pengaliran sungai Mekong dari Tiongkok menuju ke Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kamboja dan Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Soutullo|first=Jorge|date=2019|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/639313/EXPO_STU(2019)639313_EN.pdf|title=The Mekong River: Geopolitics Over Development, Hydropower and the Environment|publisher=Policy Department for External Relations|pages=5|language=EN|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Sumber sungai, dan juga panjangnya, tak dapat dipastikan, karena adanya beberapa [[anak sungai]] dalam lingkungan yang terlalui. Periset China yakin bahwa sumbernya terletak di ({{coor dms|33|42|31|N|94|41|44|E}}) Gunung Jifu di Zaduo county, Yushu Tibet Prefektur Otonomi dari Provinsi [[Qinghai]] barat laut China, yang kira-kira 5.200 meter di atas permukaan laut. Ekspedisi lebih awal dipimpin oleh Michel Peissel, menempatkan sumber di kepala Rupsa-La pass (ke arah barat, pada ketinggian 4.975 m). Perkiraan dari panjang sungai kira-kira bervariasi dari 4.350–4909&nbsp;km.
-<!--
-Approximately half the river's length is in China, where it is called the ''Dza Chu'' in Tibetan in its upper course in Tibet, and more generally the ''Lancang'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (澜沧江; [[pinyin]] Láncāng Jiāng; [[Wade-Giles]] ''Lan-ts'ang Chiang''), meaning the "turbulent river". Much of this stretch consists of deep [[gorge]]s, and the river leaves China at an altitude of only 500 meters.
-The river next forms the border between Myanmar and Laos for 200 km, at the end of which it meets the [[tributary]] [[Ruak River]] at the [[Golden Triangle]]. This point also marks the division between the ''Upper'' and ''Lower Mekong''.
-The river then divides Laos and Thailand, before a stretch passing through Laos alone. It is known as ''Mènam Khong'' in both [[Lao language|Lao]] and [[Thai language|Thai]] (แม่น้ำโขง). The Lao stretch is characterised by gorges, [[rapid]]s and depths of as little as half a meter in the dry season. It widens south of [[Luang Prabang]], where it has been known to flood to 4 km in width and reach 100 meters in depth, although its course remains extremely inconsistent. The endangered [[Giant Mekong Catfish]] was traditionally caught in this region once yearly, following auspicious rites officiated by the quondam royal family.
-The river again marks the Lao-Thai border in the stretch which passes [[Vientiane]], followed by a short stretch through Laos alone. This includes the [[Si Phan Don]] (four thousand islands) region above the [[Khone Falls]] near the Cambodian border, where endangered dolphins can be viewed. The falls are all but impassable to river traffic.
-In Cambodia, the river is called the ''Mékôngk'' or ''Tonle Thom'' (great river). The [[Sambor rapids]] above [[Kratie]] are the last to impede navigation. Just above [[Phnom Penh]] is the confluence with the [[Tonle Sap]], the main Cambodian tributary. Below Phnom Penh, it divides into the [[Bassac]] and the Mekong proper, which both flow into the [[Mekong Delta]] in Vietnam, near [[Ho Chi Minh City]]. In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] it is the ''Sông Lớn'' (great river), ''Cửu Long'' (nine dragons river) or ''Mê Kông''.
-About 90 million people rely on the river.
-==History==
-[[Berkas:Mekongmap1715.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A map of 1715, incorrectly showing the Chao Praya river as a branch of the Mekong]]
-[[Berkas:Mekongmembersangkor.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The members of the French Mekong Expedition of 1866]]
-The difficulty of navigating the river has meant that it has divided, rather than united, the people who live near it. The earliest known civilisation was the [[1st century]] [[India]]nised [[Malay people|Malay]] culture of [[Funan]], in the Mekong Delta. Excavations at [[Oc Eo]], near modern [[Rach Gia]], have found coins from as far away as the [[Roman Empire]]. This was succeeded by the [[Khmer]] [[Chenla]] state by around the [[5th century]]. The [[Khmer empire]] of [[Angkor]] was the last great Indianized state in the region. From around the time of the fall of the Khmer empire, the Mekong was the frontline between the emergent states of [[Siam]] and Vietnam, with Laos and Cambodia torn between their influence.
-The first [[Europe]]an to discover the Mekong was the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Antonio de Faria]] in [[1540]]; a European map of [[1563]] depicts the river, although even by then little was known of the river upstream of the delta. European interest was sporadic: the [[Spain|Spaniard]]s and Portuguese mounted some missionary and trade expeditions, while the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Gerrit van Wuysthoff]] led an expedition up the river as far as Vientiane in 1641-42.
-The [[France|French]] took a serious interest in the region in the mid-[[19th century]], capturing [[Saigon]] in 1861, and establishing a protectorate over Cambodia in 1863.
-The first systematic exploration began with the [[French Mekong Expedition]] led by [[Ernest Doudard de Lagrée]] and [[Francis Garnier]], which ascended the river from its mouth to [[Yunnan]] between [[1866]] to [[1868]]. Their chief finding was that the Mekong had too many falls and rapids to ever be useful for [[navigation]]. The river's source was located by [[Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov]] in [[1900]].
-From 1893, the French extended their control of the river into Laos, establishing [[French Indochina]] by the first decade of the [[20th century]]. This lasted until the [[First Indochina War|First]] and [[Vietnam War|Second]] Indochina Wars ended French and [[United States|American]] involvement in the region.
-After the Vietnam War, the tensions between the US-backed Thai government and the new [[Communist]] governments in the other countries prevented co-operation on utilisation of the river.
-The story of the film [[Apocalypse Now]] is based around a fictional journey up the Mekong River into Cambodia. The film uses the journey up the river as a metaphor for a journey into the darkness of humanity.
-==Issues==
-The two most controversial current issues are the building of [[dam]]s and the blasting of rapids.
-A number of dams have already been built on the river's tributaries, notably the [[Pak Mun dam]] in Thailand. This has been criticised on grounds of cost as well as damage to the environment and to the livelihoods of affected villagers.
-China is engaged in an extensive program of dam-building on the river itself: it has already completed one at [[Manwan]], a second is under construction at [[Dachaoshan]], and another twelve are under consideration. It is widely feared that these will prevent sediment from flowing, which would seriously harm agriculture and fishing downstream. The evening out of seasonal fluctuations in water volume could affect the [[Tonle Sap]], which depends on this differential.
-Dams are also planned by the Cambodian and Lao governments. Some groups oppose them.
-The Chinese government has also carried out work clearing rocks and sandbars from its stretch of the river, in order to aid navigation, and it has encouraged Laos to do the same. Environmentalists fear that this will mean an increased flow of water, which in turn would cause increased [[erosion]], as well as damaging fish stocks.
--->
 == Fenomena tidak biasa ==
-Bola-bola lampu sering kali terlihat dari waktu ke waktu naik dari permukaan air di bagian sungai dekat [[Vientiane]] atau [[Nong Khai]]. Hal ini seringkali diduga sebagai [[bola api Naga]]. Penduduk setempat mengaitkan fenomena ini dengan [[Phaya Naga]], Naga Mekong.
+Bola-bola lampu sering kali terlihat dari waktu ke waktu naik dari permukaan air di bagian sungai dekat [[Vientiane]] atau [[Nong Khai]]. Hal ini sering kali diduga sebagai [[bola api Naga]]. Penduduk setempat mengaitkan fenomena ini dengan [[Phaya Naga]], Naga Mekong.
-Menurut periset sungai ini merupakan rumah dari banyak jenis ikan raksasa dari sungai dunia lainnya <sup>[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8404622/]</sup>, yang paling terkenal adalah [[Catfish Mekong Raksasa]].
+Menurut periset sungai ini merupakan rumah dari banyak jenis ikan raksasa dari sungai dunia lainnya,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN {{!}} Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos|url=http://www.msn.com/|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-12-06}}</ref> yang paling terkenal adalah [[Catfish Mekong Raksasa]].
-Tingkat surut sungai di Kamboja lebih rendah dari tingkat pasang laut, dan aliran Mekong masuk ke dalam di bagian di [[Vietnam]] sampai [[Phnom Penh]]. [[Delat Mekong]] yang sangat datar di Vietnam oleh karena itu sering terkena banjir, terutama di provinsi An Giang dan Dong Thap, dekat perbatasan dengan Kamboja.kamboja
+Tingkat surut sungai di Kamboja lebih rendah dari tingkat pasang laut, dan aliran Mekong masuk ke dalam di bagian di [[Vietnam]] sampai [[Phnom Penh]]. [[Delta Mekong]] yang sangat datar di Vietnam oleh karena itu sering terkena banjir, terutama di provinsi An Giang dan Dong Thap, dekat perbatasan dengan [[Kamboja]].
 == Referensi ==
+{{Reflist}}
+=== Bibliografi ===
 * Milton Osborne. 1976. ''River Road to China: The Mekong River Expedition 1866-1873''. George Allen & Unwin.
 * Milton Osborne. 2000. ''The Mekong, Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future'' Atlantic Monthly Press, New York. ISBN 0-87113-806-9
 == Pranala luar ==
-* [http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/mekong/outline/mekong_river_e.html Outline of the Mekong River]
+* [http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/mekong/outline/mekong_river_e.html Outline of the Mekong River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903122840/http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/mekong/outline/mekong_river_e.html |date=2007-09-03 }}
-* [http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsource/TUA2001.html Locating the source of the Mekong]
+* [http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsource/TUA2001.html Locating the source of the Mekong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040220110802/http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsource/TUA2001.html |date=2004-02-20 }}
-* [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/WorkingPapers/wp69.pdf Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Singapore] "China in the Mekong River Basin: The Regional Security Implications of Resource Development on the Lancang Jiang" by Evelyn Goh, Working Paper No. 69
+* [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/WorkingPapers/wp69.pdf Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Singapore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525005148/http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/workingpapers/wp69.pdf |date=2005-05-25 }} "China in the Mekong River Basin: The Regional Security Implications of Resource Development on the Lancang Jiang" by Evelyn Goh, Working Paper No. 69
 [[Kategori:Geografi Tibet]]
-[[Kategori:Sungai]]
+[[Kategori:Sungai di Asia]]