Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet: Perbedaan antara revisi
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(26 revisi perantara oleh 14 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
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{{Infobox former political post |
{{Infobox former political post |
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| political_office = Kepala Pemerintahan |
| political_office = Kepala Pemerintahan |
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| country = Uni Soviet<br>Глава Правительства СССР |
| country = Uni Soviet<br>Глава Правительства СССР |
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| insignia = Coat of arms of the Soviet Union.svg |
| insignia = Coat of arms of the Soviet Union (1956–1991).svg |
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| insigniasize = 120px |
| insigniasize = 120px |
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| insigniacaption = [[Lambang Negara Uni Soviet|Lambang Negara]] [[Uni Soviet]] |
| insigniacaption = [[Lambang Negara Uni Soviet|Lambang Negara]] [[Uni Soviet]] |
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Baris 13: | Baris 12: | ||
| last_officeholder = [[Ivan Silayev]] |
| last_officeholder = [[Ivan Silayev]] |
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| style = |
| style = |
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| residence = [[ |
| residence = [[Senat Kremlin]], [[Moskwa]] |
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| appointer = |
| appointer = |
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| began = |
| began = 30 Desember 1922 |
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| ended = |
| ended = 25 Desember 1991 |
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}} |
}} |
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Ada dua belas orang yang pernah menjabat sebagai '''[[kepala pemerintahan]] [[Uni Soviet]]''' ({{lang-ru|Глава Правительства СССР, |
Ada dua belas orang yang pernah menjabat sebagai '''[[kepala pemerintahan]] [[Uni Soviet]]''' ({{lang-ru|Глава Правительства СССР, Glava Pravitelstva SSSR}}); dua di antara mereka wafat secara alami saat bertugas ([[Vladimir Lenin]] dan [[Josef Stalin]]), tiga orang mengundurkan diri ([[Aleksey Kosygin]], [[Nikolay Tikhonov]], dan [[Ivan Silayev]]), dan tiga orang menjabat sebagai kepala pemerintahan sekaligus pemimpin partai secara bersamaan (Vladimir Lenin, Josef Stalin, dan [[Nikita Khrushchev]]). Kepala Pemerintahan Uni Soviet yang pertama adalah [[Vladimir Lenin]] yang dilantik sebagai '''Ketua [[Dewan Komisar Rakyat]]''' pada tahun [[1922]] setelah penandatanganan [[Traktat Pembentukan Uni Soviet]]. [[Ivan Silayev]] adalah pejabat tersingkat yang hanya menjabat selama 126 hari pada tahun [[1991]]. Sementara itu, pejabat terlama adalah [[Aleksey Kosygin]] yang menjabat selama lebih dari 14 tahun dan menjadi satu-satunya pemimpin lebih dari dua [[Daftar Pemerintah Uni Soviet|kabinet pemerintahan]] di [[Uni Soviet]]. |
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Pada tahun 1946, Dewan Komisar Rakyat diubah menjadi [[Dewan Menteri Uni Soviet|Dewan Menteri]]<ref>{{cite book|author = Huskey, Eugene|title = Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State|location =|publisher = M.E. Sharpe|isbn = 978-1-56324-060-7|page = 281 }}</ref> dan Josef Stalin, yang sebelumnya menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Komisar Rakyat, menjadi '''Ketua Dewan Menteri'''. Pada tahun 1991, Dewan Menteri dibubarkan dan digantikan oleh Kabinet Menteri dan [[Valentin Pavlov]], yang secara ''de facto'' adalah Ketua Kabinet Menteri, menjadi '''Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet'''.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=153}}{{sfn|Murray|1995|p=109}} |
Pada tahun 1946, Dewan Komisar Rakyat diubah menjadi [[Dewan Menteri Uni Soviet|Dewan Menteri]]<ref>{{cite book|author = Huskey, Eugene|title = Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State|location =|publisher = M.E. Sharpe|isbn = 978-1-56324-060-7|page = 281 }}</ref> dan Josef Stalin, yang sebelumnya menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Komisar Rakyat, menjadi '''Ketua Dewan Menteri'''. Pada tahun 1991, Dewan Menteri dibubarkan dan digantikan oleh Kabinet Menteri dan [[Valentin Pavlov]], yang secara ''de facto'' adalah Ketua Kabinet Menteri, menjadi '''Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet'''.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=153}}{{sfn|Murray|1995|p=109}} |
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== Daftar pejabat == |
== Daftar pejabat == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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! scope="col" width="1%" | No.<br /><ref group="note" name="vp">Penomoran ini tidak resmi.</ref> |
! scope="col" width="1%" | No.<br /><ref group="note" name="vp">Penomoran ini tidak resmi.</ref> |
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! scope="col" colspan="2" width="1%"| Nama |
! scope="col" colspan="2" width="1%"| Nama |
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Baris 34: | Baris 34: | ||
|- |
|- |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vladimir Lenin]]<br />(1870–1924){{sfn|Cull|Culbert|Welch|2003|p=182}} |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vladimir Lenin]]<br />(1870–1924){{sfn|Cull|Culbert|Welch|2003|p=182}} |
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|rowspan="2"| |
|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:Lenin_1921.jpg|90px]] |
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|[[30 Desember]] [[1922]]–[[21 Januari]] [[1924]] |
|[[30 Desember]] [[1922]]–[[21 Januari]] [[1924]] |
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|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1921|1921]] |
|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1921|1921]] |
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Baris 43: | Baris 43: | ||
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 2 |
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 2 |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Aleksey Rykov]]<br>(1881–1938){{sfn|Phillips|2000|p=82}} |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Aleksey Rykov]]<br>(1881–1938){{sfn|Phillips|2000|p=82}} |
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|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas: |
|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:AlexeiRikov1924(cropped).jpg|90px]] |
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|[[2 Februari]] [[1924]]–[[19 Desember]] [[1930]] |
|[[2 Februari]] [[1924]]–[[19 Desember]] [[1930]] |
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|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1924|1924]], [[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1925|1925]], [[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1927|1927]], [[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1929|1929]] |
|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1924|1924]], [[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1925|1925]], [[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1927|1927]], [[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1929|1929]] |
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Baris 61: | Baris 61: | ||
! rowspan="5" align="center" | 4 |
! rowspan="5" align="center" | 4 |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Josef Stalin]]<br />(1878–1953){{sfn|Totten|Bartrop|2008|p=76}} |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Josef Stalin]]<br />(1878–1953){{sfn|Totten|Bartrop|2008|p=76}} |
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|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas: |
|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg|al=|125x125px]] |
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|[[6 Mei]] [[1941]]–[[15 Maret]] [[1946]] |
|[[6 Mei]] [[1941]]–[[15 Maret]] [[1946]] |
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|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1946|1946]] |
|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1946|1946]] |
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Baris 71: | Baris 71: | ||
|- |
|- |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |Josef Stalin<br />(1878–1953){{sfn|Totten|Bartrop|2008|p=76}} |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |Josef Stalin<br />(1878–1953){{sfn|Totten|Bartrop|2008|p=76}} |
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|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas: |
|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg|al=|125x125px]] |
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|[[15 Maret]] [[1946]]–[[5 Maret]] [[1953]] |
|[[15 Maret]] [[1946]]–[[5 Maret]] [[1953]] |
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|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1950|1950]] |
|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1950|1950]] |
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Baris 80: | Baris 80: | ||
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 5 |
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 5 |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Georgiy Malenkov]]<br />(1902–1988){{sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2006|p=572}} |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Georgiy Malenkov]]<br />(1902–1988){{sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2006|p=572}} |
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|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:Georgy Malenkov.jpg|90px]] |
|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:Georgy Malenkov 1964 (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
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|[[6 Maret]] [[1953]]–[[8 Februari]] [[1955]] |
|[[6 Maret]] [[1953]]–[[8 Februari]] [[1955]] |
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|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1954|1954]] |
|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1954|1954]] |
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Baris 89: | Baris 89: | ||
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 6 |
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 6 |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolay Bulganin]]<br />(1895–1975){{sfn|Trahair|Miller|2004|p=69}} |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolay Bulganin]]<br />(1895–1975){{sfn|Trahair|Miller|2004|p=69}} |
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|rowspan="2"| |
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|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-29921-0001, Bulganin, Nikolai Alexandrowitsch.jpg|90px]] |
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|[[8 Februari]] [[1955]]–[[27 Maret]] [[1958]] |
|[[8 Februari]] [[1955]]–[[27 Maret]] [[1958]] |
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|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1958|1958]] |
|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1958|1958]] |
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Baris 112: | Baris 112: | ||
|[[Pemerintahan Pertama Kosygin|Kosygin I]]–[[Pemerintahan Kelima Kosygin|V]] |
|[[Pemerintahan Pertama Kosygin|Kosygin I]]–[[Pemerintahan Kelima Kosygin|V]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| colspan="3"|Kosygin adalah salah satu [[kepemimpinan bersama di Uni Soviet|triumvirat]] pemimpin Uni Soviet selain [[Leonid Brezhnev]] dan [[Nikolay Podgorny]]. Masa kepemimpinannya sering disebut [[Masa Stagnasi]].{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=403}} Kosygin menggagas tiga reformasi ekonomi berskala besar pada masa kepemimpinannya, yaitu [[Reformasi ekonomi Soviet 1965|reformasi ekonomi 1965]], [[Reformasi ekonomi Soviet 1973–1974|1973–1974]], dan [[Reformasi ekonomi Soviet 1979|1979]].<ref>{{cite web | author = ютуба, любитель | title = 30 лет назад умер Алексей Косыгин | trans_title = A reformer before Yegor Gaidar? Kosygin died for 30 years ago | language = Rusia | work = Newsland | url = http://newsland.ru/news/detail/id/602062/cat/94/ | accessdate = 3 Januari 2011 | date = 17 Desember 2010}}</ref> Ia mengundurkan diri pada bulan Oktober 1980 dan wafat dua bulan kemudian.<ref name="saddeath">{{cite web | author = Вергасов, Фатех | title = Организация здорового накала | language = Rusia | publisher = pseudology.org | url = http://www.pseudology.org/byvaly/ZdorovyjNakal.htm | accessdate = 4 September 2010}}</ref> |
| colspan="3"|Kosygin adalah salah satu [[kepemimpinan bersama di Uni Soviet|triumvirat]] pemimpin Uni Soviet selain [[Leonid Brezhnev]] dan [[Nikolay Podgorny]]. Masa kepemimpinannya sering disebut [[Masa Stagnasi]].{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=403}} Kosygin menggagas tiga reformasi ekonomi berskala besar pada masa kepemimpinannya, yaitu [[Reformasi ekonomi Soviet 1965|reformasi ekonomi 1965]], [[Reformasi ekonomi Soviet 1973–1974|1973–1974]], dan [[Reformasi ekonomi Soviet 1979|1979]].<ref>{{cite web | author = ютуба, любитель | title = 30 лет назад умер Алексей Косыгин | trans_title = A reformer before Yegor Gaidar? Kosygin died for 30 years ago | language = Rusia | work = Newsland | url = http://newsland.ru/news/detail/id/602062/cat/94/ | accessdate = 3 Januari 2011 | date = 17 Desember 2010 | archive-date = 2018-09-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180917212900/http://newsland.com/user/4297681050/content/predshestvennik-gaidara-30-let-nazad-umer-aleksei-kosygin/4112811 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Ia mengundurkan diri pada bulan Oktober 1980 dan wafat dua bulan kemudian.<ref name="saddeath">{{cite web | author = Вергасов, Фатех | title = Организация здорового накала | language = Rusia | publisher = pseudology.org | url = http://www.pseudology.org/byvaly/ZdorovyjNakal.htm | accessdate = 4 September 2010}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan="2" align="center" | 9 |
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 9 |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolay Tikhonov]]<br>(1905–1997){{sfn|Ploss|2010|p=219}} |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolay Tikhonov]]<br>(1905–1997){{sfn|Ploss|2010|p=219}} |
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|rowspan="2" | |
|rowspan="2" | |
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|[[23 Oktober]] [[1980]]–[[27 September]] [[1985]] |
|[[23 Oktober]] [[1980]]–[[27 September]] [[1985]] |
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|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1984|1984]] |
|[[Pemilihan legislatif Uni Soviet 1984|1984]] |
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Baris 124: | Baris 124: | ||
|- |
|- |
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! rowspan="2" align="center" | 10 |
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 10 |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolay Ryzhkov]]<br>( |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolay Ryzhkov]]<br>(1929-2024){{sfn|Ploss|2010|p=219}} |
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|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:Nikolay Ryzhkov2.jpg|90px]] |
|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:Nikolay Ryzhkov2.jpg|90px]] |
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|[[27 September]] [[1985]]–[[14 Januari]] [[1991]] |
|[[27 September]] [[1985]]–[[14 Januari]] [[1991]] |
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Baris 136: | Baris 136: | ||
|- |
|- |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Valentin Pavlov]]<br>(1937–2003)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/pavlov_vs.php | title = Валентин Сергеевич Павлов | language = Rusia | publisher = Hrono | location = RU | accessdate = 6 Desember 2010 | trans_title = Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov}}</ref> |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Valentin Pavlov]]<br>(1937–2003)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/pavlov_vs.php | title = Валентин Сергеевич Павлов | language = Rusia | publisher = Hrono | location = RU | accessdate = 6 Desember 2010 | trans_title = Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov}}</ref> |
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|rowspan="2" align=center | [[Berkas:Valentin Pavlov.jpg|90px]] |
|rowspan="2" align=center | [[Berkas:Valentin Pavlov, Prime Minister of the Soviet Union.jpg|90px]] |
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|[[14 Januari]] [[1991]]–[[22 Agustus]] [[1991]] |
|[[14 Januari]] [[1991]]–[[22 Agustus]] [[1991]] |
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| align=center | — |
| align=center | — |
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Baris 146: | Baris 146: | ||
!colspan="6" align="center" | Ketua [[Komite Ekonomi Antarnegara]] – Perdana Menteri Persemakmuran Ekonomi (1991) |
!colspan="6" align="center" | Ketua [[Komite Ekonomi Antarnegara]] – Perdana Menteri Persemakmuran Ekonomi (1991) |
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|- |
|- |
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!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Ivan Silayev]]<br>( |
!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Ivan Silayev]]<br>(1930-2023)<ref name="silayev">{{cite web | url = http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_s/silaev_is.php | title = Иван Степанович Силаев | language = Rusia | publisher = Hrono | location = RU | accessdate = 6 Desember 2010 | trans_title = Ivan Stepanovich Silayev }}</ref> |
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|rowspan="2" align=center | [[Berkas: |
|rowspan="2" align=center | [[Berkas:Signature of a CEC USSR credit guarantee (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
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|[[6 September]] [[1991]]–[[26 Desember]] [[1991]] |
|[[6 September]] [[1991]]–[[26 Desember]] [[1991]] |
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| align=center | — |
| align=center | — |
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Baris 163: | Baris 163: | ||
=== Kajian pustaka === |
=== Kajian pustaka === |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{Cite book|author = Brown, Archie|title = The Gorbachev Factor|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1997|isbn = 978-0192880527|ref = CITEREFBrown1997|authorlink = Archie Brown }} |
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* {{cite book|author = Dyker, David|ref = CITEREFDyker1992|title = Restructuring the Soviet economy|location =|publisher = Routledge|year = 1992|edition = 1st|isbn = 978-0415067614 }} |
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* {{cite book|author = [[Merle Fainsod|Fainsod, Merle]]; [[Jerry F. Hough|Hough, Jerry F.]]| ref = CITEREFFainsodHough1979|title = How the Soviet Union is Governed|location =|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 1979|isbn = 978-0674410305 }} |
* {{cite book|author = [[Merle Fainsod|Fainsod, Merle]]; [[Jerry F. Hough|Hough, Jerry F.]]| ref = CITEREFFainsodHough1979|title = How the Soviet Union is Governed|url = https://archive.org/details/howsovietunionis0000houg|location =|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 1979|isbn = 978-0674410305 }} |
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* {{cite book|author = Garcelon, Marc|title = Revolutionary Passage: From Soviet to Post-Soviet Russia, 1985–2000|url = https://archive.org/details/revolutionarypas0000garc|location =|publisher = Temple University Press|year = 2005|ref = CITEREFGarcelon2005|isbn = 978-1592133628 }} |
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* {{cite book|author = Harris, Jonathan|title = Subverting the System: Gorbachev's Reform of the Party's Apparat, 1986–1991|location =|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|year = 2005|ref = CITEREFHarris2005|isbn = 978-0742526792 }} |
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* {{cite book|author = Kotz, David Michael; Weir, Fred|ref = CITEREFKotzWeir2007|title = Russia's Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia|location =|publisher = Taylor & Francis|year = 2007|edition = 2nd|isbn = 978-0415701471}} |
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* {{Cite book|ref = CITEREFMurray1995|author = Murray, Don|title = A Democracy of Despots|url = https://archive.org/details/democracyofdespo0000murr|publisher = [[McGill-Queen's University Press|McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP]]|year = 1995|isbn = 978-0773513604}} |
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* {{cite book|author = Phillips, Steven|ref = CITEREFPhillips2000|title = Lenin and the Russian Revolution|location =|publisher = Heinemann|ref = CITEREFPhillips2000|isbn = 978-0-435-32719-4}} |
* {{cite book|author = Phillips, Steven|ref = CITEREFPhillips2000|title = Lenin and the Russian Revolution|year = 2000|url = https://archive.org/details/leninrussianrevo0000phil|location =|publisher = Heinemann|ref = CITEREFPhillips2000|isbn = 978-0-435-32719-4}} |
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* {{cite book|author = Ploss, Sidney|ref = CITEREFPloss2010|title = The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context|location =|publisher = McFarland & Company|year = 2010|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq|isbn = 978-0786444861 }} |
* {{cite book|author = Ploss, Sidney|ref = CITEREFPloss2010|title = The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context|location =|publisher = McFarland & Company|year = 2010|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq|isbn = 978-0786444861 }} |
||
* {{cite book|author = [[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]]|title = Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion|publisher = ABC-CLIO|year = 1999|ref = CITEREFRappaport1999|isbn = 978-1576070840 }} |
* {{cite book|author = [[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]]|title = Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion|publisher = ABC-CLIO|year = 1999|ref = CITEREFRappaport1999|isbn = 978-1576070840 }} |
||
* {{Cite book|author = Sebag-Montefiore, Simon|title = Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar|location =|publisher = Vintage Books|year = 2005|isbn = 978-1400042302|ref = CITEREFSebag-Montefiore2005|authorlink = Simon Sebag-Montefiore}} |
* {{Cite book|author = Sebag-Montefiore, Simon|title = Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar|url = https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred0000seba_s9j1|location =|publisher = Vintage Books|year = 2005|isbn = 978-1400042302|ref = CITEREFSebag-Montefiore2005|authorlink = Simon Sebag-Montefiore}} |
||
* {{Cite book|author = [[Robert Service|Service, Robert]]|title = Lenin: A Biography|publisher = Belknap Press, Harvard University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0674008281|ref = CITEREFService2000 }} |
* {{Cite book|author = [[Robert Service|Service, Robert]]|title = Lenin: A Biography|url = https://archive.org/details/leninabiography00serv|publisher = Belknap Press, Harvard University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0674008281|ref = CITEREFService2000 }} |
||
* {{Cite book|author = Service, Robert|title = History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century|publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2009|isbn = 978-0674034938|ref = CITEREFService2009 }} |
* {{Cite book|author = Service, Robert|title = History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century|url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernr00unse|publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2009|isbn = 978-0674034938|ref = CITEREFService2009 }} |
||
* {{cite book|author = Service, Robert|title = Stalin: A Biography|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 2005|ref = CITEREFService2005|isbn = 978-0674016972 }} |
* {{cite book|author = Service, Robert|title = Stalin: A Biography|url = https://archive.org/details/stalinbiography00serv_0|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 2005|ref = CITEREFService2005|isbn = 978-0674016972 }} |
||
* {{cite book|author = Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul|ref = CITEREFTottenBartrop2008|title = Dictionary of Genocide: A–L|location =|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year = 2008|volume = 1|isbn = 978-0313346422 }} |
* {{cite book|author = Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul|ref = CITEREFTottenBartrop2008|title = Dictionary of Genocide: A–L|location =|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year = 2008|volume = 1|isbn = 978-0313346422 }} |
||
* {{cite book|author = Trahair, Richard; Miller, Robert|ref = CITEREFTrahairMiller2004|title = Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations|location =|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year = 2004|isbn = 978-1929631759 }} |
* {{cite book|author = Trahair, Richard; Miller, Robert|ref = CITEREFTrahairMiller2004|title = Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations|location =|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year = 2004|isbn = 978-1929631759 }} |
||
* {{cite book|author = Young, Gregory; Braden, Nate|ref = CITEREFYoung2005|title = The Last Sentry: The True Story That Inspired the Hunt for Red October|location =|publisher = Naval Institute Press|year = 2005|isbn = 978-1591149927 }} |
* {{cite book|author = Young, Gregory; Braden, Nate|ref = CITEREFYoung2005|title = The Last Sentry: The True Story That Inspired the Hunt for Red October|url = https://archive.org/details/lastsentrytruest00greg|location =|publisher = Naval Institute Press|year = 2005|isbn = 978-1591149927 }} |
||
* {{Cite book|author = Zemtsov, Ilya|title = Chernenko, the Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the eve of Perestroika|location =|publisher = Transaction Publishers|year = 1989|ref = CITEREFZemtsov1989|isbn = 978-0887382604 }} |
* {{Cite book|author = Zemtsov, Ilya|title = Chernenko, the Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the eve of Perestroika|url = https://archive.org/details/chernenkolastbol00zemt|location =|publisher = Transaction Publishers|year = 1989|ref = CITEREFZemtsov1989|isbn = 978-0887382604 }} |
||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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Revisi terkini sejak 3 Maret 2024 11.38
Kepala Pemerintahan Uni Soviet Глава Правительства СССР | |
---|---|
Bekas jabatan politik | |
Pendahulu | Ketua Dewan Komisar Rakyat RSFSR |
Pengganti | Perdana Menteri Federasi Rusia |
Pejabat pertama | Vladimir Lenin |
Pejabat terakhir | Ivan Silayev |
Kediaman resmi | Senat Kremlin, Moskwa |
Jabatan dimulai | 30 Desember 1922 |
Jabatan berakhir | 25 Desember 1991 |
Ada dua belas orang yang pernah menjabat sebagai kepala pemerintahan Uni Soviet (bahasa Rusia: Глава Правительства СССР, Glava Pravitelstva SSSR); dua di antara mereka wafat secara alami saat bertugas (Vladimir Lenin dan Josef Stalin), tiga orang mengundurkan diri (Aleksey Kosygin, Nikolay Tikhonov, dan Ivan Silayev), dan tiga orang menjabat sebagai kepala pemerintahan sekaligus pemimpin partai secara bersamaan (Vladimir Lenin, Josef Stalin, dan Nikita Khrushchev). Kepala Pemerintahan Uni Soviet yang pertama adalah Vladimir Lenin yang dilantik sebagai Ketua Dewan Komisar Rakyat pada tahun 1922 setelah penandatanganan Traktat Pembentukan Uni Soviet. Ivan Silayev adalah pejabat tersingkat yang hanya menjabat selama 126 hari pada tahun 1991. Sementara itu, pejabat terlama adalah Aleksey Kosygin yang menjabat selama lebih dari 14 tahun dan menjadi satu-satunya pemimpin lebih dari dua kabinet pemerintahan di Uni Soviet.
Pada tahun 1946, Dewan Komisar Rakyat diubah menjadi Dewan Menteri[1] dan Josef Stalin, yang sebelumnya menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Komisar Rakyat, menjadi Ketua Dewan Menteri. Pada tahun 1991, Dewan Menteri dibubarkan dan digantikan oleh Kabinet Menteri dan Valentin Pavlov, yang secara de facto adalah Ketua Kabinet Menteri, menjadi Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet.[2][3]
Daftar pejabat
[sunting | sunting sumber]No. [note 1] |
Nama | Masa Jabatan | Pemilihan | Kabinet | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ketua Dewan Komisar Rakyat (1922–46) | |||||
Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924)[4] |
30 Desember 1922–21 Januari 1924 | 1921 | Lenin I–II | |||
Lenin dianggap sebagai Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet yang pertama. Ia adalah pemimpin Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat Rusia yang melancarkan Revolusi Rusia (Revolusi Februari dan Oktober)[5] yang berhasil mendirikan negara sosialis pertama di dunia, Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia,[6] dan membentuk Uni Soviet pada tahun 1922.[7] | ||||||
2 | Aleksey Rykov (1881–1938)[8] |
2 Februari 1924–19 Desember 1930 | 1924, 1925, 1927, 1929 | Rykov I | ||
Rykov adalah anggota faksi moderat dalam Partai Bolshevik. Bersama anggota faksi moderat lainnya, ia dipaksa untuk "mengakui kesalahan" terhadap partai sehingga Rykov harus kehilangan jabatannya sebagai perdana menteri pada tahun 1930.[9] | ||||||
3 | Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986)[10] |
19 Desember 1930–6 Mei 1941 | 1931, 1935, 1936, 1937 | Molotov I | ||
Molotov mengawasi jalannya kolektivisasi pertanian, penerapan Rencana Lima Tahun I, proses industrialisasi Uni Soviet, dan Pembersihan Besar-Besaran pada masa Stalin.[11] Meski jatuh banyak korban jiwa,[12] Uni Soviet di bawah kepemimpinan Molotov mengalami kemajuan pesat dalam hal pemanfaatan teknologi pertanian dan industri secara besar-besaran.[13] | ||||||
4 | Josef Stalin (1878–1953)[14] |
6 Mei 1941–15 Maret 1946 | 1946 | Stalin I | ||
Stalin memimpin Uni Soviet berjuang dalam Perang Patriotik Raya (Perang Dunia II) dan mengawali periode pemulihan pascaperang. Ia mengubah nama Dewan Komisar Rakyat Uni Soviet menjadi Dewan Menteri.[15] | ||||||
Ketua Dewan Menteri (1946–1991) | ||||||
Josef Stalin (1878–1953)[14] |
15 Maret 1946–5 Maret 1953 | 1950 | Stalin II | |||
Pascaperang, Stalin menaruh pemerintahan komunis di Blok Timur[15] yang tertutup oleh "Tirai Besi" dalam rangka Perang Dingin melawan Barat.[16] | ||||||
5 | Georgiy Malenkov (1902–1988)[17] |
6 Maret 1953–8 Februari 1955 | 1954 | Malenkov I–II | ||
Malenkov menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri pasca-kematian Stalin, tetapi kalah saat berupaya mempertahankan kekuasaannya melawan Nikita Khrushchev. Ia tetap menjabat hingga Khrushchev memulai proses destalinisasi. Oleh Khrushchev, jabatannya diberikan kepada Nikolay Bulganin.[18] | ||||||
6 | Nikolay Bulganin (1895–1975)[19] |
8 Februari 1955–27 Maret 1958 | 1958 | Bulganin I | ||
Proses destalinisasi berlangsung saat ia menjabat.[20] Meski awalnya mendukung penuh Khrushchev, Bulganin lalu merasa tidak nyaman dengan kebijakan-kebijakan radikal Khrushchev. Ia pun dituduh sebagai anggota Kelompok Anti-Partai dan kedudukannya diambil alih oleh Khrushchev sendiri.[21] | ||||||
7 | Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971)[17] |
27 Maret 1958–14 Oktober 1964 | 1962 | Khrushchev I–II | ||
Krisis Misil Kuba terjadi saat ia menjabat. Khrushchev mengawasi jalannya berbagai reformasi dan kebijakan inovatif seperti reformasi moneter 1961. Sikapnya yang plin-plan membuatnya didepak oleh nomenklatura dari jabatannya sebagai Perdana Menteri sekaligus Sekretaris Pertama Partai Komunis Uni Soviet.[20] | ||||||
8 | Aleksey Kosygin (1904–1980)[22] |
15 Oktober 1964–23 Oktober 1980 | 1966, 1970, 1974, 1979 | Kosygin I–V | ||
Kosygin adalah salah satu triumvirat pemimpin Uni Soviet selain Leonid Brezhnev dan Nikolay Podgorny. Masa kepemimpinannya sering disebut Masa Stagnasi.[23] Kosygin menggagas tiga reformasi ekonomi berskala besar pada masa kepemimpinannya, yaitu reformasi ekonomi 1965, 1973–1974, dan 1979.[24] Ia mengundurkan diri pada bulan Oktober 1980 dan wafat dua bulan kemudian.[25] | ||||||
9 | Nikolay Tikhonov (1905–1997)[26] |
23 Oktober 1980–27 September 1985 | 1984 | Tikhonov I–II | ||
Pasca-pengunduran diri Kosygin, Tikhonov menjadi perdana menteri yang baru.[27] Ia menjabat pada masa-masa akhir kekuasaan Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, dan Konstantin Chernenko serta masa-masa awal kekuasaan Mikhail Gorbachev.[28] Pada hari-hari akhir kepemimpinan Andropov hingga kemunculan Chernenko, Tikhonov menjadi pemimpin Uni Soviet secara de facto.[29] | ||||||
10 | Nikolay Ryzhkov (1929-2024)[26] |
27 September 1985–14 Januari 1991 | 1989 | Ryzhkov I–II | ||
Ryzhkov mendukung upaya Gorbachev untuk memulihkan dan merestrukturisasi perekonomian Uni Soviet dengan cara mendesentralisasi perencanaan dan memperkenalkan teknologi baru. Akan tetapi, ia menolak keinginan Gorbachev untuk menerapkan mekanisme pasar dalam perekonomian Uni Soviet.[30] Ia terpaksa mengundurkan diri saat jabatan Ketua Dewan Menteri ditiadakan.[31] | ||||||
11 | Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet (1991) | |||||
Valentin Pavlov (1937–2003)[32] |
14 Januari 1991–22 Agustus 1991 | — | Pavlov I | |||
Pavlov terpilih sebagai kandidat kompromis Perdana Menteri. Ia mengeluarkan kebijakan reformasi moneter 1991 yang gagal diterapkan[33] sehingga membuatnya bergabung dengan Komite Negara Keadaan Darurat. Komite itu berusaha merampas kekuasaan Gorbachev pada tanggal 19 Agustus 1991. Dengan gagalnya usaha perampasan kekuasaan itu, Pavlov ditangkap pada tanggal 29 Agustus 1991.[34] | ||||||
12 | Ketua Komite Ekonomi Antarnegara – Perdana Menteri Persemakmuran Ekonomi (1991) | |||||
Ivan Silayev (1930-2023)[35] |
6 September 1991–26 Desember 1991 | — | Silayev I | |||
Setelah adanya percobaan kudeta, pemerintah Uni Soviet kehilangan banyak kekuasaan di tiap-tiap republik anggotanya. Silayev dan Gorbachev gagal mempertahankan Uni Soviet sehingga berujung pada pembubarannya tanggal 26 Desember 1991.[36] |
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Penomoran ini tidak resmi.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Huskey, Eugene. Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 281. ISBN 978-1-56324-060-7.
- ^ Brown 1997, hlm. 153.
- ^ Murray 1995, hlm. 109.
- ^ Cull, Culbert & Welch 2003, hlm. 182.
- ^ Young & Braden 2005, hlm. 40.
- ^ Service 2000, hlm. 1.
- ^ "Образование СССР" (dalam bahasa Rusia). Hrono.info. Diakses tanggal 24 September 2010.
- ^ Phillips 2000, hlm. 82.
- ^ Rappaport 1999, hlm. 238–39.
- ^ Phillips 2000, hlm. 89.
- ^ Hough & Fainsod 1979, hlm. 295.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2005, hlm. 125.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2005, hlm. 236.
- ^ a b Totten & Bartrop 2008, hlm. 76.
- ^ a b Service 2005, hlm. 3–4.
- ^ Service 2005, hlm. 503.
- ^ a b Duiker & Spielvogel 2006, hlm. 572.
- ^ Coppa 2006, hlm. 170–71.
- ^ Trahair & Miller 2004, hlm. 69.
- ^ a b Gorbachev, Mikhail (26 April 2007). "The First Steps Towards a New Era". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2010.
- ^ Coppa 2006, hlm. 38.
- ^ Trahair & Miller 2004, hlm. 37.
- ^ Brown 2009, hlm. 403.
- ^ ютуба, любитель (17 Desember 2010). "30 лет назад умер Алексей Косыгин". Newsland (dalam bahasa Rusia). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-09-17. Diakses tanggal 3 Januari 2011.
- ^ Вергасов, Фатех. "Организация здорового накала" (dalam bahasa Rusia). pseudology.org. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2010.
- ^ a b Ploss 2010, hlm. 219.
- ^ Zemtsov 1989, hlm. 119.
- ^ Service 2009, hlm. 403–4.
- ^ Zemtsov 1989, hlm. 146.
- ^ Garcelon 2005, hlm. 128–29.
- ^ Harris 2005, hlm. 133.
- ^ "Валентин Сергеевич Павлов" (dalam bahasa Rusia). RU: Hrono. Diakses tanggal 6 Desember 2010.
- ^ Dyker 1992, hlm. 207–8.
- ^ Bonnell & Cooper 1994, hlm. 63–64.
- ^ "Иван Степанович Силаев" (dalam bahasa Rusia). RU: Hrono. Diakses tanggal 6 Desember 2010.
- ^ Kotz & Weir 2007, hlm. 122.
Kajian pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Brown, Archie (1997). The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192880527 Periksa nilai: checksum
|isbn=
(bantuan). - Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise and Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0061138799.
- Bonnell, Victoria; Cooper, Ann (1994). Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 coup. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-1563242717.
- Coppa, Frank (2006). Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators: From Napoleon to the Present. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0820450100.
- Cull, Nicholas; Culbert, David; Welch, David (2003). Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576078204.
- Duiker, William; Spielvogel, Jackson (2006). The Essential World History. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0495902270.
- Dyker, David (1992). Restructuring the Soviet economy (edisi ke-1st). Routledge. ISBN 978-0415067614.
- Fainsod, Merle; Hough, Jerry F. (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674410305.
- Ferdinand, Maria Feldbrugge Joseph (1993). Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law (edisi ke-1st). Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0792323587.
- Garcelon, Marc (2005). Revolutionary Passage: From Soviet to Post-Soviet Russia, 1985–2000. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1592133628.
- Harris, Jonathan (2005). Subverting the System: Gorbachev's Reform of the Party's Apparat, 1986–1991. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742526792.
- Kotz, David Michael; Weir, Fred (2007). Russia's Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia (edisi ke-2nd). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415701471.
- Murray, Don (1995). A Democracy of Despots. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. ISBN 978-0773513604 Periksa nilai: checksum
|isbn=
(bantuan). - Phillips, Steven (2000). Lenin and the Russian Revolution. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-32719-4.
- Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786444861.
- Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576070840.
- Sebag-Montefiore, Simon (2005). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-1400042302.
- Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. Belknap Press, Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674008281.
- Service, Robert (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0674034938.
- Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674016972.
- Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul (2008). Dictionary of Genocide: A–L. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313346422.
- Trahair, Richard; Miller, Robert (2004). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1929631759.
- Young, Gregory; Braden, Nate (2005). The Last Sentry: The True Story That Inspired the Hunt for Red October. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591149927.
- Zemtsov, Ilya (1989). Chernenko, the Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the eve of Perestroika. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0887382604.