Sirimavo Bandaranaike: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| ⚫ | '''Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike''' ( |
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| ⚫ | '''Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike''' ({{lahirmati||17|4|1916||10|10|2000}}) adalah seorang [[politisi]] [[Sri Lanka]]. Wanita ini menjabat [[Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka|Perdana Menteri]] [[Sri Lanka]] untuk tiga kali kurun waktu, yaitu pada periode [[1960]]-[[1965]], [[1970]]-[[1977]], dan [[1994]]-[[2000]]. Ia merupakan perdana menteri wanita pertama di dunia. Ia juga seorang Ketua [[Partai Kebebasan Sri Lanka]] (''Sri Lanka Freedom Party'') dan istri dari perdana menteri Sri Lanka sebelumnya, [[Solomon Bandaranaike]]. Suaminya juga atasannya untuk ketiga kali saat dia menjabat sebagai perdana menteri. Ia juga seorang ibu dari Presiden Sri Lanka kelima, [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]], yang mana ia sendiri sebagai perdana menteri untuk masa jabatan ketiga kalinya. Ia juga seorang ibu dari Menteri Pariwisata Sri Lanka [[Anura Bandaranaike]] dan [[Sunethra Bandaranaike]] yang tampil sebagai seorang [[filantropis]]. |
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== Latar Belakang Politik == |
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| ⚫ | <!--On her husband's assassination, Bandaranaike took over the leadership of his [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]], which he had formed and led to election victory in [[1956]], and kept it for ''40'' years until her death. She became prime minister on [[July 21]], [[1960]] and ruled her country on and off throughout the 1960s and 1970s until she was crushingly defeated in a general election in [[1977]]. In [[1980]], she was expelled from parliament for abuse of power, and banned from public office for seven years. |
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== Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan == |
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Ia lahir dengan nama Sirimavo Ratwatte di [[Balangoda]], [[Ratnapura]], Sri Lanka pada 17 April 1916 sebagai anak tertua dari enam bersaudara. Ayahnya adalah pemilik lahan kaya dari [[Suku Sinhala]]. Meski beragama Buddha, Sirimavo mendapat pendidikan di Konven St.Bridget di Colombo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|date=2003-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001/acref-9780192800916-e-114|title=Who's Who in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280091-6|editor-last=Market House Books|language=en|chapter=Bandaranaike, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001/acref-9780192800916-e-114|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2000-10-10|title=Sirimavo Bandaranaike: First woman premier|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/964914.stm|website=BBC News|access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> Pada 1940, ia menikahi Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike. Pada dekade 1940an hingga 1950an, ia mendukung penuh karier politik suaminya dan mempromosikan reformasi sosial kaum perempuan dengan menjadi sukarelawan pada institusi pedesaan yang berafiliasi dengan Asosiasi Perempuan Seluruh Sri Lanka (''All Ceylon Women's Association'').<ref name=":0" /> Suaminya, Solomon, kemudian menjadi Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka periode 1956-1959, sebelum tewas dibunuh oleh [[biksu]] [[Buddha]]. |
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| ⚫ | == Karier politik ==<!--On her husband's assassination, Bandaranaike took over the leadership of his [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]], which he had formed and led to election victory in [[1956]], and kept it for ''40'' years until her death. She became prime minister on [[July 21]], [[1960]] and ruled her country on and off throughout the 1960s and 1970s until she was crushingly defeated in a general election in [[1977]]. In [[1980]], she was expelled from parliament for abuse of power, and banned from public office for seven years. |
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A staunch [[socialist]], Bandaranaike continued her husband's policies of nationalizing key sectors of the economy, such as banking and insurance. Unfortunately, she was on a roller-coaster ride from the moment she took office and within a year of her [[1960]] election victory she declared a ''state of emergency''. This followed a [[civil disobedience]] campaign by part of the country's minority [[Tamil people|Tamil]] population who were outraged by her decision to drop [[English language|English]] as an official language and her order to conduct all government business in [[Sinhala]], the language of the majority [[Sinhalese]]. This they considered a highly discriminatory act and an attempt to deny Tamils access to all official posts and the law. This lead to an increase in Tamil militancy which escalated under succeeding administrations. |
A staunch [[socialist]], Bandaranaike continued her husband's policies of nationalizing key sectors of the economy, such as banking and insurance. Unfortunately, she was on a roller-coaster ride from the moment she took office and within a year of her [[1960]] election victory she declared a ''state of emergency''. This followed a [[civil disobedience]] campaign by part of the country's minority [[Tamil people|Tamil]] population who were outraged by her decision to drop [[English language|English]] as an official language and her order to conduct all government business in [[Sinhala]], the language of the majority [[Sinhalese]]. This they considered a highly discriminatory act and an attempt to deny Tamils access to all official posts and the law. This lead to an increase in Tamil militancy which escalated under succeeding administrations. |
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Further problems arose with the President's state takeover of foreign businesses, particularly the petroleum companies, which upset the [[United States|Americans]] and the [[British Empire|British]], who imposed an aid [[embargo]] on [[Sri Lanka]]. As a result, Bandaranaike moved her country closer to [[China]] and the [[Soviet Union]] and championed a policy of nonalignment. At home, she crushed an attempted military coup in [[1962]]. In [[1964]], she entered into a historic coalition with the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (LSSP). At the end of that year, she was defeated on a confidence vote, losing the general election that followed. Six years later she bounced back, her [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] winning a substantial majority in the [[1970]] elections. |
Further problems arose with the President's state takeover of foreign businesses, particularly the petroleum companies, which upset the [[United States|Americans]] and the [[British Empire|British]], who imposed an aid [[embargo]] on [[Sri Lanka]]. As a result, Bandaranaike moved her country closer to [[China]] and the [[Soviet Union]] and championed a policy of nonalignment. At home, she crushed an attempted military coup in [[1962]]. In [[1964]], she entered into a historic coalition with the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (LSSP). At the end of that year, she was defeated on a confidence vote, losing the general election that followed. Six years later she bounced back, her [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] winning a substantial majority in the [[1970]] elections. |
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Her second term saw a new Constitution introduced, which ended the country's status as a [[Commonwealth realm]]. [[Ceylon]] was renamed [[Sri Lanka]] and declared a republic. But after just 16 months in power, a left-wing youth uprising almost toppled her government: Sri Lanka's small ceremonial army could not deal with the insurgency. She was saved by her skillful foreign policy when the country's non-aligned friends rushed to her help. In a rare move, both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] sent troops to [[Colombo]] to aid Bandaranaike in crushing the insurgency. In those tough political years, she turned herself into a formidable leader. ''"She was the only man in her cabinet"'', one of her officials commented during the height of the insurgency. |
Her second term saw a new Constitution introduced, which ended the country's status as a [[Commonwealth realm]]. [[Ceylon]] was renamed [[Sri Lanka]] and declared a republic. But after just 16 months in power, a left-wing youth uprising almost toppled her government: Sri Lanka's small ceremonial army could not deal with the insurgency. She was saved by her skillful foreign policy when the country's non-aligned friends rushed to her help. In a rare move, both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] sent troops to [[Colombo]] to aid Bandaranaike in crushing the insurgency. In those tough political years, she turned herself into a formidable leader. ''"She was the only man in her cabinet"'', one of her officials commented during the height of the insurgency. |
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The [[1973]] oil crisis had a traumatic effect on the [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] economy; the government had no access to Western aid and her socialist policies stifled economic activity. Rationing had to be imposed. Bandaranaike became more and more intolerant of criticism and forced the shutdown of the Independent newspaper group, whose publications were her fiercest critics. Earlier she had nationalized the country's largest newspaper, ''Lake House'', which has remained the government's official mouthpiece. |
The [[1973]] oil crisis had a traumatic effect on the [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] economy; the government had no access to Western aid and her socialist policies stifled economic activity. Rationing had to be imposed. Bandaranaike became more and more intolerant of criticism and forced the shutdown of the Independent newspaper group, whose publications were her fiercest critics. Earlier she had nationalized the country's largest newspaper, ''Lake House'', which has remained the government's official mouthpiece. |
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Bandaranaike became Prime Minister again, but the constitution had changed since her last tenure; she, as the Prime Minister was subordinate to her daughter, the President. She remained in office until her death, but had little real power. She died on election day, having cast her vote for the last time.--> |
Bandaranaike became Prime Minister again, but the constitution had changed since her last tenure; she, as the Prime Minister was subordinate to her daughter, the President. She remained in office until her death, but had little real power. She died on election day, having cast her vote for the last time.--> |
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Kematian suaminya membuat Bandaranaike memasuki dunia politik. Ia dijuluki "janda yang menangis" karena sering menangis ketika berjanji melanjutkan kebijakan-kebijakan mendiang suaminya. Ia pun menggantikan suaminya di pucuk kepemimpinan Partai Kebebasan Sri Lanka dan terus bertahan sampai 40 tahun berikutnya. Ia menjadi Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka pada Juli 1960.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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== Kematian == |
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Bandaranaike meninggal dunia pada 10 Oktober 2000 karena serangan jantung, sesaat setelah mencoblos pada pemilihan umum 2000. Ia meninggal dunia pada usia 84 tahun.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Referensi == |
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[[de:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[en:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[es:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[fa:سیریماو بندارانایکه]] |
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[[fi:Sirimawo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[fr:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[he:סירימאבו בנדרנאיקה]] |
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[[hr:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[io:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[ja:シリマヴォ・バンダラナイケ]] |
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[[mr:सिरिमावो भंडारनायके]] |
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[[nn:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[no:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[pl:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[pt:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[ru:Бандаранаике, Сиримаво]] |
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[[sq:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[sv:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[ta:சிறிமாவோ பண்டாரநாயக்கா]] |
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[[tr:Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] |
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[[uk:Бандаранаіке Сірімаво]] |
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[[zh:西麗瑪沃·拉特瓦特·迪亞斯·班達拉奈克]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 13 Oktober 2023 10.03
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Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (17 April 1916 – 10 Oktober 2000) adalah seorang politisi Sri Lanka. Wanita ini menjabat Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka untuk tiga kali kurun waktu, yaitu pada periode 1960-1965, 1970-1977, dan 1994-2000. Ia merupakan perdana menteri wanita pertama di dunia. Ia juga seorang Ketua Partai Kebebasan Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka Freedom Party) dan istri dari perdana menteri Sri Lanka sebelumnya, Solomon Bandaranaike. Suaminya juga atasannya untuk ketiga kali saat dia menjabat sebagai perdana menteri. Ia juga seorang ibu dari Presiden Sri Lanka kelima, Chandrika Kumaratunga, yang mana ia sendiri sebagai perdana menteri untuk masa jabatan ketiga kalinya. Ia juga seorang ibu dari Menteri Pariwisata Sri Lanka Anura Bandaranaike dan Sunethra Bandaranaike yang tampil sebagai seorang filantropis.
Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Ia lahir dengan nama Sirimavo Ratwatte di Balangoda, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka pada 17 April 1916 sebagai anak tertua dari enam bersaudara. Ayahnya adalah pemilik lahan kaya dari Suku Sinhala. Meski beragama Buddha, Sirimavo mendapat pendidikan di Konven St.Bridget di Colombo.[1][2] Pada 1940, ia menikahi Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike. Pada dekade 1940an hingga 1950an, ia mendukung penuh karier politik suaminya dan mempromosikan reformasi sosial kaum perempuan dengan menjadi sukarelawan pada institusi pedesaan yang berafiliasi dengan Asosiasi Perempuan Seluruh Sri Lanka (All Ceylon Women's Association).[1] Suaminya, Solomon, kemudian menjadi Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka periode 1956-1959, sebelum tewas dibunuh oleh biksu Buddha.
Karier politik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kematian suaminya membuat Bandaranaike memasuki dunia politik. Ia dijuluki "janda yang menangis" karena sering menangis ketika berjanji melanjutkan kebijakan-kebijakan mendiang suaminya. Ia pun menggantikan suaminya di pucuk kepemimpinan Partai Kebebasan Sri Lanka dan terus bertahan sampai 40 tahun berikutnya. Ia menjadi Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka pada Juli 1960.[1][2]
Kematian
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bandaranaike meninggal dunia pada 10 Oktober 2000 karena serangan jantung, sesaat setelah mencoblos pada pemilihan umum 2000. Ia meninggal dunia pada usia 84 tahun.[2]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c Market House Books, ed. (2003-01-01). "Bandaranaike, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias". Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001/acref-9780192800916-e-114. ISBN 978-0-19-280091-6.
- ^ a b c "Sirimavo Bandaranaike: First woman premier". BBC News. 2000-10-10. Diakses tanggal 2023-07-29.
| Didahului oleh: Dudley Senanayake |
Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka 21 Juli 1960–27 Maret 1965 |
Diteruskan oleh: Dudley Senanayake |
| Didahului oleh: Dudley Senanayake |
Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka 29 Mei 1970–23 Juli 1977 |
Diteruskan oleh: Junius Richard Jayewardene |
| Didahului oleh: Chandrika Kumaratunga |
Perdana Menteri Sri Lanka 14 November 1994–10 Agustus 2000 |
Diteruskan oleh: Ratnasiri Wickremanayake |
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