Tinis: Perbedaan antara revisi
k ibukota → ibu kota |
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20240109)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
||
(4 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 9: | Baris 9: | ||
|subdivision_name = [[Mesir Kuno]] |
|subdivision_name = [[Mesir Kuno]] |
||
|subdivision_type1 = [[Nome (Mesir)|Nome]] |
|subdivision_type1 = [[Nome (Mesir)|Nome]] |
||
|subdivision_name1 = [[Nome (Mesir)#Mesir Hulu|Nome VIII |
|subdivision_name1 = [[Nome (Mesir)#Mesir Hulu|Nome VIII dari Mesir Hulu]] |
||
|government_type = [[Nomark]] ([[Kerajaan Lama Mesir]])<br>[[Wali kota]] ([[Kerajaan Baru Mesir]]) |
|government_type = [[Nomark]] ([[Kerajaan Lama Mesir]])<br>[[Wali kota]] ([[Kerajaan Baru Mesir]]) |
||
|established_title = Bukti terawal |
|established_title = Bukti terawal |
||
Baris 33: | Baris 33: | ||
* {{Citation | last = Bryan | first = Betsy M. | contribution = Administration in the reign of Thutmose III | year = 2006 | title = Thutmose III: A new biography | editor-last = Cline | editor-first = Eric H. and O'Connor, David | volume = | pages = | place = Ann Arbor | publisher = The University of Michigan Press }}. |
* {{Citation | last = Bryan | first = Betsy M. | contribution = Administration in the reign of Thutmose III | year = 2006 | title = Thutmose III: A new biography | editor-last = Cline | editor-first = Eric H. and O'Connor, David | volume = | pages = | place = Ann Arbor | publisher = The University of Michigan Press }}. |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Clark | first = Rosemary | authorlink = | title = The sacred tradition in ancient Egypt: The esoteric wisdom revealed | publisher = Llewellyn Publications |origyear=2000 |date=2004 |location= [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] | pages = |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WRfHSnGlX7QC&dq=thinis | doi = | isbn = 1-56718-129-5}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Clark | first = Rosemary | authorlink = | title = The sacred tradition in ancient Egypt: The esoteric wisdom revealed | publisher = Llewellyn Publications |origyear=2000 |date=2004 |location= [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] | pages = |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WRfHSnGlX7QC&dq=thinis | doi = | isbn = 1-56718-129-5}} |
||
* {{Cite journal | last = Fischer | first = H. G. | authorlink = | title = A parental link between two Thinite stelae of the Herakleopolitan period | journal = Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 15–23 | publisher = | date = 1987–1988 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=6561764 | issn = | doi = | accessdate = 2010-05-21}} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Fischer | first = H. G. | authorlink = | title = A parental link between two Thinite stelae of the Herakleopolitan period | journal = Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 15–23 | publisher = | date = 1987–1988 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=6561764 | issn = | doi = | accessdate = 2010-05-21 | archive-date = 2012-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831161440/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=6561764 | dead-url = yes }} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Frood | first = Elizabeth | authorlink = | title = Biographical texts from Ramessid Egypt | publisher = Society of Biblical Literature | year = 2007 | location = Atlanta | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qsm-vNVnUC0C | doi = | isbn = 978-1-58983-210-7}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Frood | first = Elizabeth | authorlink = | title = Biographical texts from Ramessid Egypt | publisher = Society of Biblical Literature | year = 2007 | location = Atlanta | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qsm-vNVnUC0C | doi = | isbn = 978-1-58983-210-7}} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Sir Alan Henderson | authorlink = Alan Gardiner | title = Egypt of the pharaohs: An introduction |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |origyear=1961 |date=1964 |location= Oxford |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lzhBbsElbKAC&vq=Thinis | doi = | isbn = 978-0-19-500267-6}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Sir Alan Henderson | authorlink = Alan Gardiner | title = Egypt of the pharaohs: An introduction |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |origyear=1961 |date=1964 |location= Oxford |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lzhBbsElbKAC&vq=Thinis | doi = | isbn = 978-0-19-500267-6}} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Grimal | first = Nicolas-Christophe | authorlink = Nicolas Grimal | title = A history of ancient Egypt | publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing Ltd]] | year = 1992 | location = Oxford | pages = | url = |
* {{Cite book | last = Grimal | first = Nicolas-Christophe | authorlink = Nicolas Grimal | title = A history of ancient Egypt | publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing Ltd]] | year = 1992 | location = Oxford | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000grim_o8d3| doi = | isbn = }} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Hamblin | first = William J. | authorlink = William J. Hamblin | title = Warfare in the ancient Near East to c. 1600 BC | publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | location = Abdingdon | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=en9tzr1-VM4C | doi = | isbn = 978-0-415-25589-9}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Hamblin | first = William J. | authorlink = William J. Hamblin | title = Warfare in the ancient Near East to c. 1600 BC | publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | location = Abdingdon | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=en9tzr1-VM4C | doi = | isbn = 978-0-415-25589-9}} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Kitchen | first = Kenneth Anderson | authorlink = Kenneth Kitchen | title = Ramesside inscriptions: Translated and annotated. | volume = 4 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing Ltd | year = 2003 | location = Oxford | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1nA99sBSZ-YC&vq=thinis | doi = | isbn = 0-631-18429-5}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Kitchen | first = Kenneth Anderson | authorlink = Kenneth Kitchen | title = Ramesside inscriptions: Translated and annotated. | volume = 4 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing Ltd | year = 2003 | location = Oxford | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1nA99sBSZ-YC&vq=thinis | doi = | isbn = 0-631-18429-5}} |
||
* {{Cite journal | last = Leahy | first = A. | authorlink = | title = Nespamedu, "king" of Thinis | journal = [[Göttinger Miszellen]] | volume = 35 | issue = | pages = 31–39 | publisher = | location = [[Göttingen]] | year = 1979 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=12680651 | issn = | doi = | accessdate = 2010-05-21}} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Leahy | first = A. | authorlink = | title = Nespamedu, "king" of Thinis | journal = [[Göttinger Miszellen]] | volume = 35 | issue = | pages = 31–39 | publisher = | location = [[Göttingen]] | year = 1979 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=12680651 | issn = | doi = | accessdate = 2010-05-21 | archive-date = 2012-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831161453/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=12680651 | dead-url = yes }} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Lesley | first = John Peter | authorlink = John Peter Lesley | title = Man's origin and destiny sketched from the platform of the sciences | publisher = [[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]] | year = 1868 | location = [[Philadelphia]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jxcWAAAAYAAJ&dq=thinis | doi = | isbn = }} |
* {{Cite book | last = Lesley | first = John Peter | authorlink = John Peter Lesley | title = Man's origin and destiny sketched from the platform of the sciences | publisher = [[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]] | year = 1868 | location = [[Philadelphia]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jxcWAAAAYAAJ&dq=thinis | doi = | isbn = }} |
||
* {{Citation | last = Maspero | first = Gaston | authorlink = Gaston Maspero | contribution = History of Egypt | contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=taT4NjJ8VWsC | year = 1903 | title = History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria | editor-last = Sayce | editor-first = Archibald Henry | volume = 9 | pages = | place = N.p. | publisher = [[Kessinger Publishing]] }} |
* {{Citation | last = Maspero | first = Gaston | authorlink = Gaston Maspero | contribution = History of Egypt | contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=taT4NjJ8VWsC | year = 1903 | title = History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria | editor-last = Sayce | editor-first = Archibald Henry | volume = 9 | pages = | place = N.p. | publisher = [[Kessinger Publishing]] }} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Massey | first = Gerald | authorlink = Gerald Massey | title = Ancient Egypt: The light of the world | publisher = [[T. Fisher Unwin]] | volume = 2 | year = 1907 | location = London | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=peLVNWKd_zAC | doi = | isbn = }} |
* {{Cite book | last = Massey | first = Gerald | authorlink = Gerald Massey | title = Ancient Egypt: The light of the world | publisher = [[T. Fisher Unwin]] | volume = 2 | year = 1907 | location = London | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=peLVNWKd_zAC | doi = | isbn = }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Moldenke | first = Charles Edward | authorlink = Charles Edward Moldenke | title = The New York Obelisk, Cleopatra's Needle | publisher = BiblioBazaar LLC |origyear=N.d. |date=2008 |location= N.p. |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W038xvkATVUC | doi = |isbn=0-554-62767-1}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Moldenke | first = Charles Edward | authorlink = Charles Edward Moldenke | title = The New York Obelisk, Cleopatra's Needle | publisher = BiblioBazaar LLC |origyear=N.d. |date=2008 |location= N.p. |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W038xvkATVUC | doi = |isbn=0-554-62767-1}} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Parkinson | first = R. B. | authorlink = | title = The Tale of Sinuhe and other ancient Egyptian poems | publisher = Oxford University Press |origyear=1997 |date=1999 |location= Oxford |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OiEV2iVV_d0C | doi = | isbn = 0-19-283966-7}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Parkinson | first = R. B. | authorlink = | title = The Tale of Sinuhe and other ancient Egyptian poems | publisher = Oxford University Press |origyear=1997 |date=1999 |location= Oxford |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OiEV2iVV_d0C | doi = | isbn = 0-19-283966-7}} |
||
Baris 49: | Baris 49: | ||
* {{Cite book | last = Redford | first = Donald B. | authorlink = Donald B. Redford | title = The wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III | publisher = Brill | year = 2003 | location = Leiden | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2uDdg8bDVzMC | doi = | isbn = 90-04-12989-8}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Redford | first = Donald B. | authorlink = Donald B. Redford | title = The wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III | publisher = Brill | year = 2003 | location = Leiden | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2uDdg8bDVzMC | doi = | isbn = 90-04-12989-8}} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Ryholt | first = K. S. B. | authorlink = Kim Ryholt | title = The political situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 – 1550 BC | publisher = [[Museum Tusculanum Press]] | year = 1997 | location = Copenhagen | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC&dq=thinis | doi = | isbn = 87-7289-421-0}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Ryholt | first = K. S. B. | authorlink = Kim Ryholt | title = The political situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 – 1550 BC | publisher = [[Museum Tusculanum Press]] | year = 1997 | location = Copenhagen | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC&dq=thinis | doi = | isbn = 87-7289-421-0}} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Shaw | first = Ian | authorlink = Ian Shaw (Egyptologist) | title = The Oxford history of ancient Egypt | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | location = Oxford | pages = | url = |
* {{Cite book | last = Shaw | first = Ian | authorlink = Ian Shaw (Egyptologist) | title = The Oxford history of ancient Egypt | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | location = Oxford | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw| doi = | isbn = }} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Strudwick | first = Nigel C. | authorlink = | title = Texts from the pyramid age | publisher = [[Society of Biblical Literature]] | year = 2005 | location = [[Atlanta]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sgoVryxihuMC | doi = | isbn = 978-1-58983-138-4}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Strudwick | first = Nigel C. | authorlink = | title = Texts from the pyramid age | publisher = [[Society of Biblical Literature]] | year = 2005 | location = [[Atlanta]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sgoVryxihuMC | doi = | isbn = 978-1-58983-138-4}} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Tacoma | first = Laurens E. | authorlink = | title = Fragile hierarchies: The urban elites of third century Roman Egypt | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] | year = 2006 | location = [[Leiden]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGp6lBrQfAC | doi = | isbn = 90-04-14831-0}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Tacoma | first = Laurens E. | authorlink = | title = Fragile hierarchies: The urban elites of third century Roman Egypt | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] | year = 2006 | location = [[Leiden]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGp6lBrQfAC | doi = | isbn = 90-04-14831-0}} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Wilkinson | first = Richard H. | authorlink = Richard H. Wilkinson | title = [[Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture|Reading Egyptian art: A hieroglyphic guide to ancient Egyptian painting and sculpture]] | publisher = [[Thames & Hudson]] | year = 1992 | location = London | pages = | url = | doi = | isbn = }} |
* {{Cite book | last = Wilkinson | first = Richard H. | authorlink = Richard H. Wilkinson | title = [[Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture|Reading Egyptian art: A hieroglyphic guide to ancient Egyptian painting and sculpture]] | publisher = [[Thames & Hudson]] | year = 1992 | location = London | pages = | url = | doi = | isbn = }} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Wilkinson | first = Toby A. H. | authorlink = Toby Wilkinson | title = Early Dynastic Egypt | publisher = Routledge | origyear = 1999| year = 2000 | location = Abingdon | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AR1ZZO6niVIC | doi = | isbn = 0-415-26011-6}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Wilkinson | first = Toby A. H. | authorlink = Toby Wilkinson | title = Early Dynastic Egypt | publisher = Routledge | origyear = 1999 | year = 2000 | location = Abingdon | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AR1ZZO6niVIC | doi = | isbn = 0-415-26011-6 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
||
* {{Cite book | last = Verbrugghe| first = Gerald P. | authorlink = |author2=Wickersham, John M. | title = Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated: Native traditions in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt | publisher = [[The University of Michigan Press]] | origyear = 1996| year = 2001 | location = [[Ann Arbor]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2kAED-kQCJkC | doi = | isbn = 0-472-10722-4}} |
* {{Cite book | last = Verbrugghe| first = Gerald P. | authorlink = |author2=Wickersham, John M. | title = Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated: Native traditions in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt | publisher = [[The University of Michigan Press]] | origyear = 1996| year = 2001 | location = [[Ann Arbor]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2kAED-kQCJkC | doi = | isbn = 0-472-10722-4}} |
||
Revisi terkini sejak 10 Januari 2024 14.14
Tinis
Tjenu | |
---|---|
Koordinat: 26°20′N 31°54′E / 26.333°N 31.900°E | |
Negara | Mesir Kuno |
Nome | Nome VIII dari Mesir Hulu |
Bukti terawal | skt. 4000 SM |
Pemerintahan | |
• Jenis | Nomark (Kerajaan Lama Mesir) Wali kota (Kerajaan Baru Mesir) |
Tinis atau Tis (Bahasa Mesir: Tjenu) merupakan Ibu kota selama Dinasti Pertama Mesir Kuno. Tinis masih belum ditemukan namun dibuktikan dengan baik oleh para penulis kuno, termasuk sejarahwan klasik Manetho, yang mengutipnya sebagai pusat Konfederasi Tinit, sebuah konfederasi kesukuan yang pemimpinnya, Menes (atau Narmer), mempersatukan Mesir dan firaun pertamanya. Tinis mulai mengalami penurunan tajam dari Dinasti ketiga Mesir, ketika ibu kota dipindahkan ke Memphis. Lokasinya di perbatasan dinasti-dinasti Herakleopolis Magna dan Theban yang bersaing pada Periode Menengah Pertama Mesir, dan kedekatannya dengan Oasis tertentu yang memungkinkan kepentingan militer, memastikan beberapa signifikansi Tinis di Kerajaan-kerajaan Lama dan Baru. Ini adalah peristirahatan singkat dan Tinis akhirnya kehilangan posisinya sebagai pusat administrasi regional pada periode Romawi.
Karena warisan kuno, Tinis tetap menjadi pusat keagamaan yang penting, menampung makam dan mumi dewi regional. Di dalam Kosmologi agama Mesir kuno, seperti yang terlihat (misalnya) di dalam Kitab Kematian, Tinis memainkan peran sebagai tempat mitos di Surga.[1]
Meskipun lokasi yang tepat dari Tinis tidak diketahui, tempat konsensus Egiptolog di Mesir kuno berada di sekitar Abydos kuno dan Girga modern.[2][3][4]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Anderson, David A. (1999), "Abydos, Predynastic sites", dalam Bard, Kathryn A., Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt, London: Routledge.
- Bagnall, Roger S. (1996) [1993]. Egypt in late antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01096-0.
- Bard, Kathryn A., ed. (1999), "Old Kingdom, overview", Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt, London: Routledge.
- Brovarski, Edward (1999), "First Intermediate Period, overview", dalam Bard, Kathryn A., Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt, London: Routledge.
- Bryan, Betsy M. (2006), "Administration in the reign of Thutmose III", dalam Cline, Eric H. and O'Connor, David, Thutmose III: A new biography, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
- Clark, Rosemary (2004) [2000]. The sacred tradition in ancient Egypt: The esoteric wisdom revealed. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 1-56718-129-5.
- Fischer, H. G. (1987–1988). "A parental link between two Thinite stelae of the Herakleopolitan period". Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar. 9: 15–23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-31. Diakses tanggal 2010-05-21.
- Frood, Elizabeth (2007). Biographical texts from Ramessid Egypt. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-210-7.
- Gardiner, Sir Alan Henderson (1964) [1961]. Egypt of the pharaohs: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500267-6.
- Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe (1992). A history of ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
- Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the ancient Near East to c. 1600 BC. Abdingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25589-9.
- Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (2003). Ramesside inscriptions: Translated and annotated. 4. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-631-18429-5.
- Leahy, A. (1979). "Nespamedu, "king" of Thinis". Göttinger Miszellen. Göttingen. 35: 31–39. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-31. Diakses tanggal 2010-05-21.
- Lesley, John Peter (1868). Man's origin and destiny sketched from the platform of the sciences. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.
- Maspero, Gaston (1903), "History of Egypt", dalam Sayce, Archibald Henry, History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, 9, N.p.: Kessinger Publishing
- Massey, Gerald (1907). Ancient Egypt: The light of the world. 2. London: T. Fisher Unwin.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Moldenke, Charles Edward (2008) [N.d.]. The New York Obelisk, Cleopatra's Needle. N.p.: BiblioBazaar LLC. ISBN 0-554-62767-1.
- Parkinson, R. B. (1999) [1997]. The Tale of Sinuhe and other ancient Egyptian poems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283966-7.
- Patch, Diana Craig (1991). The origin and early development of urbanism in ancient Egypt: A regional study. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- Pinch, Geraldine (2002). Handbook of Egyptian mythology. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-242-8.
- Redford, Donald B. (2003). The wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12989-8.
- Ryholt, K. S. B. (1997). The political situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 – 1550 BC. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 87-7289-421-0.
- Shaw, Ian (2000). The Oxford history of ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005). Texts from the pyramid age. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-138-4.
- Tacoma, Laurens E. (2006). Fragile hierarchies: The urban elites of third century Roman Egypt. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-14831-0.
- Wilkinson, Richard H. (1992). Reading Egyptian art: A hieroglyphic guide to ancient Egyptian painting and sculpture. London: Thames & Hudson.
- Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000) [1999]. Early Dynastic Egypt. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26011-6.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Verbrugghe, Gerald P.; Wickersham, John M. (2001) [1996]. Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated: Native traditions in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10722-4.