Gerbang India (Mumbai): Perbedaan antara revisi

Gerbang India
Gerbang India
	Lokasi Gerbang India di Maharashtra Gerbang India (Mumbai) (Maharashtra) Gerbang India (Mumbai) (India)
Informasi umum
Jenis	Pelengkung kemenangan
Gaya arsitektur	Arsitektur Indo-Sarasenik
Lokasi	Mumbai, Maharashtra
Koordinat	18°55′19″N 72°50′05″E / 18.9219°N 72.8346°E
Mulai dibangun	31 Maret 1913
Rampung	1924
Diresmikan	4 Desember 1924
Biaya	₹21 lakh
Pemilik	Badan Survei Arkeologi India
Tinggi	26 m (85 ft)
Dimensions
Diameter	15 meter (49 kaki)
Desain dan konstruksi
Arsitek	George Wittet
Firma arsitektur	Gammon India
Tim renovasi
Arsitek	George Wittet

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Revisi terkini sejak 1 Agustus 2023 10.34

Gerbang India adalah sebuah monumen lengkung yang dibangun pada awal abad kedua puluh yang terletak di kota Mumbai, di negara bagian Maharashtra, India. Gerbang ini dibangun untuk memperingati pendaratan raja Britania pertama di India; tibanya Raja-Kaisar George V dan Ratu-Permaisuri Maria di Apollo Bunder, Mumbai (saat itu Bombay) pada Desember 1911. Dibangun dengan gaya arsitektur Indo-Sarasenik, yang menggabungkan unsur-unsur arsitektur Gujarat abad ke-16, batu fondasi gerbang ini diletakkan pada Maret 1913. Selama kunjungan kerajaan, gerbang ini belum dibangun dan sebuah struktur dari kardus telah dibangun untuk menyambut sang raja. Desain akhir monumen oleh arsitek George Wittet disetujui hanya pada tahun 1914, dan konstruksi selesai pada tahun 1924. Strukturnya merupakan sebuah pelengkung kemenangan yang terbuat dari basal, dengan ketinggian 26 meter (85 kaki).

Setelah pembangunannya, gerbang ini digunakan sebagai sebuah pintu masuk seremonial simbolis ke India Britania bagi personel kolonial yang penting. Gerbang ini telah disebut sebagai simbol "penaklukan dan kolonisasi" untuk memperingati warisan kolonial Britania. Gerbang ini juga merupakan monumen tempat pasukan Britania terakhir meninggalkan India pada tahun 1948, setelah kemerdekaan India. Gerbang ini terletak di tepi laut pada suatu sudut, di seberang Hotel The Taj Mahal Palace dan menghadap ke Laut Arab. Saat ini, monumen ini identik dengan kota Mumbai, dan merupakan salah satu objek wisata utama. Gerbang ini juga merupakan tempat berkumpul bagi penduduk setempat, pedagang kaki lima, dan para fotografer yang merayu jasa pemotretan. Gerbang ini memiliki arti penting bagi komunitas Yahudi setempat karena telah menjadi tempat untuk perayaan Hanukkah, dengan penyalaan menorah, sejak tahun 2003. Terdapat lima dermaga yang terletak di pintu gerbang, dua di antaranya digunakan untuk operasi feri komersial.

Sejarah dan arti penting

Gerbang tahun 1924

Keberangkatan pasukan Britania terakhir dari pintu gerbang ini pada tahun 1948

Gerbang ini dibangun untuk memperingati kedatangan George V, Kaisar India dan Mary dari Teck, Ratu Permaisuri, di India di Apollo Bunder, Mumbai (saat itu Bombay) pada 2 Desember 1911 sebelum Delhi Durbar tahun 1911; ini merupakan kunjungan pertama seorang raja Britania ke India.^[1]^[2]^[3] Namun, mereka hanya bisa melihat sebuah model monumen kardus,^[A] karena pembangunan baru dimulai setelah tahun 1915.^[1]^[5] Batu fondasi untuk gerbang ini diletakkan pada 31 Maret 1913 oleh gubernur Bombay saat itu, Sir George Sydenham Clarke dengan desain akhir dari George Wittet untuk gerbang tersebut disetujui pada Agustus 1914.^[6]^[5] Sebelum dibangunnya gerbang ini, Apollo Bunder berfungsi sebagai sebuah tempat pemancingan asli.^[7] Antara tahun 1915 dan 1919 pekerjaan berlanjut di Apollo Bunder untuk melakukan reklamasi tanah tempat gerbang ini akan dibangun, bersamaan dengan pembangunan sebuah tembok laut.^[6]^[6] Gammon India telah melaksanakan pekerjaan konstruksi untuk gerbang ini.^[8]^[B] Fondasinya selesai pada tahun 1920 sementara konstruksinya selesai pada tahun 1924.^[11]^[6] Gerbang ini dibuka untuk umum pada 4 Desember 1924 oleh raja muda saat itu, Rufus Isaacs, Marquess dari Reading ke-1.^[12] Setelah kemerdekaan India, pasukan Britania terakhir yang meninggalkan India, Batalion Pertama Somerset Light Infantry, melewati gerbang ini dengan salvo 21 meriam, sebagai bagian dari upacara pada 28 Februari 1948, menandai berakhirnya Kemaharajaan Britania.^[13]^[14]^[C]

N. Kamala, profesor di Universitas Jawaharlal Nehru,^[15] menyebut gerbang ini sebagai sebuah "permata di mahkota" dan sebuah "simbol penaklukan dan kolonisasi".^[16]^[D] Monumen ini memperingati warisan pemerintahan kolonial Britania; yakni kunjungan pertama seorang raja Britania ke India dan penggunaannya sebagai titik masuk bagi personel kolonial terkemuka ke India Britania.^[19] Saat ini gerbang tersebut identik dengan kota Mumbai.^[20]^[21]^[E] Sejak pembangunannya, gerbang ini tetap merupakan salah satu di antara bangunan pertama yang terlihat oleh pengunjung yang tiba di Bombay melalui laut.^[24]^[G]

Sejak tahun 2003, gerbang ini telah menjadi lokasi bagi komunitas Yahudi setempat untuk menyalakan menorah untuk perayaan Hanukkah setiap tahun.^[27]^[28] Ritual ini dimulai oleh Rabi Gavriel Noach Holtzberg dari chabad di Mumbai (terletak di Nariman House).^[27] Ia juga menjadi tempat berdoa setelah serangan teroris Mumbai 2008 yang menargetkan, antara lain, Nariman House.^[29] Rabi Holtzberg kehilangan nyawanya dalam serangan teroris tahun 2008 tersebut.^[27]

Lihat pula

Daftar objek wisata di Mumbai

Catatan kaki

^ While Dupée (2008) notes that the king and queen passed through a "temporarily constructed mock cardboard and pastiche structure",^[1] de Bruyn et al. (2008) note the same simply as a "fake cardboard structure"^[4].
^ Gammon India claims to have done India's first pre-cast reinforced concrete piling for the foundations of the gateway.^[9]^[10]
^ Morris (2005) writes about the gateway, "This was where the British landed: and this where, in the end, they left. The Gateway of India did not see many ceremonial arrivals after all, during its three decades under British rule, but it formed the background to one historical departure — the last parade with which, in 1947, the British said goodbye to their Indian Empire."^[14]
^ Kamala (2000) writes, "Through the Gateway, the imperial traveller could perceive in his mind's eye the vision of a subject-nation, a nation constructed and processed in and for his gaze. As Tejaswini Niranjana points out, one of the professed aims of English education was to give the colonized, "along with the English language, models of national culture" (1992, 107),^[17] the stated objectives being to "give a liberal English education to the middle and upper classes, in order that we may furnish them with both the materials and models for the formation of a national literature" (Trevelyan 1838, 175).^[18] While various notions of India—indeed, various Indias—may have pre-existed British colonization, this one monolithic nation, India, was constructed only in English translation. The Gateway of India looked outward, welcoming the colonizer, a symbol and facilitator of appropriation, but it also looked inward, bringing a people together (and driving them apart) as they dutifully defined their nation in the curiously perceived neutrality of the English language."^[16]
^ The gateway has also been featured in films shot in or with stories based in Mumbai. Ranjani Mazumdar (2010), referring to the 1989 Indian film Parinda, writes, "In a city where the rich and poor live cheek by jowl, where disenchantment is the experience of the majority, Mumbai Noir has become synonymous with urban decay, crime, claustrophobia, and an assortment of characters marked by some sort of death wish...Karan is soon sucked into a vortex of violence in a narrative that consciously uses Mumbai's familiar locations like the Gateway of India, the Babulnath Temple, the fountains and various abandoned factories...Urban space is not just the backdrop but a central character in the film and the use of the Gateway of India to stage a bloody climax paved the way for a new imagination of violence."^[22]
There is also a 1957 Indian film titled Gateway of India featuring the monument, starring Madhubala and Om Prakash.^[23]
^ Referring to the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel located opposite the gateway, both visible together from the sea.
^ Tindall (1992) writes, "If Bombay is, as some think, an Indian city with a Western façade, then the Gateway and the Taj^[F] are this façade in spite of their determinedly oriental opulence."^[25] While Dupée (2008) writes, "The city's dramatical imperial arch graced the harbor's approach, lending substance to the characterization that Bombay was the "gateway" or "front door" to the subcontinent, not unlike, according to one author, the Arc de Triomphe's as entryway into the city of Paris...The arch of honey-colored basalt was not completed until 1924, but once erected it became for travellers the city's dominant architectural icon. The Taj Mahal Hotel, situated nearby, also faced the harbour, commanding a stunning view of the sea and, dependent upon the traveller's aesthetic tastes, lending an imposing grandeur to the city's image."^[1] Yet Monojit (1997) notes, "Visible from way out at sea, it was the first sight of normality in what was to be an alien land...Today, the Gateway is a favourite promenade spot for thousands of Bomabyites...the Gateway that once symbolised Imperial rule still symbolises the city's closeness to the West, its contact with the outside world."^[26]

Referensi

Catatan dan laporan berita

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dupée, Jeffrey N. 2008, hlm. 114.
^ Anthony Hewitt 1993, hlm. 173.
^ Timothy H. Parsons 2014, hlm. 3.
^ de Bruyn, Pipa 2008, hlm. 92.
^ ^a ^b de Bruyn, Pipa 2010, hlm. 92.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999, hlm. 42.
^ Gillian Tindall 1992, hlm. 6-7.
^ Renu Saran 2014, ch. on 'Gateway of India.
^ B. Karunakar 2011, ch. on 'Gammon India Ltd.'.
^ "Landmark Projects". www.gammonindia.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 February 2019. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2019.
^ Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra 1995, hlm. 118.
^ Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra 1995.
^ Robert W. Bradnock 1994.
^ ^a ^b Jan Morris 2005, hlm. 195.
^ "N. Kamala". jnu.ac.in. Jawaharlal Nehru University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-05. Diakses tanggal 19 September 2019.
^ ^a ^b SimonSt-Pierre 2000, hlm. 245, chpt. 13.
^ Tejaswini Niranjana 1992, hlm. 107.
^ Charles Edward Trevelyan 1838, hlm. 175.
^ SimonSt-Pierre 2000, hlm. 245.
^ Bose, Mrityunjay (21 February 2019). "Gateway of India to be digitally preserved". Deccan Herald. Mumbai. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 13 August 2019.
^ Kulkarni, Dhaval; Shaikh, Ateeq (25 September 2015). "Passenger jetty, promenade planned at Apollo Bunder". Daily News and Analysis. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 December 2015. Diakses tanggal 20 September 2019.
^ Helio San Miguel 2012, chpt. on 'Mumbai Noir'.
^ Deepa Gahlot2015, chpt. on 'Gateway of India (1957)'.
^ Chatterji, Monojit 1997, hlm. 233-234.
^ Gillian Tindall 1992, hlm. 12.
^ Chatterji, Monojit 1997, hlm. 233.
^ ^a ^b ^c Iyer, Kavitha (21 December 2014). "Hanukkah lights up at Gateway of India, with a wish to spread light and love". Indian Express. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 August 2019.
^ Doyle, Kit (14 December 2018). "Photos of the Week". Religion News Service. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 August 2019.
^ "Baby Moshe's grandparents in Mumbai, to conduct prayers". Hindustan Times. 25 December 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 August 2019.

Buku dan jurnal

Civic Affairs. P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press. 1961. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
The Bombay Civic Journal. Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay. 1975. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
A. K. Bag (2001). History of Technology in India. Indian National Science Academy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Ajoy Kumar Sen (1991). Tourism in India. Modern Book Agency.
Anthony Hewitt (1993). Corridors of Time: Distant Footsteps Through the Empire 1914-1948. Pentland. ISBN 978-1-85821-092-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
B.K. Chaturvedi (2002). Tourist Centers Of India. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7182-137-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
B. Karunakar (7 December 2011). Corporate Champions: Excellent Companies of India. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-81-321-1919-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan; et al. (2008). "Religion and identity in India's heritage tourism". Annals of Tourism Research. 35 (3): 790–808. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.004.
Berlitz (1 August 2017). Berlitz Pocket Guide India. Apa Publications. ISBN 978-1-78573-058-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Bombay State Road Transport Corporation (1958). State Transport Review. 9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Mumbai - Cultural Life di Encyclopædia Britannica
Charles Edward Trevelyan (1838). On the Education of the People of India. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Chatterji, Monojit (1997). "Gateway to the globe". The World Today. 53 (8/9): 233–234. JSTOR 40475975.
DK Travel (1 October 2014). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 978-0-241-01348-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
de Bruyn, Pipa; et al. (4 March 2008). Frommer's India. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470556108. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
de Bruyn, Pipa; et al. (2010). Frommer's India. Wiley. ISBN 9780470556108. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Deepa Gahlot (1 October 2015). Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-84544-85-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Dupée, Jeffrey N. (2008). Traveling India in the Age of Gandhi. University Press of America. ISBN 9781461693116. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Gillian Tindall (1992). City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-009500-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Helio San Miguel (21 September 2012). World Film Locations: Mumbai. Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-84150-679-1.
Jagir Singh Bajwa; Ravinder Kaur (2007). Tourism Management. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0047-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Jan Morris (2005). Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280596-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Kirpal Sigh Annie Mathew. Middle School Social Sciences. Frank Brothers. ISBN 978-81-8409-103-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
McGarr, Paul M. (2015). "'The Viceroys are Disappearing from the Roundabouts in Delhi': British symbols of power in post-colonial India". Modern Asian Studies. 49 (3): 787–831. doi:10.1017/s0026749x14000080.
Melody S. Mis (15 December 2004). How to Draw India's Sights and Symbols. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4042-2732-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Narasingha Prosad Sil (1997). Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 978-0-945636-97-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
P. K. Agrawal. Indian Culture, Art and Heritage. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5266-926-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Renu Saran (19 August 2014). Monuments of India. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5165-298-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Sarina Singh (15 September 2010). Lonely Planet India. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 978-1-74220-347-8.
Sharada Dwivedi; Rahul Mehrotra (1995). Bombay: The Cities Within. India Book House. ISBN 978-81-85028-80-4.
Sharada Dwivedi; Rahul Mehrotra (1999). Fort walks: around Bombay's Fort area. Eminence Designs. ISBN 978-81-900602-3-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Simon, Sherry; St-Pierre, Paul (2000). Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era. University of Ottawa Press. ISBN 978-0-7766-0524-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Shobhna Gupta (2003). Monuments of India. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-0926-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Robert W. Bradnock (1994). South Asian Handbook. Trade & Travel Publications.
Tejaswini Niranjana (8 January 1992). Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91136-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Timothy H. Parsons (7 August 2014). The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-3529-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-18.
Tiwari, L. B.; et al. (2005). "Weathering impact on the colour of building stones of the 'Gateway of India' monument". Environmental Geology. 48 (6): 788–794. Bibcode:2005EnGeo..48..788T. doi:10.1007/s00254-005-0020-4.

Pranala luar

Interactive 360° imagery of the gateway Diarsipkan 2022-07-13 di Wayback Machine.
OpenStreetMap memiliki data geografis tentang Gerbang India (Mumbai)

[5] While Dupée (2008) notes that the king and queen passed through a "temporarily constructed mock cardboard and pastiche structure",^[1] de Bruyn et al. (2008) note the same simply as a "fake cardboard structure"^[4].

[12] Gammon India claims to have done India's first pre-cast reinforced concrete piling for the foundations of the gateway.^[9]^[10]

[17] Morris (2005) writes about the gateway, "This was where the British landed: and this where, in the end, they left. The Gateway of India did not see many ceremonial arrivals after all, during its three decades under British rule, but it formed the background to one historical departure — the last parade with which, in 1947, the British said goodbye to their Indian Empire."^[14]

[22] Kamala (2000) writes, "Through the Gateway, the imperial traveller could perceive in his mind's eye the vision of a subject-nation, a nation constructed and processed in and for his gaze. As Tejaswini Niranjana points out, one of the professed aims of English education was to give the colonized, "along with the English language, models of national culture" (1992, 107),^[17] the stated objectives being to "give a liberal English education to the middle and upper classes, in order that we may furnish them with both the materials and models for the formation of a national literature" (Trevelyan 1838, 175).^[18] While various notions of India—indeed, various Indias—may have pre-existed British colonization, this one monolithic nation, India, was constructed only in English translation. The Gateway of India looked outward, welcoming the colonizer, a symbol and facilitator of appropriation, but it also looked inward, bringing a people together (and driving them apart) as they dutifully defined their nation in the curiously perceived neutrality of the English language."^[16]

[28] The gateway has also been featured in films shot in or with stories based in Mumbai. Ranjani Mazumdar (2010), referring to the 1989 Indian film Parinda, writes, "In a city where the rich and poor live cheek by jowl, where disenchantment is the experience of the majority, Mumbai Noir has become synonymous with urban decay, crime, claustrophobia, and an assortment of characters marked by some sort of death wish...Karan is soon sucked into a vortex of violence in a narrative that consciously uses Mumbai's familiar locations like the Gateway of India, the Babulnath Temple, the fountains and various abandoned factories...Urban space is not just the backdrop but a central character in the film and the use of the Gateway of India to stage a bloody climax paved the way for a new imagination of violence."^[22]
There is also a 1957 Indian film titled Gateway of India featuring the monument, starring Madhubala and Om Prakash.^[23]

[30] Referring to the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel located opposite the gateway, both visible together from the sea.

[33] Tindall (1992) writes, "If Bombay is, as some think, an Indian city with a Western façade, then the Gateway and the Taj^[F] are this façade in spite of their determinedly oriental opulence."^[25] While Dupée (2008) writes, "The city's dramatical imperial arch graced the harbor's approach, lending substance to the characterization that Bombay was the "gateway" or "front door" to the subcontinent, not unlike, according to one author, the Arc de Triomphe's as entryway into the city of Paris...The arch of honey-colored basalt was not completed until 1924, but once erected it became for travellers the city's dominant architectural icon. The Taj Mahal Hotel, situated nearby, also faced the harbour, commanding a stunning view of the sea and, dependent upon the traveller's aesthetic tastes, lending an imposing grandeur to the city's image."^[1] Yet Monojit (1997) notes, "Visible from way out at sea, it was the first sight of normality in what was to be an alien land...Today, the Gateway is a favourite promenade spot for thousands of Bomabyites...the Gateway that once symbolised Imperial rule still symbolises the city's closeness to the West, its contact with the outside world."^[26]

[FOOTNOTEDupée,_Jeffrey_N.2008114-1] Dupée, Jeffrey N. 2008, hlm. 114.

[FOOTNOTEAnthony_Hewitt1993173-2] Anthony Hewitt 1993, hlm. 173.

[FOOTNOTETimothy_H._Parsons20143-3] Timothy H. Parsons 2014, hlm. 3.

[FOOTNOTEde_Bruyn,_Pipa200892-4] Bruyn, Pipa 2008, hlm. 92.

[FOOTNOTEde_Bruyn,_Pipa201092-6] Bruyn, Pipa 2010, hlm. 92.

[FOOTNOTESharada_DwivediRahul_Mehrotra199942-7] Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999, hlm. 42.

[FOOTNOTEGillian_Tindall19926-7-8] Gillian Tindall 1992, hlm. 6-7.

[FOOTNOTERenu_Saran2014ch._on_'Gateway_of_India-9] Renu Saran 2014, ch. on 'Gateway of India.

[FOOTNOTEB._Karunakar2011ch._on_'Gammon_India_Ltd.'-10] B. Karunakar 2011, ch. on 'Gammon India Ltd.'.

[11] "Landmark Projects". www.gammonindia.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 February 2019. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2019.

[FOOTNOTESharada_DwivediRahul_Mehrotra1995118-13] Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra 1995, hlm. 118.

[FOOTNOTESharada_DwivediRahul_Mehrotra1995-14] Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra 1995.

[FOOTNOTERobert_W._Bradnock1994-15] Robert W. Bradnock 1994.

[FOOTNOTEJan_Morris2005195-16] Jan Morris 2005, hlm. 195.

[18] "N. Kamala". jnu.ac.in. Jawaharlal Nehru University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-05. Diakses tanggal 19 September 2019.

[FOOTNOTESimonSt-Pierre2000245chpt._13-19] SimonSt-Pierre 2000, hlm. 245, chpt. 13.

[FOOTNOTETejaswini_Niranjana1992107-20] Tejaswini Niranjana 1992, hlm. 107.

[FOOTNOTECharles_Edward_Trevelyan1838175-21] Charles Edward Trevelyan 1838, hlm. 175.

[FOOTNOTESimonSt-Pierre2000245-23] SimonSt-Pierre 2000, hlm. 245.

[deccan-24] Bose, Mrityunjay (21 February 2019). "Gateway of India to be digitally preserved". Deccan Herald. Mumbai. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 13 August 2019.

[Kulkarni-25] Kulkarni, Dhaval; Shaikh, Ateeq (25 September 2015). "Passenger jetty, promenade planned at Apollo Bunder". Daily News and Analysis. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 December 2015. Diakses tanggal 20 September 2019.

[FOOTNOTEHelio_San_Miguel2012chpt._on_'Mumbai_Noir'-26] Helio San Miguel 2012, chpt. on 'Mumbai Noir'.

[FOOTNOTEDeepa_Gahlot2015chpt._on_'Gateway_of_India_(1957)'-27] Deepa Gahlot2015, chpt. on 'Gateway of India (1957)'.

[FOOTNOTEChatterji,_Monojit1997233-234-29] Chatterji, Monojit 1997, hlm. 233-234.

[FOOTNOTEGillian_Tindall199212-31] Gillian Tindall 1992, hlm. 12.

[FOOTNOTEChatterji,_Monojit1997233-32] Chatterji, Monojit 1997, hlm. 233.

[hanukkah-34] Iyer, Kavitha (21 December 2014). "Hanukkah lights up at Gateway of India, with a wish to spread light and love". Indian Express. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 August 2019.

[35] Doyle, Kit (14 December 2018). "Photos of the Week". Religion News Service. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 August 2019.

[36] "Baby Moshe's grandparents in Mumbai, to conduct prayers". Hindustan Times. 25 December 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 August 2019.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[A]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[B]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[C]

[15]

[16]

[D]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[E]

[24]

[G]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[4]

[9]

[10]

[17]

[18]

[22]

[23]

[F]

[25]

[26]

@@ Baris 49: / Baris 49: @@
 Setelah pembangunannya, gerbang ini digunakan sebagai sebuah pintu masuk seremonial simbolis ke India Britania bagi personel kolonial yang penting. Gerbang ini telah disebut sebagai simbol "penaklukan dan kolonisasi" untuk memperingati warisan kolonial Britania. Gerbang ini juga merupakan monumen tempat pasukan Britania terakhir meninggalkan India pada tahun 1948, setelah kemerdekaan India. Gerbang ini terletak di tepi laut pada suatu sudut, di seberang [[Hotel The Taj Mahal Palace]] dan menghadap ke [[Laut Arab]]. Saat ini, monumen ini identik dengan kota Mumbai, dan merupakan salah satu objek wisata utama. Gerbang ini juga merupakan tempat berkumpul bagi penduduk setempat, pedagang kaki lima, dan para fotografer yang merayu jasa pemotretan. Gerbang ini memiliki arti penting bagi komunitas Yahudi setempat karena telah menjadi tempat untuk perayaan [[Hanukkah]], dengan penyalaan [[menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]], sejak tahun 2003. Terdapat lima dermaga yang terletak di pintu gerbang, dua di antaranya digunakan untuk operasi feri komersial.
-==Sejarah dan arti penting==
+== Sejarah dan arti penting ==
 {{multiple image|perrow=1/1|total_width=200|| align=left|caption_align=left
 | image1 = Gateway of India, Bombay. 1911.JPG|caption1=Gerbang tahun 1924
@@ Baris 56: / Baris 56: @@
 Gerbang ini dibangun untuk memperingati kedatangan George V, Kaisar India dan Mary dari Teck, Ratu Permaisuri, di India di Apollo Bunder, Mumbai (saat itu Bombay) pada 2 Desember 1911 sebelum [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi Durbar tahun 1911]]; ini merupakan kunjungan pertama seorang raja Britania ke India.{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}}{{sfn|Anthony Hewitt|1993|p=173}}{{sfn|Timothy H. Parsons|2014|p=3}} Namun, mereka hanya bisa melihat sebuah model monumen kardus,{{efn-ua|group=note|While Dupée (2008) notes that the king and queen passed through a "temporarily constructed mock cardboard and [[pastiche]] structure",{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}} de Bruyn et al. (2008) note the same simply as a "fake cardboard structure"{{sfn|de Bruyn, Pipa|2008|p=92}}.}} karena pembangunan baru dimulai setelah tahun 1915.{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}}{{sfn|de Bruyn, Pipa|2010|p=92}} Batu fondasi untuk gerbang ini diletakkan pada 31 Maret 1913 oleh gubernur Bombay saat itu, [[George Clarke, Baron Sydenham dari Combe ke-1|Sir George Sydenham Clarke]] dengan desain akhir dari [[George Wittet]] untuk gerbang tersebut disetujui pada Agustus 1914.{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999|p=42}}{{sfn|de Bruyn, Pipa|2010|p=92}} Sebelum dibangunnya gerbang ini, Apollo Bunder berfungsi sebagai sebuah tempat pemancingan asli.{{sfn|Gillian Tindall|1992|p=6-7}} Antara tahun 1915 dan 1919 pekerjaan berlanjut di Apollo Bunder untuk melakukan reklamasi tanah tempat gerbang ini akan dibangun, bersamaan dengan pembangunan sebuah tembok laut.{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999|p=42}}{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999|p=42}} [[Gammon India]] telah melaksanakan pekerjaan konstruksi untuk gerbang ini.{{sfn|Renu Saran|2014|loc = ch. on 'Gateway of India}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Gammon India claims to have done India's first pre-cast reinforced concrete piling for the foundations of the gateway.{{sfn|B. Karunakar|2011|loc= ch. on 'Gammon India Ltd.'}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gammonindia.com/projects/landmark-project-for-gammon-india.htm |title=Landmark Projects |website=www.gammonindia.com |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219044719/http://www.gammonindia.com/projects/landmark-project-for-gammon-india.htm |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Fondasinya selesai pada tahun 1920 sementara konstruksinya selesai pada tahun 1924.{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra|1995|p=118}}{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999|p=42}} Gerbang ini dibuka untuk umum pada 4 Desember 1924 oleh raja muda saat itu, [[Rufus Isaacs, Marquess dari Reading ke-1]].{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra|1995}} Setelah kemerdekaan India, pasukan Britania terakhir yang meninggalkan India, Batalion Pertama [[Somerset Light Infantry]], melewati gerbang ini dengan salvo 21 meriam, sebagai bagian dari upacara pada 28 Februari 1948, menandai berakhirnya [[Kemaharajaan Britania]].{{sfn|Robert W. Bradnock|1994}}{{sfn|Jan Morris|2005|p=195}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Morris (2005) writes about the gateway, "This was where the British landed: and this where, in the end, they left. The Gateway of India did not see many ceremonial arrivals after all, during its three decades under British rule, but it formed the background to one historical departure — the last parade with which, in 1947, the British said goodbye to their Indian Empire."{{sfn|Jan Morris|2005|p=195}}}}
-N. Kamala, profesor di [[Universitas Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/nkamala |title=N. Kamala |website=jnu.ac.in |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> menyebut gerbang ini sebagai sebuah "permata di mahkota" dan sebuah "simbol penaklukan dan kolonisasi".{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245|loc=chpt. 13}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Kamala (2000) writes, "Through the Gateway, the imperial traveller could perceive in his mind's eye the vision of a subject-nation, a nation constructed and processed in and for his gaze. As Tejaswini Niranjana points out, one of the professed aims of English education was to give the colonized, "along with the English language, models of national culture" (1992, 107),{{sfn|Tejaswini Niranjana|1992|p=107}} the stated objectives being to "give a liberal English education to the middle and upper classes, in order that we may furnish them with both the materials and models for the formation of a national literature" (Trevelyan 1838, 175).{{sfn|Charles Edward Trevelyan|1838|p=175}} While various notions of India—indeed, various Indias—may have pre-existed British colonization, this one monolithic nation, India, was constructed only in English translation. The Gateway of India looked outward, welcoming the colonizer, a symbol and facilitator of appropriation, but it also looked inward, bringing a people together (and driving them apart) as they dutifully defined their nation in the curiously perceived neutrality of the English language."{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245|loc=chpt. 13}}}} Monumen ini memperingati warisan pemerintahan kolonial Britania; yakni kunjungan pertama seorang raja Britania ke India dan penggunaannya sebagai titik masuk bagi personel kolonial terkemuka ke India Britania.{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245}} Saat ini gerbang tersebut identik dengan kota Mumbai.<ref name="deccan">{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gateway-india-be-digitally-719577.html | title=Gateway of India to be digitally preserved | date=21 February 2019 | newspaper=Deccan Herald | accessdate=13 August 2019 | author=Bose, Mrityunjay | location=Mumbai | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813105317/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gateway-india-be-digitally-719577.html | archive-date=13 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kulkarni">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-passenger-jetty-promenade-planned-at-apollo-bunder-2128420 |title=Passenger jetty, promenade planned at Apollo Bunder |last=Kulkarni |first=Dhaval |date=25 September 2015 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=20 September 2019 |last2=Shaikh |first2=Ateeq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209032404/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-passenger-jetty-promenade-planned-at-apollo-bunder-2128420 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn-ua|group=note|The gateway has also been featured in films shot in or with stories based in Mumbai. Ranjani Mazumdar (2010), referring to the 1989 Indian film ''[[Parinda]]'', writes, "In a city where the rich and poor live cheek by jowl, where disenchantment is the experience of the majority, Mumbai Noir has become synonymous with urban decay, crime, claustrophobia, and an assortment of characters marked by some sort of death wish...Karan is soon sucked into a vortex of violence in a narrative that consciously uses Mumbai's familiar locations like the Gateway of India, the Babulnath Temple, the fountains and various abandoned factories...Urban space is not just the backdrop but a central character in the film and the use of the Gateway of India to stage a bloody climax paved the way for a new imagination of violence."{{sfn|Helio San Miguel|2012|loc= chpt. on 'Mumbai Noir'}}<br/>There is also a 1957 Indian film titled ''Gateway of India'' featuring the monument, starring [[Madhubala]] and [[Om Prakash]].{{sfn|Deepa Gahlot2015|loc=chpt. on 'Gateway of India (1957)'}}}} Sejak pembangunannya, gerbang ini tetap merupakan salah satu di antara bangunan pertama yang terlihat oleh pengunjung yang tiba di Bombay melalui laut.{{sfn|Chatterji, Monojit|1997|pp=233-234}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Tindall (1992) writes, "If Bombay is, as some think, an Indian city with a Western façade, then the Gateway and the Taj{{efn-ua|group=note|Referring to the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] located opposite the gateway, both visible together from the sea.}} are this façade in spite of their determinedly oriental opulence."{{sfn|Gillian Tindall|1992|p=12}} While Dupée (2008) writes, "The city's dramatical imperial arch graced the harbor's approach, lending substance to the characterization that Bombay was the "gateway" or "front door" to the subcontinent, not unlike, according to one author, the [[Arc de Triomphe]]'s as entryway into the city of [[Paris]]...The arch of honey-colored basalt was not completed until 1924, but once erected it became for travellers the city's dominant architectural icon. The Taj Mahal Hotel, situated nearby, also faced the harbour, commanding a stunning view of the sea and, dependent upon the traveller's aesthetic tastes, lending an imposing grandeur to the city's image."{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}} Yet Monojit (1997) notes, "Visible from way out at sea, it was the first sight of normality in what was to be an alien land...Today, the Gateway is a favourite promenade spot for thousands of Bomabyites...the Gateway that once symbolised Imperial rule still symbolises the city's closeness to the West, its contact with the outside world."{{sfn|Chatterji, Monojit|1997|p=233}}}}
+N. Kamala, profesor di [[Universitas Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/nkamala |title=N. Kamala |website=jnu.ac.in |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=19 September 2019 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085336/https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/nkamala |dead-url=no }}</ref> menyebut gerbang ini sebagai sebuah "permata di mahkota" dan sebuah "simbol penaklukan dan kolonisasi".{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245|loc=chpt. 13}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Kamala (2000) writes, "Through the Gateway, the imperial traveller could perceive in his mind's eye the vision of a subject-nation, a nation constructed and processed in and for his gaze. As Tejaswini Niranjana points out, one of the professed aims of English education was to give the colonized, "along with the English language, models of national culture" (1992, 107),{{sfn|Tejaswini Niranjana|1992|p=107}} the stated objectives being to "give a liberal English education to the middle and upper classes, in order that we may furnish them with both the materials and models for the formation of a national literature" (Trevelyan 1838, 175).{{sfn|Charles Edward Trevelyan|1838|p=175}} While various notions of India—indeed, various Indias—may have pre-existed British colonization, this one monolithic nation, India, was constructed only in English translation. The Gateway of India looked outward, welcoming the colonizer, a symbol and facilitator of appropriation, but it also looked inward, bringing a people together (and driving them apart) as they dutifully defined their nation in the curiously perceived neutrality of the English language."{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245|loc=chpt. 13}}}} Monumen ini memperingati warisan pemerintahan kolonial Britania; yakni kunjungan pertama seorang raja Britania ke India dan penggunaannya sebagai titik masuk bagi personel kolonial terkemuka ke India Britania.{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245}} Saat ini gerbang tersebut identik dengan kota Mumbai.<ref name="deccan">{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gateway-india-be-digitally-719577.html | title=Gateway of India to be digitally preserved | date=21 February 2019 | newspaper=Deccan Herald | accessdate=13 August 2019 | author=Bose, Mrityunjay | location=Mumbai | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813105317/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gateway-india-be-digitally-719577.html | archive-date=13 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kulkarni">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-passenger-jetty-promenade-planned-at-apollo-bunder-2128420 |title=Passenger jetty, promenade planned at Apollo Bunder |last=Kulkarni |first=Dhaval |date=25 September 2015 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=20 September 2019 |last2=Shaikh |first2=Ateeq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209032404/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-passenger-jetty-promenade-planned-at-apollo-bunder-2128420 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn-ua|group=note|The gateway has also been featured in films shot in or with stories based in Mumbai. Ranjani Mazumdar (2010), referring to the 1989 Indian film ''[[Parinda]]'', writes, "In a city where the rich and poor live cheek by jowl, where disenchantment is the experience of the majority, Mumbai Noir has become synonymous with urban decay, crime, claustrophobia, and an assortment of characters marked by some sort of death wish...Karan is soon sucked into a vortex of violence in a narrative that consciously uses Mumbai's familiar locations like the Gateway of India, the Babulnath Temple, the fountains and various abandoned factories...Urban space is not just the backdrop but a central character in the film and the use of the Gateway of India to stage a bloody climax paved the way for a new imagination of violence."{{sfn|Helio San Miguel|2012|loc= chpt. on 'Mumbai Noir'}}<br/>There is also a 1957 Indian film titled ''Gateway of India'' featuring the monument, starring [[Madhubala]] and [[Om Prakash]].{{sfn|Deepa Gahlot2015|loc=chpt. on 'Gateway of India (1957)'}}}} Sejak pembangunannya, gerbang ini tetap merupakan salah satu di antara bangunan pertama yang terlihat oleh pengunjung yang tiba di Bombay melalui laut.{{sfn|Chatterji, Monojit|1997|pp=233-234}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Tindall (1992) writes, "If Bombay is, as some think, an Indian city with a Western façade, then the Gateway and the Taj{{efn-ua|group=note|Referring to the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] located opposite the gateway, both visible together from the sea.}} are this façade in spite of their determinedly oriental opulence."{{sfn|Gillian Tindall|1992|p=12}} While Dupée (2008) writes, "The city's dramatical imperial arch graced the harbor's approach, lending substance to the characterization that Bombay was the "gateway" or "front door" to the subcontinent, not unlike, according to one author, the [[Arc de Triomphe]]'s as entryway into the city of [[Paris]]...The arch of honey-colored basalt was not completed until 1924, but once erected it became for travellers the city's dominant architectural icon. The Taj Mahal Hotel, situated nearby, also faced the harbour, commanding a stunning view of the sea and, dependent upon the traveller's aesthetic tastes, lending an imposing grandeur to the city's image."{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}} Yet Monojit (1997) notes, "Visible from way out at sea, it was the first sight of normality in what was to be an alien land...Today, the Gateway is a favourite promenade spot for thousands of Bomabyites...the Gateway that once symbolised Imperial rule still symbolises the city's closeness to the West, its contact with the outside world."{{sfn|Chatterji, Monojit|1997|p=233}}}}
 Sejak tahun 2003, gerbang ini telah menjadi lokasi bagi komunitas Yahudi setempat untuk menyalakan menorah untuk perayaan Hanukkah setiap tahun.<ref name="hanukkah"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://religionnews.com/2018/12/14/photos-of-the-week-52/ | title=Photos of the Week | date=14 December 2018 | newspaper=Religion News Service | accessdate=16 August 2019 | author=Doyle, Kit | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171233/https://religionnews.com/2018/12/14/photos-of-the-week-52/ | archive-date=16 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Ritual ini dimulai oleh [[Gavriel Holtzberg|Rabi Gavriel Noach Holtzberg]] dari ''[[chabad]]'' di Mumbai (terletak di [[Nariman House]]).<ref name="hanukkah">{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hanukkah-lights-up-at-gateway-of-india-with-a-wish-to-spread-light-and-love/ | title=Hanukkah lights up at Gateway of India, with a wish to spread light and love | newspaper=Indian Express | date=21 December 2014 | accessdate=16 August 2019 | author=Iyer, Kavitha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171256/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hanukkah-lights-up-at-gateway-of-india-with-a-wish-to-spread-light-and-love/ | archive-date=16 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Ia juga menjadi tempat berdoa setelah [[Serangan teroris Mumbai November 2008|serangan teroris Mumbai 2008]] yang menargetkan, antara lain, Nariman House.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/baby-moshe-s-grandparents-in-mumbai-to-conduct-prayers/story-6EZOIHtEqO8s5KpQ3Zpb1K.html | title=Baby Moshe's grandparents in Mumbai, to conduct prayers | date=25 December 2008 | newspaper=Hindustan Times | accessdate=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171231/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/baby-moshe-s-grandparents-in-mumbai-to-conduct-prayers/story-6EZOIHtEqO8s5KpQ3Zpb1K.html | archive-date=16 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Rabi Holtzberg kehilangan nyawanya dalam serangan teroris tahun 2008 tersebut.<ref name = "hanukkah"/>
-==Lihat pula==
+== Lihat pula ==
 * [[Daftar objek wisata di Mumbai]]
-==Catatan kaki==
+== Catatan kaki ==
 {{notelist-ua|30em}}
-==Referensi==
+== Referensi ==
-===Catatan dan laporan berita===
+=== Catatan dan laporan berita ===
 {{reflist|30em}}
-===Buku dan jurnal===
+=== Buku dan jurnal ===
 {{Refbegin|40em}}
-* {{cite book|ref = {{harvid|Civic Affairs|1961}}|title=Civic Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOkmAQAAIAAJ|year=1961|publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press}}
+* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Civic Affairs|1961}}|title=Civic Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOkmAQAAIAAJ|year=1961|publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100847/https://books.google.com/books?id=aOkmAQAAIAAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref = {{harvid|Bombay Civic Journal|1975}}|title=The Bombay Civic Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4zRyapZSRMC|year=1975|publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay}}
+* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Bombay Civic Journal|1975}}|title=The Bombay Civic Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4zRyapZSRMC|year=1975|publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100847/https://books.google.com/books?id=N4zRyapZSRMC|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=A. K. Bag|title=History of Technology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDshAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=A. K. Bag|title=History of Technology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDshAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100848/https://books.google.com/books?id=lDshAQAAIAAJ|dead-url=no}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Ajoy Kumar Sen|title=Tourism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ugbAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Modern Book Agency}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Anthony Hewitt|title=Corridors of Time: Distant Footsteps Through the Empire 1914-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHduAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Pentland|isbn=978-1-85821-092-6}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Anthony Hewitt|title=Corridors of Time: Distant Footsteps Through the Empire 1914-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHduAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Pentland|isbn=978-1-85821-092-6|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100848/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHduAAAAMAAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=B.K. Chaturvedi|title=Tourist Centers Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLcFkhRZPYC|year=2002|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-137-2}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=B.K. Chaturvedi|title=Tourist Centers Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLcFkhRZPYC|year=2002|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-137-2|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100848/https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLcFkhRZPYC|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=B. Karunakar|title=Corporate Champions: Excellent Companies of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKoDwAAQBAJ|date=7 December 2011|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-81-321-1919-7}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=B. Karunakar|title=Corporate Champions: Excellent Companies of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKoDwAAQBAJ|date=7 December 2011|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-81-321-1919-7|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101855/https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKoDwAAQBAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite journal | ref=harv|title=Religion and identity in India's heritage tourism | author=Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan | journal=Annals of Tourism Research | year=2008 | volume=35 | issue=3 | pages=790–808 | doi=10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.004 |display-authors=et al.}}
+* {{cite journal | ref=harv | title=Religion and identity in India's heritage tourism | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-tourism-research_2008-07_35_3/page/790 | author=Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan | journal=Annals of Tourism Research | year=2008 | volume=35 | issue=3 | pages=790–808 | doi=10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.004 | display-authors=et al. }}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Berlitz|title=Berlitz Pocket Guide India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0StHDwAAQBAJ|date=1 August 2017|publisher=Apa Publications|isbn=978-1-78573-058-0}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Berlitz|title=Berlitz Pocket Guide India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0StHDwAAQBAJ|date=1 August 2017|publisher=Apa Publications|isbn=978-1-78573-058-0|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101921/https://books.google.com/books?id=0StHDwAAQBAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Bombay State Road Transport Corporation|title=State Transport Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbWAAAAMAAJ|volume=9|year=1958}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Bombay State Road Transport Corporation|title=State Transport Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbWAAAAMAAJ|volume=9|year=1958|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101857/https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbWAAAAMAAJ|dead-url=no}}
 * {{Britannica|72526|Mumbai - Cultural Life|Chakravarthi Raghavan}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Charles Edward Trevelyan|title=On the Education of the People of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGNJAAAAIAAJ|year=1838|publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans|author-link=Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Charles Edward Trevelyan|title=On the Education of the People of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGNJAAAAIAAJ|year=1838|publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans|author-link=Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101857/https://books.google.com/books?id=zGNJAAAAIAAJ|dead-url=no}}
 * {{cite journal | ref=harv | title=Gateway to the globe | author=Chatterji, Monojit | journal=The World Today | year=1997 | volume=53 | issue=8/9 | pages=233–234 |jstor=40475975}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=DK Travel|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K51tBAAAQBAJ|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=978-0-241-01348-9}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=DK Travel|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K51tBAAAQBAJ|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=978-0-241-01348-9|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101857/https://books.google.com/books?id=K51tBAAAQBAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=de Bruyn, Pipa|display-authors=et al.|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1ksAQAAMAAJ|date=4 March 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470556108}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=de Bruyn, Pipa|display-authors=et al.|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1ksAQAAMAAJ|date=4 March 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470556108|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101857/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1ksAQAAMAAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book | ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/?id=poQPvwEACAAJ&dq=frommers+india+2008 | title=Frommer's India | publisher=Wiley | author=de Bruyn, Pipa|display-authors=et al. | year=2010 | isbn=9780470556108}}
+* {{cite book| ref=harv| url=https://books.google.com/?id=poQPvwEACAAJ&dq=frommers+india+2008| title=Frommer's India| publisher=Wiley| author=de Bruyn, Pipa| display-authors=et al.| year=2010| isbn=9780470556108| access-date=2019-11-18| archive-date=2023-08-01| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102359/https://books.google.com/books?id=poQPvwEACAAJ&dq=frommers+india+2008&hl=en| dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Deepa Gahlot|title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ|date=1 October 2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-84544-85-0|author-link=Deepa Gahlot}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Deepa Gahlot|title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ|date=1 October 2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-84544-85-0|author-link=Deepa Gahlot|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102401/https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book |ref=harv| url=https://books.google.com/?id=UpT2CwAAQBAJ&dq=queen+mary+king+george+cardboard+structure | title=Traveling India in the Age of Gandhi | publisher=University Press of America | author=Dupée, Jeffrey N. | year=2008 | isbn = 9781461693116}}
+* {{cite book | ref=harv | url=https://books.google.com/?id=UpT2CwAAQBAJ&dq=queen+mary+king+george+cardboard+structure | title=Traveling India in the Age of Gandhi | publisher=University Press of America | author=Dupée, Jeffrey N. | year=2008 | isbn=9781461693116 | access-date=2019-11-18 | archive-date=2023-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102400/https://books.google.com/books?id=UpT2CwAAQBAJ&dq=queen+mary+king+george+cardboard+structure&hl=en | dead-url=no }}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Gillian Tindall|title=City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKwmBWs-jGMC|year=1992|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-009500-5|author-link=Gillian Tindall}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Gillian Tindall|title=City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKwmBWs-jGMC|year=1992|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-009500-5|author-link=Gillian Tindall|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102359/https://books.google.com/books?id=fKwmBWs-jGMC|dead-url=no}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Helio San Miguel|title=World Film Locations: Mumbai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsCrDwAAQBAJ|date=21 September 2012|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-679-1}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Jagir Singh Bajwa|author2=Ravinder Kaur|title=Tourism Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVXCiwdwPxsC|year=2007|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0047-3}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Jagir Singh Bajwa|author2=Ravinder Kaur|title=Tourism Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVXCiwdwPxsC|year=2007|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0047-3|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102420/https://books.google.com/books?id=TVXCiwdwPxsC|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Jan Morris|title=Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280596-6|author-link=Jan Morris}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Jan Morris|title=Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280596-6|author-link=Jan Morris|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102900/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC|dead-url=no}}
-*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Kirpal Sigh Annie Mathew|title=Middle School Social Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyohfLCDOUkC|publisher=Frank Brothers|isbn=978-81-8409-103-8}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Kirpal Sigh Annie Mathew|title=Middle School Social Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyohfLCDOUkC|publisher=Frank Brothers|isbn=978-81-8409-103-8|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102900/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyohfLCDOUkC|dead-url=no}}
 * {{cite journal | ref=harv|title='The Viceroys are Disappearing from the Roundabouts in Delhi': British symbols of power in post-colonial India | author=McGarr, Paul M. | journal=Modern Asian Studies | year=2015 | volume=49 | issue=3 | pages=787–831 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x14000080}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Melody S. Mis|title=How to Draw India's Sights and Symbols|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsWERNisCTgC|date=15 December 2004|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-1-4042-2732-3}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Melody S. Mis|title=How to Draw India's Sights and Symbols|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsWERNisCTgC|date=15 December 2004|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-1-4042-2732-3|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102901/https://books.google.com/books?id=JsWERNisCTgC|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Narasingha Prosad Sil|title=Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTDPlJPyV_MC|year=1997|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|isbn=978-0-945636-97-7|author-link=Narasingha Sil}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Narasingha Prosad Sil|title=Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTDPlJPyV_MC|year=1997|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|isbn=978-0-945636-97-7|author-link=Narasingha Sil|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102902/https://books.google.com/books?id=pTDPlJPyV_MC|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author= P. K. Agrawal|title=Indian Culture, Art and Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cJmDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5266-926-4}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=P. K. Agrawal|title=Indian Culture, Art and Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cJmDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5266-926-4|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102902/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cJmDwAAQBAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Renu Saran|title=Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ|date=19 August 2014|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5165-298-4}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Renu Saran|title=Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ|date=19 August 2014|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5165-298-4|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102904/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ|dead-url=no}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Sarina Singh|title=Lonely Planet India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA783|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74220-347-8}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Sharada Dwivedi|author2=Rahul Mehrotra|title=Bombay: The Cities Within|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuhOAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=India Book House|isbn=978-81-85028-80-4|author1-link=Sharada Dwivedi}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Sharada Dwivedi|author2=Rahul Mehrotra|title=Fort walks: around Bombay's Fort area|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTRuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Eminence Designs|isbn=978-81-900602-3-3}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Sharada Dwivedi|author2=Rahul Mehrotra|title=Fort walks: around Bombay's Fort area|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTRuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Eminence Designs|isbn=978-81-900602-3-3|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103410/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTRuAAAAMAAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|first1=Sherry|last1= Simon|first2=Paul |last2=St-Pierre|title=Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC|year=2000|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=978-0-7766-0524-1}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|first1=Sherry|last1=Simon|first2=Paul|last2=St-Pierre|title=Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC|year=2000|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=978-0-7766-0524-1|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103423/https://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Shobhna Gupta|title=Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Shobhna Gupta|title=Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103402/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC|dead-url=no}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Robert W. Bradnock|title=South Asian Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=le8uAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications}}
-*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Tejaswini Niranjana|title=Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SELEnpv0CJkC|date=8 January 1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91136-9}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Tejaswini Niranjana|title=Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SELEnpv0CJkC|date=8 January 1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91136-9|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103404/https://books.google.com/books?id=SELEnpv0CJkC|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Timothy H. Parsons|title=The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urpKBAAAQBAJ|date=7 August 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3529-8}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Timothy H. Parsons|title=The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urpKBAAAQBAJ|date=7 August 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3529-8|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103404/https://books.google.com/books?id=urpKBAAAQBAJ|dead-url=no}}
-* {{cite journal | ref=harv|title=Weathering impact on the colour of building stones of the 'Gateway of India' monument | author=Tiwari, L. B. |display-authors=et al.| journal=Environmental Geology | year=2005 | volume=48 | issue=6 | pages=788–794 | doi=10.1007/s00254-005-0020-4|bibcode=2005EnGeo..48..788T }}
+* {{cite journal | ref=harv | title=Weathering impact on the colour of building stones of the 'Gateway of India' monument | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-geology_2005-09_48_6/page/788 | author=Tiwari, L. B. | display-authors=et al. | journal=Environmental Geology | year=2005 | volume=48 | issue=6 | pages=788–794 | doi=10.1007/s00254-005-0020-4 | bibcode=2005EnGeo..48..788T }}
 {{refend}}
-==Pranala luar==
+== Pranala luar ==
 {{commons category}}
-* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gateway+Of+India+Mumbai/@18.9222281,72.8346631,2a,75y,222.56h,90.21t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1snjNnaONbfz98G8zuMYztCg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!2sGateway+Of+India+Mumbai!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543!3m4!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543 Interactive 360° imagery of the gateway]
+* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gateway+Of+India+Mumbai/@18.9222281,72.8346631,2a,75y,222.56h,90.21t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1snjNnaONbfz98G8zuMYztCg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!2sGateway+Of+India+Mumbai!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543!3m4!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543 Interactive 360° imagery of the gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184812/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gateway+Of+India+Mumbai/@18.9222281,72.8346631,2a,75y,222.56h,90.21t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1snjNnaONbfz98G8zuMYztCg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!2sGateway+Of+India+Mumbai!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543!3m4!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543 |date=2022-07-13 }}
 * {{osmrelation-inline|6356858}}
-{{Portalbar|India|Arsitektur|state=collapsed}}
+{{Portal|India}}
 [[Kategori:Bangunan batu]]