Daftar kepala negara Uni Soviet: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 35: | Baris 35: | ||
!'''[[Mikhail Kalinin]]''' |
!'''[[Mikhail Kalinin]]''' |
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'''(1875–1946)<ref name="kalinin2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|author=Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780300092066|location=|page=413}}</ref>''' |
'''(1875–1946)<ref name="kalinin2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|author=Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780300092066|location=|page=413}}</ref>''' |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:Калинин М. И. (1920).jpg|pus|nirbing|161x161px]] |
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|30 Desember 1922–12 Januari 1938 |
|30 Desember 1922–12 Januari 1938 |
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Baris 42: | Baris 42: | ||
![[Mikhail Kalinin]] |
![[Mikhail Kalinin]] |
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(1875–1946)<ref name="kalinin2"/> |
(1875–1946)<ref name="kalinin2"/> |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:Калинин М. И. (1920).jpg|pus|nirbing|167x167px]] |
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|17 Januari 1938–19 Maret 1946 |
|17 Januari 1938–19 Maret 1946 |
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Baris 48: | Baris 48: | ||
![[Nikolay Shvernik]] |
![[Nikolay Shvernik]] |
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(1888–1970)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|author=Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0300092066|location=|page=441}}</ref> |
(1888–1970)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|author=Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0300092066|location=|page=441}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:Николай Михайлович Шверник.jpg|pus|nirbing|174x174px]] |
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|19 Maret 1946–6 Maret 1953 |
|19 Maret 1946–6 Maret 1953 |
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Baris 54: | Baris 54: | ||
![[Kliment Voroshilov]] |
![[Kliment Voroshilov]] |
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(1881–1969)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|author=Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0300092066|location=|page=406}}</ref> |
(1881–1969)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|author=Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0300092066|location=|page=406}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas:Kliment Voroshilov. |
|[[Berkas:Kliment Voroshilov.jpg|pus|nirbing|158x158px]] |
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|15 Maret 1953–7 Mei 1960 |
|15 Maret 1953–7 Mei 1960 |
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Baris 60: | Baris 60: | ||
![[Leonid Brezhnev]] |
![[Leonid Brezhnev]] |
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(1906–1982)<ref name="brezhnev2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VVFuYN8TS5AC&dq|title=Daily Life in the Soviet Union|author=Bliss Eaton, Katherine|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0313316289|location=|page=29}}</ref> |
(1906–1982)<ref name="brezhnev2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VVFuYN8TS5AC&dq|title=Daily Life in the Soviet Union|author=Bliss Eaton, Katherine|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0313316289|location=|page=29}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas:Staatshoofden, portretten, Bestanddeelnr 925-6564 (cropped)(d).jpg|pus|nirbing|152x152px]] |
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|[[Berkas:Leonid Brezhnev.jpg|100px]] |
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|7 Mei 1960–15 Juli 1964 |
|7 Mei 1960–15 Juli 1964 |
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Baris 66: | Baris 66: | ||
![[Anastas Mikoyan]] |
![[Anastas Mikoyan]] |
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(1895–1975)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|author=Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0300092067|location=|page=404}}</ref> |
(1895–1975)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|author=Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0300092067|location=|page=404}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:Анастас_Иванович_Микоян.jpg|pus|nirbing|136x136px]] |
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|15 Juli 1964–9 Desember 1965 |
|15 Juli 1964–9 Desember 1965 |
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Baris 72: | Baris 72: | ||
![[Nikolay Podgorny]] |
![[Nikolay Podgorny]] |
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(1903–1983)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq|title=The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context|author=Ploss, Sidney|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0786444861|location=|page=218}}</ref> |
(1903–1983)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq|title=The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context|author=Ploss, Sidney|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0786444861|location=|page=218}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:Nicolai Podgorny.jpg|pus|nirbing|162x162px]] |
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|9 Desember 1965–16 Juni 1977 |
|9 Desember 1965–16 Juni 1977 |
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|- |
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!''(4)'' |
!7''(4)'' |
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![[Leonid Brezhnev]] |
![[Leonid Brezhnev]] |
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(1906–1982)<ref name="brezhnev2" /> |
(1906–1982)<ref name="brezhnev2" /> |
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|[[Berkas:Staatshoofden, portretten, Bestanddeelnr 925-6564 (cropped)(d).jpg|pus|nirbing|152x152px]] |
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|[[Berkas:Leonid Brezhnev.jpg|100px]] |
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|16 Juni 1977–10 November 1982 |
|16 Juni 1977–10 November 1982 |
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|- |
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!— |
!— |
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![[Vasili Kuznetsov]] |
![[Vasili Kuznetsov]] (Plt.) |
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(1901–1990)<ref name="kuznetsov3">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bio_k/kuznecovvv.php|title=Кузнецов Василий Васильевич|publisher=World History on the Internet|language=Rusia|accessdate=7 December 2010|trans_title=Vasili Vasilyevich Kuznetsov}}</ref> |
(1901–1990)<ref name="kuznetsov3">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bio_k/kuznecovvv.php|title=Кузнецов Василий Васильевич|publisher=World History on the Internet|language=Rusia|accessdate=7 December 2010|trans_title=Vasili Vasilyevich Kuznetsov}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas:Vasili Kuznetsov.jpg|100px]] |
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|10 November 1982–16 Juni 1983 |
|10 November 1982–16 Juni 1983 |
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! |
!8 |
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![[Yuri Andropov]] |
![[Yuri Andropov]] |
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(1914–1984)<ref name="andropov2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq|title=The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context|author=Ploss, Sidney|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0786444861|location=|page=216}}</ref> |
(1914–1984)<ref name="andropov2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq|title=The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context|author=Ploss, Sidney|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0786444861|location=|page=216}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas:Andropov1.jpg| |
|[[Berkas:Andropov1.jpg|pus|161x161px]] |
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|16 Juni 1983–9 Februari 1984 |
|16 Juni 1983–9 Februari 1984 |
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|- |
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!— |
!— |
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![[Vasili Kuznetsov]] |
![[Vasili Kuznetsov]] (Plt.) |
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(1901–1990)<ref name="kuznetsov3"/> |
(1901–1990)<ref name="kuznetsov3"/> |
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|[[Berkas:Vasili Kuznetsov.jpg|100px]] |
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|9 Februari 1984–11 April 1984 |
|9 Februari 1984–11 April 1984 |
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|- |
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! |
!9 |
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![[Konstantin Chernenko]] |
![[Konstantin Chernenko]] |
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(1911–1985)<ref name="andropov2"/> |
(1911–1985)<ref name="andropov2"/> |
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|[[Berkas:Chernenko.jpg|100px]] |
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|11 April 1984–10 Maret 1985 |
|11 April 1984–10 Maret 1985 |
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|- |
|- |
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!— |
!— |
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![[Vasili Kuznetsov]] |
![[Vasili Kuznetsov]] (Plt.) |
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(1901–1990)<ref name="kuznetsov3"/> |
(1901–1990)<ref name="kuznetsov3"/> |
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|[[Berkas:Vasili Kuznetsov.jpg|100px]] |
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|10 Maret 1985–27 Juli 1985 |
|10 Maret 1985–27 Juli 1985 |
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|- |
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! |
!10 |
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![[Andrey Gromyko]] |
![[Andrey Gromyko]] |
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(1909–1989)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq|title=The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context|author=Ploss, Sidney|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0786444861|location=|page=217}}</ref> |
(1909–1989)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq|title=The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context|author=Ploss, Sidney|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0786444861|location=|page=217}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:Andrei Gromyko 1972 (cropped).jpg|pus|nirbing|167x167px]] |
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|27 Juli 1985–1 Oktober 1988 |
|27 Juli 1985–1 Oktober 1988 |
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|- |
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! rowspan="5" | |
! rowspan="5" |11 |
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![[Mikhail Gorbachev]] |
![[Mikhail Gorbachev]] |
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(1931–)<ref name="gorbachev4">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VVFuYN8TS5AC&dq|title=Daily Life in the Soviet Union|author=Bliss Eaton, Katherine|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0313316289|location=|page=32}}</ref> |
(1931–)<ref name="gorbachev4">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VVFuYN8TS5AC&dq|title=Daily Life in the Soviet Union|author=Bliss Eaton, Katherine|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0313316289|location=|page=32}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:RIAN_archive_850809_General_Secretary_of_the_CPSU_CC_M._Gorbachev_(crop).jpg|pus|133x133px]] |
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|1 Oktober 1988–25 Mei 1989 |
|1 Oktober 1988–25 Mei 1989 |
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|- |
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Baris 127: | Baris 127: | ||
![[Mikhail Gorbachev]] |
![[Mikhail Gorbachev]] |
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(1931–)<ref name="gorbachev4"/> |
(1931–)<ref name="gorbachev4"/> |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:RIAN_archive_850809_General_Secretary_of_the_CPSU_CC_M._Gorbachev_(crop).jpg|pus|133x133px]] |
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|25 Mei 1989–15 Maret 1990 |
|25 Mei 1989–15 Maret 1990 |
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Baris 134: | Baris 134: | ||
![[Mikhail Gorbachev]] |
![[Mikhail Gorbachev]] |
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(1931–)<ref name="gorbachev4"/> |
(1931–)<ref name="gorbachev4"/> |
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|[[Berkas: |
|[[Berkas:RIAN_archive_850809_General_Secretary_of_the_CPSU_CC_M._Gorbachev_(crop).jpg|pus|133x133px]] |
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|15 Maret 1990–25 Desember 1991 |
|15 Maret 1990–25 Desember 1991 |
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Baris 174: | Baris 174: | ||
!2 |
!2 |
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! rowspan="1" |[[Pyotr Demichev]] |
! rowspan="1" |[[Pyotr Demichev]] |
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(1917–2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.peoples.ru/2010/08/10/50485.shtml|title=Петр Демичев : Умер министр культуры СССР Петр Демичев|publisher=Peoples.ru (Lenta.ru)|language=Rusia|accessdate=8 December 2010|trans_title=Menteri Kebudayaan Uni Soviet, Pyotr Demichev, Wafat}}</ref> |
(1917–2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.peoples.ru/2010/08/10/50485.shtml|title=Петр Демичев : Умер министр культуры СССР Петр Демичев|publisher=Peoples.ru (Lenta.ru)|language=Rusia|accessdate=8 December 2010|trans_title=Menteri Kebudayaan Uni Soviet, Pyotr Demichev, Wafat|archive-date=2011-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163132/http://news.peoples.ru/2010/08/10/50485.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |
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|[[Berkas:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1.svg|100px]] |
|[[Berkas:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1.svg|100px]] |
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|18 Juni 1986–1 Oktober 1988 |
|18 Juni 1986–1 Oktober 1988 |
Revisi terkini sejak 20 Maret 2024 12.40
Kepala Negara Uni Soviet | |
---|---|
Bekas jabatan politik | |
![]() | |
Pendahulu | Tidak ada |
Pengganti | Presiden Federasi Rusia |
Pejabat pertama | Mikhail Kalinin |
Pejabat terakhir | Mikhail Gorbachev |
Kediaman resmi | Istana Agung Kremlin, Moskwa |
Jabatan dimulai | 30 Desember 1922 |
Jabatan berakhir | 25 Desember 1991 |
Konstitusi Soviet mengakui pemimpin lembaga negara tertinggi di Uni Soviet sebagai kepala negara. Ketua Presidium Majelis Agung Uni Soviet dan pejabat awal Ketua Komite Eksekutif Pusat Kongres Majelis Uni Soviet yang dirombak pada tahun 1938 hanya memiliki kekuasaan secara seremonial. Meski kepala negara Uni Soviet memiliki kekuasaan luas secara de jure, tetapi hanya sedikit kekuasaan yang dimiliki secara de facto.
Dari sebelas tokoh yang ditunjuk sebagai kepala negara, tiga di antara mereka wafat secara alami saat bertugas (Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, dan Konstantin Chernenko), dua sebagai pejabat sementara (Vasili Kuznetsov dan Gennady Yanayev), dan empat tokoh menjabat sebagai kepala negara sekaligus Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet dalam waktu yang bersamaan (Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko, dan Mikhail Gorbachev). Kepala negara Uni Soviet yang pertama adalah Mikhail Kalinin yang dilantik pada tahun 1922 setelah penandatanganan Traktat Pembentukan Uni Soviet. Kalinin pula yang menjadi pejabat kepala negara terlama selama lebih dari dua puluh tahun dan wafat tidak lama setelah mengundurkan diri pada tahun 1946. Adapun pejabat yang tersingkat adalah Yuri Andropov.
Kepala Negara
[sunting | sunting sumber]No. [cat. 1] |
Nama | Foto | Masa Jabatan |
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1 | Ketua Komite Eksekutif Pusat Kongres Majelis Agung Uni Soviet (1922–1938) | ||
Mikhail Kalinin
(1875–1946)[1] |
![]() |
30 Desember 1922–12 Januari 1938 | |
Ketua Presidium Majelis Agung Uni Soviet (1938–1989) | |||
Mikhail Kalinin
(1875–1946)[1] |
![]() |
17 Januari 1938–19 Maret 1946 | |
2 | Nikolay Shvernik
(1888–1970)[2] |
![]() |
19 Maret 1946–6 Maret 1953 |
3 | Kliment Voroshilov
(1881–1969)[3] |
![]() |
15 Maret 1953–7 Mei 1960 |
4 | Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)[4] |
![]() |
7 Mei 1960–15 Juli 1964 |
5 | Anastas Mikoyan
(1895–1975)[5] |
![]() |
15 Juli 1964–9 Desember 1965 |
6 | Nikolay Podgorny
(1903–1983)[6] |
![]() |
9 Desember 1965–16 Juni 1977 |
7(4) | Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)[4] |
![]() |
16 Juni 1977–10 November 1982 |
— | Vasili Kuznetsov (Plt.)
(1901–1990)[7] |
10 November 1982–16 Juni 1983 | |
8 | Yuri Andropov
(1914–1984)[8] |
16 Juni 1983–9 Februari 1984 | |
— | Vasili Kuznetsov (Plt.)
(1901–1990)[7] |
9 Februari 1984–11 April 1984 | |
9 | Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)[8] |
11 April 1984–10 Maret 1985 | |
— | Vasili Kuznetsov (Plt.)
(1901–1990)[7] |
10 Maret 1985–27 Juli 1985 | |
10 | Andrey Gromyko
(1909–1989)[9] |
![]() |
27 Juli 1985–1 Oktober 1988 |
11 | Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–)[10] |
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1 Oktober 1988–25 Mei 1989 |
Ketua Majelis Agung Uni Soviet (1989–1990)[cat. 2] | |||
Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–)[10] |
![]() |
25 Mei 1989–15 Maret 1990 | |
Presiden Uni Soviet (1990–1991) | |||
Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–)[10] |
![]() |
15 Maret 1990–25 Desember 1991 |
Wakil Kepala Negara
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wakil Kepala Negara Uni Soviet | |
---|---|
Bekas jabatan politik | |
![]() | |
Pejabat pertama | Vasili Kuznetsov |
Pejabat terakhir | Gennady Yanayev |
Kediaman resmi | Istana Agung Kremlin, Moskwa |
Jabatan dimulai | 7 Oktober 1977 |
Jabatan berakhir | 25 Desember 1991 |
No. | Nama | Foto | Masa Jabatan |
---|---|---|---|
Wakil Ketua Pertama Presidium Majelis Agung Uni Soviet (1977–1989) | |||
1 | Vasili Kuznetsov
(1901–1990)[7] |
![]() |
7 Oktober 1977–18 Juni 1986 |
2 | Pyotr Demichev
(1917–2010)[12] |
![]() |
18 Juni 1986–1 Oktober 1988 |
3 | Anatoly Lukyanov
(1930–)[13] |
![]() |
1 Oktober 1988–25 Mei 1989 |
Wakil Ketua Majelis Agung Uni Soviet (1989–1990) | |||
Anatoly Lukyanov
(1930–)[13] |
![]() |
25 Mei 1989–15 Maret 1990 | |
Wakil Presiden Uni Soviet (1990–1991) | |||
4 | Gennady Yanayev
(1937–2010)[14] |
![]() |
27 Desember 1990–21 Agustus 1991[cat. 3] |
Dihapus[16] | 21 Agustus 1991–26 Desember 1991[cat. 4] |
Ibu negara
[sunting | sunting sumber]Ibu negara Uni Soviet tidak memiliki jabatan resmi dan tidak menerima gaji. Walaupun demikian, ibu negara ikut menghadiri upacara resmi dan kegiatan kenegaraan lainnya baik bersama maupun atas nama kepala negara.
Nama | Kepala Negara | Masa Jabatan |
---|---|---|
Ekaterina Kalinina (nama marga: Lorberg) |
Mikhail Kalinin | 30 Desember 1922–19 Maret 1946 |
Mariya Shvernik (nama marga: Ulazovskaya) |
Nikolay Shvernik | 19 Maret 1946–6 Maret 1953 |
Ekaterina Voroshilova (nama marga: Davidovna) |
Kliment Voroshilov | 15 Maret 1953–7 Mei 1960 |
Viktoria Brezhneva (nama marga: tak diketahui) |
Leonid Brezhnev | 7 Mei 1960–15 Juli 1964 |
Ashkhen Mikoyan (nama marga: Tumanyan) |
Anastas Mikoyan | 15 Juli 1964–9 Desember 1965 |
Natalya Podgornaya (nama marga: Nazarova) |
Nikolai Podgorny | 9 Desember 1965–16 Juni 1977 |
Viktoria Brezhneva (nama marga: tak diketahui) |
Leonid Brezhnev | 16 Juni 1977–10 November 1982 |
Tatyana Andropova (nama marga: Filipovna) |
Yuri Andropov | 16 Juni 1983–9 Februari 1984 |
Anna Chernenko (nama marga: Lyubimova) |
Konstantin Chernenko | 11 April 1984–10 Maret 1985 |
Lydia Gromyko (nama marga: Grinevich) |
Andrei Gromyko | 27 Juli 1985–1 Oktober 1988 |
Raisa Gorbachova (nama marga: Titarenko) |
Mikhail Gorbachev | 1 Oktober 1988–25 Desember 1991 |
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Catatan
- ^ a b Kepala dan wakil kepala negara yang menjabat lebih dari sekali hanya diberi nomor satu kali dan jabatan selanjutnya ditandai dengan nomor masa jabatan pertama yang angkanya dimiringkan. Pejabat sementara kepala negara tidak diberi nomor. Penomoran ini tidak resmi.
- ^ Pada tanggal 15 Maret 1990, sebagian besar kekuasaan konstitusional dialihkan ke jabatan yang baru dibentuk, yaitu Presiden Uni Soviet. Anatoly Lukyanov terpilih sebagai Ketua Majelis Agung Uni Soviet untuk menggantikan Mikhail Gorbachev. Walaupun nama jabatan Ketua Majelis Agung tidak diubah, kekuasaannya turun menjadi juru bicara parlemen, bukan lagi kepala negara. Kekuasaan eksekutif yang sebenarnya tetap dipegang oleh Gorbachev.[11]
- ^ Yanayev menjadi Pejabat Presiden Uni Soviet selama kudeta bulan Agustus 1991, tetapi kemudian dipenjara setelah kudeta gagal dan Gorbachev kembali menempati posisinya semula sebagai presiden.[15]
- ^ Pasca-kegagalan kudeta bulan Agustus 1991, Dewan Negara Uni Soviet diberi kekuasaan untuk memilih wakil presiden jika presiden berhalangan sementara dalam bertugas.[17]
- Bibliografi
- ^ a b Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. hlm. 413. ISBN 9780300092066.
- ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. hlm. 441. ISBN 978-0300092066.
- ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. hlm. 406. ISBN 978-0300092066.
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- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
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