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Carwaka (Dewanagari: चार्वाक; ,IAST: Cārvāka, चार्वाक), juga dikenal sebagai Lokāyata, adalah sistem filsafat India yang mengandung sejumlah pemikiran materialisme, skeptisisme filosofis, dan pengabaian nilai religius.^[1] Secara etimologi, kata Cārvāka dan Lokāyata berarti "populer" atau "dapat disepakati" dalam bahasa Sanskerta.^[2]^[3]

Carwaka dikalisifikasikan sebagai Hindu heterodoks (Nāstika).^[4]^[5] Carwaka dikenali sebagai mazhab yang materialistis dan ateistis. Meskipun filsafat India ini kini tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari mazhab filsafat Hindu ortodoks, sejumlah sarjana mendeskripsikannya sebagai suatu gerakan filsafat ateistis atau materialistis dalam tubuh Hinduisme.^[6]^[7]

Carwaka muncul sebagai alternatif bagi perguruan Hindu Astika pro-Weda, sekaligus sebagai pendahulu bagi filsafat nastika yang muncul pada masa kemudian atau pada masa yang sama, seperti Ājīvika, Jainisme, dan Buddhisme (yang dua terakhir bercabang menjadi dua agama yang berbeda) pada era klasik filsafat India.^[8] Berbeda dengan perguruan astika lainnya, sila pertama filsafat Carwaka yaitu menolak kesimpulan yang dipakai sebagai pembenaran hal-hal metafisis.^[9]^[10]

Referensi

^ Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. ISBN 0-691-01958-4. p. 227.
^ Monier-Williams (1899); the name literally means "speaking nicely", from cāru "agreeable" and vāk "speech"
^ Cowell and Gough, p. 2; Lokāyata may be etymologically analysed as "prevalent in the world " (loka and āyata)
^ Radhakrishnan and Moore, "Contents".
^ p. 224. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Though this school of thought is not commonly considered as a part of six orthodox schools of Indian Philosophy, Haribhadra Suri, a Jain mendicant from c. seventh century, considers this school as a part of those six in his book ShaDdarshan Samucchaya. Potter, Karl H. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. hlm. 435–436. ISBN 978-81-208-1968-9.
^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. A Source book in Indian Philosophy. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–49. ISBN 0-691-01958-4.
^ Bhattacharya 2011, p. 9.
^ Cowell and Gough, p. 5.
^ Bhattacharya 2011, p. 58.

Daftar pustaka

Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna. Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Volume 30, Number 6, December 2002, pp. 597–640.
Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna. Studies on the Carvaka/Lokayata (Cultural, Historical and Textual Studies of Religions). Anthem Press; Bilingual edition (December 15, 2011). ISBN 0-85728-433-9.
Cowell, E. B.; Gough, A. E. (2001). The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy: Trubner's Oriental Series. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-24517-3.
Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. ISBN 0-691-01958-4.

Artikel bertopik filsafat ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. ISBN 0-691-01958-4. p. 227.

[MW-2] Monier-Williams (1899); the name literally means "speaking nicely", from cāru "agreeable" and vāk "speech"

[CG-3] Cowell and Gough, p. 2; Lokāyata may be etymologically analysed as "prevalent in the world " (loka and āyata)

[4] Radhakrishnan and Moore, "Contents".

[5] . 224. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[6] Though this school of thought is not commonly considered as a part of six orthodox schools of Indian Philosophy, Haribhadra Suri, a Jain mendicant from c. seventh century, considers this school as a part of those six in his book ShaDdarshan Samucchaya. Potter, Karl H. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. hlm. 435–436. ISBN 978-81-208-1968-9.

[7] Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. A Source book in Indian Philosophy. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–49. ISBN 0-691-01958-4.

[8] Bhattacharya 2011, p. 9.

[page5-9] Cowell and Gough, p. 5.

[10] Bhattacharya 2011, p. 58.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 '''Carwaka''' {{sanskerta|चार्वाक|Cārvāka}}, juga dikenal sebagai '''{{IAST|Lokāyata}}''', adalah sistem [[filsafat India]] yang mengandung sejumlah pemikiran [[materialisme]], [[skeptisisme filosofis]], dan pengabaian nilai religius.<ref>[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli]]; and [[Charles A. Moore|Moore, Charles A.]] ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. ISBN 0-691-01958-4. p. 227.</ref> Secara etimologi, kata {{IAST|Cārvāka}} dan {{IAST|Lokāyata}} berarti "populer" atau "dapat disepakati" dalam [[bahasa Sanskerta]].<ref name="MW">[[Monier-Williams]] (1899); the name literally means "speaking nicely", from {{IAST|cāru}} "agreeable" and {{IAST|[[vāk]]}} "speech"</ref><ref name="CG">Cowell and Gough, p. 2; Lokāyata may be etymologically analysed as "prevalent in the world " (loka and āyata)</ref>
-Carwaka dikalisifikasikan sebagai [[Hinduisme|Hindu]] [[heterodoks]] (''[[Astika dan nastika|Nāstika]]'').<ref>Radhakrishnan and Moore, "Contents".</ref><ref>p. 224. {{cite book|last = Flood|first = Gavin|year = 1996|title = An Introduction to Hinduism|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge}}</ref> Carwaka dikenali sebagai mazhab yang materialistis dan [[ateisme|ateistis]]. Meskipun filsafat India ini kini tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari mazhab [[filsafat Hindu]] [[ortodoks]], sejumlah sarjana mendeskripsikannya sebagai suatu gerakan filsafat [[ateisme dalam Hindu|ateistis atau materialistis]] dalam tubuh [[Hinduisme]].<ref>Though this school of thought is not commonly considered as a part of six orthodox schools of Indian Philosophy, [[Haribhadra|Haribhadra Suri]], a Jain mendicant from c. seventh century, considers this school as a part of those six in his book ''ShaDdarshan Samucchaya''. {{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D.|last= Potter|first=Karl H.|pages=435–436|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=2007|place=Delhi|isbn=978-81-208-1968-9}}</ref><ref>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. ''A Source book in Indian Philosophy''. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–49. ISBN 0-691-01958-4.</ref>
+Carwaka dikalisifikasikan sebagai [[Hinduisme|Hindu]] [[heterodoks]] (''[[Astika dan nastika|Nāstika]]'').<ref>Radhakrishnan and Moore, "Contents".</ref><ref>p. 224. {{cite book|last = Flood|first = Gavin|year = 1996|title = An Introduction to Hinduism|url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge}}</ref> Carwaka dikenali sebagai mazhab yang materialistis dan [[ateisme|ateistis]]. Meskipun filsafat India ini kini tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari mazhab [[filsafat Hindu]] [[ortodoks]], sejumlah sarjana mendeskripsikannya sebagai suatu gerakan filsafat [[ateisme dalam Hindu|ateistis atau materialistis]] dalam tubuh [[Hinduisme]].<ref>Though this school of thought is not commonly considered as a part of six orthodox schools of Indian Philosophy, [[Haribhadra|Haribhadra Suri]], a Jain mendicant from c. seventh century, considers this school as a part of those six in his book ''ShaDdarshan Samucchaya''. {{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D.|last= Potter|first=Karl H.|pages=435–436|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=2007|place=Delhi|isbn=978-81-208-1968-9}}</ref><ref>Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. ''A Source book in Indian Philosophy''. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–49. ISBN 0-691-01958-4.</ref>
 Carwaka muncul sebagai alternatif bagi perguruan Hindu [[Āstika dan nāstika|Astika]] pro-[[Weda]], sekaligus sebagai pendahulu bagi filsafat nastika yang muncul pada masa kemudian atau pada masa yang sama, seperti [[Ājīvika]], [[Jainisme]], dan [[Buddhisme]] (yang dua terakhir bercabang menjadi dua agama yang berbeda) pada era klasik filsafat India.<ref>Bhattacharya 2011, p. 9.</ref> Berbeda dengan perguruan astika lainnya, sila pertama filsafat Carwaka yaitu menolak kesimpulan yang dipakai sebagai pembenaran hal-hal [[metafisika|metafisis]].<ref name="page5">Cowell and Gough, p. 5.</ref><ref>Bhattacharya 2011, p. 58.</ref>
@@ Baris 12: / Baris 12: @@
 * Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna. Studies on the Carvaka/Lokayata (Cultural, Historical and Textual Studies of Religions). Anthem Press; Bilingual edition (December 15, 2011). ISBN 0-85728-433-9.
 * {{cite book|last1=Cowell|first1=E. B.|last2=Gough|first2=A. E.|title=The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy: Trubner's Oriental Series|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xkrCRbOq-HUC|year=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-24517-3 }}
-* {{cite book|last = Flood|first = Gavin|year = 1996|title = An Introduction to Hinduism|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge}}
+* {{cite book|last = Flood|first = Gavin|year = 1996|title = An Introduction to Hinduism|url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge}}
 * Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. ISBN 0-691-01958-4.