Kiropraktik: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 20 Maret 2024 01.35

Kiropraktik adalah disiplin dan profesi pelayanan kesehatan yang menekankan menekankan diagnosis, perawatan, dan pencegahan gangguan mekanik pada sistem muskuloskeletal, khususnya tulang belakang, atas hipotesis bahwa gangguan itu akan mengganggu kesehatan umum melalui sistem saraf.^[1] Istilah ini umumnya dikategorikan sebagai pengobatan holistik (alternatif), suatu sifat yang ditolak oleh banyak pakar kiropraktik.^[2]^[3] Meskipun pakar kiropraktik memiliki banyak sifat penyedia perawatan dasar, mereka memiliki lebih banyak sifat bidang medis seperti bidang pergigian dan podiatri.^[4] Teknik perawatan kiropraktik utama melibatkan terapi kejiwaan, termasuk pemanipulasian tulang belakang, sendi, dan jaringan lunak. Perawatan juga termasuk senaman dan konseling kesehatan dan gaya hidup.^[5] Kiropraktik tradisional menganggap bahwa subluksasi ruas tulang belakang atau disfungsi sendi tulang belakang akan mengganggu fungsi tubuh dan kecerdasan alamiah, suatu anggapan vitalistik yang mengakibatkan ejekan dari sains dan medis aliran utama.^[6]^[7]

Daniel David Palmer mendirikan kiropraktik pada 1890-an. Lalu anaknya, Barlett Joshua Palmer, membantu pengembangan ilmu ini pada awal abad ke-20.^[8] Bidang kiropraktik kini memiliki dua aliran utama:

"Aliran Murni", kini golongan minoritas, yang menekankan vitalisme, kecerdasan kembali jadi, dan koreksi tulang belakang, dan menganggap subluksasi sebagai penyebab utama untuk semua penyakit;
"Aliran Campuran" yang bersikap lebih terbuka terhadap teknik medis utama dan teknik medis alternatif seperti senaman, pengurutan, adisi makanan, dan akupunktur.^[9]

Bidang kiropraktik kini sudah sering digunakan di Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan Australia, dan merupakan profesi kesehatan yang ketiga terbesar setelah bidang medis dan bidang pergigian.^[10]^[11] Kebanyakan orang yang mencari pelayanan kiropraktik berbuat demikian untuk merawat sakit belakang bawah.^[12]

Rujukan

^ Nelson CF, Lawrence DJ, Triano JJ; et al. (2005). "Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession". Chiropr Osteopat. 13: 9. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-9. PMC 1185558 . PMID 16000175. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-12-07. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-08.
^ Chapman-Smith DA, Cleveland CS III (2005). "International status, standards, and education of the chiropractic profession". Dalam Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B et al. (eds.). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic (edisi ke-3rd). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 111–34. ISBN 0-07-137534-1.
^ Redwood D, Hawk C, Cambron J, Vinjamury SP, Bedard J (2008). "Do chiropractors identify with complementary and alternative medicine? results of a survey". J Altern Complement Med. 14 (4): 361–8. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.0766. PMID 18435599.
^ Meeker WC, Haldeman S (2002). "Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine" (PDF). Ann Intern Med. 136 (3): 216–27. PMID 11827498.
^ Mootz RD, Shekelle PG (1997). "Content of practice". Dalam Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.). Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. hlm. 67–91. OCLC 39856366. Diakses tanggal 2008-10-10.
^ Keating JC Jr (2005). "A brief history of the chiropractic profession". Dalam Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B et al. (eds.). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic (edisi ke-3rd). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 23–64. ISBN 0-07-137534-1.
^ Keating JC Jr, Charlton KH, Grod JP, Perle SM, Sikorski D, Winterstein JF (2005). "Subluxation: dogma or science?". Chiropr Osteopat. 13: 17. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-17. PMC 1208927 . PMID 16092955. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-26. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-08.
^ Martin SC (1993). "Chiropractic and the social context of medical technology, 1895–1925". Technol Cult. 34 (4): 808–34. doi:10.2307/3106416. PMID 11623404.
^ Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM (1998). "Chiropractic: origins, controversies, and contributions". Arch Intern Med. 158 (20): 2215–24. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2215. PMID 9818801.
^ Tetrault M (2004). "Global professional strategy for chiropractic" (PDF). Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2008-04-18.
^ Smith M, Morschhauser S. "Establishing a database of U.S. chiropractic health manpower data: furthering the development of research infrastructure." National Library of Medicine. Diakses tanggal 2008-05-06.
^ Lawrence DJ, Meeker WC (2007). "Chiropractic and CAM utilization: a descriptive review". Chiropr Osteopat. 15: 2. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-15-2. PMC 1784103 . PMID 17241465. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-20. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-08.

Pranala luar

Kiropraktik di Curlie (dari DMOZ)

[Nelson-1] Nelson CF, Lawrence DJ, Triano JJ; et al. (2005). "Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession". Chiropr Osteopat. 13: 9. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-9. PMC 1185558 . PMID 16000175. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-12-07. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-08.

[Chapman-Smith-2] Chapman-Smith DA, Cleveland CS III (2005). "International status, standards, and education of the chiropractic profession". Dalam Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B et al. (eds.). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic (edisi ke-3rd). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 111–34. ISBN 0-07-137534-1.

[Redwood-CAM-3] Redwood D, Hawk C, Cambron J, Vinjamury SP, Bedard J (2008). "Do chiropractors identify with complementary and alternative medicine? results of a survey". J Altern Complement Med. 14 (4): 361–8. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.0766. PMID 18435599.

[Meeker-Haldeman-4] Meeker WC, Haldeman S (2002). "Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine" (PDF). Ann Intern Med. 136 (3): 216–27. PMID 11827498.

[content-of-practice-5] Mootz RD, Shekelle PG (1997). "Content of practice". Dalam Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.). Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. hlm. 67–91. OCLC 39856366. Diakses tanggal 2008-10-10.

[History-PPC-6] Keating JC Jr (2005). "A brief history of the chiropractic profession". Dalam Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B et al. (eds.). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic (edisi ke-3rd). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 23–64. ISBN 0-07-137534-1.

[Keating-subluxation-7] Keating JC Jr, Charlton KH, Grod JP, Perle SM, Sikorski D, Winterstein JF (2005). "Subluxation: dogma or science?". Chiropr Osteopat. 13: 17. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-17. PMC 1208927 . PMID 16092955. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-26. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-08.

[Martin-8] Martin SC (1993). "Chiropractic and the social context of medical technology, 1895–1925". Technol Cult. 34 (4): 808–34. doi:10.2307/3106416. PMID 11623404.

[Kaptchuk-Eisenberg-9] Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM (1998). "Chiropractic: origins, controversies, and contributions". Arch Intern Med. 158 (20): 2215–24. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2215. PMID 9818801.

[global-strategy-10] Tetrault M (2004). "Global professional strategy for chiropractic" (PDF). Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2008-04-18.

[Smith-11] Smith M, Morschhauser S. "Establishing a database of U.S. chiropractic health manpower data: furthering the development of research infrastructure." National Library of Medicine. Diakses tanggal 2008-05-06.

[Lawrence-Meeker-12] Lawrence DJ, Meeker WC (2007). "Chiropractic and CAM utilization: a descriptive review". Chiropr Osteopat. 15: 2. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-15-2. PMC 1784103 . PMID 17241465. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-20. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-08.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{Penyangkalan medis}}
-[[Berkas:Daniel David Palmer.jpg|jmpl|250px|Daniel David Palmer, pelopor ilmu kiropraktik.]]
+[[Berkas:Daniel David Palmer.jpg|jmpl|250px|Daniel David Palmer, pelopor ilmu kiropraktik.]]{{Kotak samping pengobatan alternatif}}
-'''Kiropraktik''' adalah disiplin dan profesi [[perawatan kesehatan]] yang menekankan menekankan diagnosis, perawatan, dan pencegahan gangguan mekanik pada [[sistem muskuloskeletal]], khususnya [[Tulang punggung|tulang belakang]], atas hipotesis bahwa gangguan itu akan mengganggu kesehatan umum melalui [[sistem saraf]].<ref name="Nelson">{{Cite journal|journal = Chiropr Osteopat|year = 2005|volume = 13|pages = 9|title = Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession|author = Nelson CF, Lawrence DJ, Triano JJ ''et al.''|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-13-9|pmid = 16000175|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/9|pmc = 1185558}}</ref> Istilah ini umumnya dikategorikan sebagai [[pengobatan holistik]] (alternatif), suatu sifat yang ditolak oleh banyak pakar kiropraktik.<ref name="Chapman-Smith">{{Cite book|author = Chapman-Smith DA, Cleveland CS III|chapter = International status, standards, and education of the chiropractic profession|pages = 111–34|title = Principles and Practice of Chiropractic|edition = 3rd|editor = Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B ''et al.'' (eds.)|publisher = McGraw-Hill|year = 2005|isbn = 0-07-137534-1}}</ref><ref name="Redwood-CAM">{{Cite journal|journal = [[J Altern Complement Med]]|year = 2008|volume = 14|issue = 4|pages = 361–8|title = Do chiropractors identify with complementary and alternative medicine? results of a survey|doi = 10.1089/acm.2007.0766|pmid = 18435599|author = Redwood D, Hawk C, Cambron J, Vinjamury SP, Bedard J}}</ref> Meskipun pakar kiropraktik memiliki banyak sifat penyedia [[perawatan dasar]], mereka memiliki lebih banyak sifat bidang medis seperti bidang [[Kedokteran gigi|pergigian]] dan [[podiatri]].<ref name="Meeker-Haldeman">{{Cite journal|journal = [[Ann Intern Med]]|year = 2002|volume = 136|issue = 3|pages = 216–27|title = Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine|author = Meeker WC, Haldeman S|pmid = 11827498|url = http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/136/3/216.pdf|format = PDF}}</ref> [[Teknik perawatan kiropraktik]] utama melibatkan [[terapi kejiwaan]], termasuk pemanipulasian tulang belakang, sendi, dan [[jaringan lunak]]. Perawatan juga termasuk [[senam]]an dan konseling kesehatan dan gaya hidup.<ref name="content-of-practice">{{Cite book|chapterurl = http://chiroweb.com/archives/ahcpr/chapter3.htm|chapter = Content of practice|author = Mootz RD, Shekelle PG|year = 1997|title = Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research|pages = 67–91|editor = Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.)|accessdate = 2008-10-10|location = Rockville, MD|publisher = Agency for Health Care Policy and Research|oclc = 39856366}}</ref> Kiropraktik tradisional menganggap bahwa subluksasi ruas tulang belakang atau disfungsi sendi tulang belakang akan mengganggu fungsi tubuh dan [[kecerdasan alamiah]], suatu anggapan vitalistik yang mengakibatkan ejekan dari sains dan medis aliran utama.<ref name="History-PPC">{{Cite book|author = [[Joseph C. Keating, Jr.|Keating JC Jr]]|chapter = A brief history of the chiropractic profession|pages = 23–64|title = Principles and Practice of Chiropractic|edition = 3rd|editor = Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B ''et al.'' (eds.)|publisher = McGraw-Hill|year = 2005|isbn = 0-07-137534-1}}</ref><ref name="Keating-subluxation">{{Cite journal|journal = [[Chiropr Osteopat]]|year = 2005|volume = 13|pages = 17|title = Subluxation: dogma or science?|author = Keating JC Jr, Charlton KH, Grod JP, Perle SM, Sikorski D, Winterstein JF|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-13-17|pmid = 16092955|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/17|pmc = 1208927}}</ref>
+'''Kiropraktik''' adalah disiplin dan profesi [[pelayanan kesehatan]] yang menekankan menekankan diagnosis, perawatan, dan pencegahan gangguan mekanik pada [[sistem muskuloskeletal]], khususnya [[Tulang punggung|tulang belakang]], atas hipotesis bahwa gangguan itu akan mengganggu kesehatan umum melalui [[sistem saraf]].<ref name="Nelson">{{Cite journal|journal = Chiropr Osteopat|year = 2005|volume = 13|pages = 9|title = Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession|author = Nelson CF, Lawrence DJ, Triano JJ ''et al.''|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-13-9|pmid = 16000175|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/9|pmc = 1185558|access-date = 2016-01-08|archive-date = 2010-12-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101207135240/http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/9|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Istilah ini umumnya dikategorikan sebagai [[pengobatan holistik]] (alternatif), suatu sifat yang ditolak oleh banyak pakar kiropraktik.<ref name="Chapman-Smith">{{Cite book|author = Chapman-Smith DA, Cleveland CS III|chapter = International status, standards, and education of the chiropractic profession|pages = [https://archive.org/details/principlespracti0003unse_t5x8/page/111 111]–34|title = Principles and Practice of Chiropractic|url = https://archive.org/details/principlespracti0003unse_t5x8|edition = 3rd|editor = Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B ''et al.'' (eds.)|publisher = McGraw-Hill|year = 2005|isbn = 0-07-137534-1}}</ref><ref name="Redwood-CAM">{{Cite journal|journal = [[J Altern Complement Med]]|year = 2008|volume = 14|issue = 4|pages = 361–8|title = Do chiropractors identify with complementary and alternative medicine? results of a survey|doi = 10.1089/acm.2007.0766|pmid = 18435599|author = Redwood D, Hawk C, Cambron J, Vinjamury SP, Bedard J}}</ref> Meskipun pakar kiropraktik memiliki banyak sifat penyedia [[perawatan dasar]], mereka memiliki lebih banyak sifat bidang medis seperti bidang [[Kedokteran gigi|pergigian]] dan [[podiatri]].<ref name="Meeker-Haldeman">{{Cite journal|journal = [[Ann Intern Med]]|year = 2002|volume = 136|issue = 3|pages = 216–27|title = Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine|author = Meeker WC, Haldeman S|pmid = 11827498|url = http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/136/3/216.pdf|format = PDF}}</ref> [[Teknik perawatan kiropraktik]] utama melibatkan [[terapi kejiwaan]], termasuk pemanipulasian tulang belakang, [[sendi]], dan [[jaringan lunak]]. Perawatan juga termasuk [[senam]]an dan konseling kesehatan dan gaya hidup.<ref name="content-of-practice">{{Cite book|chapterurl = http://chiroweb.com/archives/ahcpr/chapter3.htm|chapter = Content of practice|author = Mootz RD, Shekelle PG|year = 1997|title = Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research|pages = 67–91|editor = Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.)|accessdate = 2008-10-10|location = Rockville, MD|publisher = Agency for Health Care Policy and Research|oclc = 39856366}}</ref> Kiropraktik tradisional menganggap bahwa subluksasi ruas tulang belakang atau disfungsi sendi tulang belakang akan mengganggu fungsi tubuh dan [[kecerdasan alamiah]], suatu anggapan vitalistik yang mengakibatkan ejekan dari sains dan medis aliran utama.<ref name="History-PPC">{{Cite book|author = [[Joseph C. Keating, Jr.|Keating JC Jr]]|chapter = A brief history of the chiropractic profession|pages = [https://archive.org/details/principlespracti0003unse_t5x8/page/23 23]–64|title = Principles and Practice of Chiropractic|url = https://archive.org/details/principlespracti0003unse_t5x8|edition = 3rd|editor = Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B ''et al.'' (eds.)|publisher = McGraw-Hill|year = 2005|isbn = 0-07-137534-1}}</ref><ref name="Keating-subluxation">{{Cite journal|journal = [[Chiropr Osteopat]]|year = 2005|volume = 13|pages = 17|title = Subluxation: dogma or science?|author = Keating JC Jr, Charlton KH, Grod JP, Perle SM, Sikorski D, Winterstein JF|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-13-17|pmid = 16092955|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/17|pmc = 1208927|access-date = 2016-01-08|archive-date = 2010-11-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101126123605/http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/17|dead-url = yes}}</ref>
 [[Daniel David Palmer]] mendirikan kiropraktik pada [[1890-an]]. Lalu anaknya, [[Barlett Joshua Palmer]], membantu pengembangan ilmu ini pada awal [[abad ke-20]].<ref name="Martin">{{Cite journal|journal = Technol Cult|author = Martin SC|year = 1993|volume = 34|issue = 4|pages = 808–34|title = Chiropractic and the social context of medical technology, 1895–1925|doi = 10.2307/3106416|pmid = 11623404|url = http://jstor.org/stable/3106416}}</ref> Bidang kiropraktik kini memiliki dua aliran utama:
-* "Aliran Murni", kini golongan minoritas, yang menekankan vitalisme, kecerdasan kembali jadi, dan koreksi tulang belakang, dan menganggap subluksasi sebagai penyebab utama untuk semua penyakit;
+* "Aliran Murni", kini golongan minoritas, yang menekankan [[vitalisme]], kecerdasan kembali jadi, dan koreksi tulang belakang, dan menganggap subluksasi sebagai penyebab utama untuk semua penyakit;
 * "Aliran Campuran" yang bersikap lebih terbuka terhadap teknik medis utama dan teknik medis alternatif seperti [[senam]]an, [[Pijat|pengurutan]], [[Aditif makanan|adisi makanan]], dan [[akupunktur]].<ref name="Kaptchuk-Eisenberg">{{Cite journal|journal = [[Arch Intern Med]]|year = 1998|volume = 158|issue = 20|pages = 2215–24|title = Chiropractic: origins, controversies, and contributions|author = Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM|pmid = 9818801|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/158/20/2215|doi = 10.1001/archinte.158.20.2215}}</ref>
-Bidang kiropraktik kini sudah sering digunakan di [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Kanada]], dan [[Australia]], dan merupakan profesi kesehatan yang ketiga terbesar setelah bidang [[Kedokteran|medis]] dan bidang [[Kedokteran gigi|pergigian.]]<ref name="global-strategy">{{Cite web|url = http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/strategies/global_strategy.pdf|format = PDF|title = Global professional strategy for chiropractic|author = Tetrault M|publisher = [[Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps]]|year = 2004|accessdate = 2008-04-18}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{Cite web|url = http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102184948.html|title = Establishing a database of U.S. chiropractic health manpower data: furthering the development of research infrastructure.|author = Smith M, Morschhauser S|publisher = [[National Library of Medicine]]|accessdate = 2008-05-06}}</ref> Kebanyakan orang yang mencari perawatan kiropraktik berbuat demikian untuk merawat sakit belakang bawah.<ref name="Lawrence-Meeker">{{Cite journal|journal = Chiropr Osteopat|year = 2007|volume = 15|title = Chiropractic and CAM utilization: a descriptive review|author = Lawrence DJ, Meeker WC|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-15-2|pmid = 17241465|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/15/1/2|pages = 2|pmc = 1784103}}</ref>
+Bidang kiropraktik kini sudah sering digunakan di [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Kanada]], dan [[Australia]], dan merupakan profesi kesehatan yang ketiga terbesar setelah bidang [[Kedokteran|medis]] dan bidang [[Kedokteran gigi|pergigian.]]<ref name="global-strategy">{{Cite web|url = http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/strategies/global_strategy.pdf|format = PDF|title = Global professional strategy for chiropractic|author = Tetrault M|publisher = [[Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps]]|year = 2004|accessdate = 2008-04-18|archive-date = 2008-06-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625173624/http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/strategies/global_strategy.pdf|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{Cite web|url = http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102184948.html|title = Establishing a database of U.S. chiropractic health manpower data: furthering the development of research infrastructure.|author = Smith M, Morschhauser S|publisher = [[National Library of Medicine]]|accessdate = 2008-05-06}}</ref> Kebanyakan orang yang mencari pelayanan kiropraktik berbuat demikian untuk merawat sakit belakang bawah.<ref name="Lawrence-Meeker">{{Cite journal|journal = Chiropr Osteopat|year = 2007|volume = 15|title = Chiropractic and CAM utilization: a descriptive review|author = Lawrence DJ, Meeker WC|doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-15-2|pmid = 17241465|url = http://chiroandosteo.com/content/15/1/2|pages = 2|pmc = 1784103|access-date = 2016-01-08|archive-date = 2010-11-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101120002211/http://chiroandosteo.com/content/15/1/2|dead-url = yes}}</ref>
 == Rujukan ==