De facto: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''''De facto''''' dalam [[bahasa Latin]] adalah ungkapan yang berarti "pada kenyataannya" atau "pada praktiknya". |
'''''De facto''''' dalam [[bahasa Latin]] adalah ungkapan yang berarti "pada kenyataannya (fakta)" atau "pada praktiknya". Dalam hukum dan pemerintahan, istilah ini mengacu praktik yang sudah terjadi, meski hal tersebut tidak diakui secara resmi di mata hukum. |
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Istilah ini biasa digunakan sebagai kebalikan dari ''[[de jure]]'' (yang berarti "menurut hukum") ketika orang mengacu kepada hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan [[hukum]], [[pemerintahan]], atau hal-hal teknis (seperti misalnya [[standardisasi|standar]]), yang ditemukan dalam pengalaman sehari-hari yang diciptakan atau berkembang tanpa atau berlawanan dengan peraturan. Bila orang sedang berbicara tentang suatu situasi hukum, ''de jure'' merujuk kepada apa yang dikatakan hukum, sementara ''de facto'' merujuk kepada apa yang terjadi pada praktiknya. |
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== Standar == |
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⚫ | Suatu ''' |
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Berdasarkan sifatnya, ''de facto'' terbagi dua yaitu: |
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⚫ | Contoh lain: tidak ada hukum yang menghalangi penambahan dengan huruf ke-27 seperti misalnya [[Þ]] (ucapan ''th'' dalam kata ''thorn'') ke dalam [[abjad]]. Malah |
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# sementara |
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#: ''De facto'' bersifat sementara adalah pengakuan dari negara lain tanpa melihat perkembangan negara tersebut. Apabila negara tersebut hancur, maka negara lain akan menarik pengakuannya. |
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A ''de facto'' standard is sometimes not formalized and may simply rely on the fact that someone has come up with a good idea that is liked so much that it is copied. Typical creators of ''de facto'' standards are individual [[types of companies|companies]], [[corporation | corporations]], and [[consortium|consortia]]. In computing, ''de facto'' standards can sometimes become ''de jure'' standards due to market superiority. For example, [[JavaScript]] by [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]] (standardized as [[ECMAScript]]) and parts of [[Document Object Model|DOM]] Level 0 (standardized in DOM Level 1/2 HTML Specification). |
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# tetap |
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#: ''De facto'' bersifat tetap adalah pengakuan dari negara lain terhadap suatu negara yang hanya bisa menimbulkan hubungan di bidang perdagangan dan ekonomi. |
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== |
== Standar == |
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⚫ | Suatu standar '''''de facto''''' adalah suatu standar teknis atau lainnya yang sudah demikian lazim sehingga semua orang tampaknya mengikutinya seolah-olah itu adalah standar yang resmi. Standar ''[[de jure]]'' mungkin berbeda: contohnya adalah ngebut di jalan raya. Meskipun standar ''[[de jure]]'' menetapkan batas kecepatan tertentu atau yang lebih rendah, di banyak tempat standar ''de facto''-nya adalah mengendarai pada batas kecepatan yang ditetapkan atau sedikit lebih cepat. |
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The establishment of de facto national languages is used as a means of remaining unprejudice or biased. In the [[United States]], the federal government has no declared national language. [[English language|English]] is accepted as the de facto national language. To partially cope with this situation, the federal government has given states the right to declare their official language. This is not merely a formal permission not expected ever to be used; the official languages of [[New Mexico]] were Spanish and English upon its becoming a state. Similiarly, in the former [[Soviet Union]], [[Russian language|Russian]] was not the official language, but by de facto. The same situation occurs in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (except in [[Wales]] where English and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] are jointly equal official languages by law). |
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⚫ | Contoh lain: tidak ada hukum yang menghalangi penambahan dengan huruf ke-27 seperti misalnya [[Þ]] (ucapan ''th'' dalam kata ''thorn'') ke dalam [[abjad]]. Malah pada abad-abad yang lampau orang menambahkan huruf tanpa banyak kesulitan. Namun pada masa kini hal itu tidak dimungkinkan karena akan menimbulkan berbagai kesulitan. Jadi, ada batas ''de facto'' dalam memodifikasi abjad. Penambahan huruf seperti itu tidak praktis karena tak seorangpun akan mengenalinya. |
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== Politics == |
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In politics, a '''''de facto'' leader''' of a country or region is one who has assumed authority, regardless of whether by lawful, constitutional, or legitimate means; very frequently the term is reserved for those whose power is thought by some faction to be held by unlawful, unconstitutional, or otherwise illegitimate means, often by deposing a previous leader or undermining the rule of a current one. ''De facto'' leaders need not hold a constitutional office, and may exercise power in an informal manner. Their authority cannot be denied however, which forces their position as ruler to be recognized. |
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=== Bahasa nasional === |
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Not all [[dictator]]s are ''de facto'' rulers. For example, [[Augusto Pinochet]] of [[Chile]] initially came to power as the chairman of a [[military junta]], which briefly made him ''de facto'' leader of Chile, but then he later amended the nation's constitution and made himself [[President]], making him the formal and legal ruler of Chile. Similarly, [[Saddam Hussein]]'s formal rule of [[Iraq]] is often recorded as beginning in [[1979]], the year he assumed the [[Iraqi Presidency|President of Iraq]]. However, in practice his ''de facto'' rule of the nation began at an earlier date, as during his time as [[vice president]] he exercised a great deal of power at the expense of the elderly [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]. |
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Beberapa negara dengan bahasa nasional ''de facto'', termasuk [[Australia]], [[Jepang]], [[Britania Raya]], dan [[Amerika Serikat]], tidak memiliki [[bahasa nasional]] resmi ''de jure''. |
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Beberapa negara memiliki bahasa nasional ''de facto'' di samping bahasa resmi. |
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Another example of a '''''de facto'' ruler''' is someone who is not the actual ruler, but exerts great or total influence over the true ruler, which is quite common in monarchies. Some examples of these de-facto rulers are [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] of China (for son [[Tongzhi Emperor|Tongzhi]] and nephew [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]] Emperors), Prince [[Alexander Menshikov]] (for his former lover Empress [[Catherine I]] of Russia), [[Cardinal Richelieu]] of France (for [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]), and Queen [[Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily]] (for her husband King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]). |
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Some notable true ''de facto'' leaders have been [[Deng Xiaoping]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] and General [[Manuel Noriega]] of [[Panama]]. Both of these men exercised near-total control over their respective nations for many years, despite not having either legal constitutional office or the legal authority to exercise power. These individuals are today commonly recorded as the "leaders" of their respective nations; recording their legal, correct title would not give an accurate assesment of their power. Terms like [[strongman]] are often used to refer to defacto rulers of this sort. |
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The term '''''[[de facto head of state|de facto]]'' [[head of state]]''' is sometimes used to describe the [[governor general]] in a [[Commonwealth Realm]], or one who rules [[List of French phrases#L|in ''lieu'']] of the legal (''[[de jure]]'', or juridical) head of state (e.g., [[United Kingdom|British]] [[monarch]]). |
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The '''''de facto''''' '''boundaries''' of a country are defined by the area that its government is actually able to enforce its laws in, and to defend against encroachments by other countries that may also claim the same territory ''de jure''; the [[line of control]] in [[Kashmir]] is an example of a de facto boundary. As well as cases of [[border dispute]]s, ''de facto'' boundaries may also arise in relatively unpopulated areas when the border was never formally established, or when the agreed border was never [[survey]]ed and its exact position is unclear. The same concepts may also apply to a boundary between provinces or other subdivisions of a [[federation|federal state]]. |
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Similarly, a nation with '''''de facto''''' '''independence''' is one that is not recognized by other nations or by international bodies, even though it has its own government that exercises absolute control over its claimed territory.. |
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== Other usages == |
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'''''De facto''''' '''[[racial segregation]]''' often occurs because users of a given facility, such as a library or school, tend to be residents of that neighborhood and so reflect its ethnic makeup. The facility tends to become racially or ethnically segregated without any law calling for ''de jure'' segregation, if the same applies to the neighborhood. |
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A '''''de facto''''' '''[[monopoly]]''' is a system where many suppliers of a product are allowed, but the market is so completely dominated by one that the others might as well not exist. (Similarly for related terms such as [[oligopoly]] and [[monopsony]].) This is the type of situation that [[antitrust]] laws are intended to eliminate, when they are used. |
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One's [[marriage|unmarried]] [[domestic partnership|partner]] is referred to as the '''''de facto''''' '''husband''' or '''wife''' by some authorities. This has passed into [[Australia]]n casual usage, in contrast to other English-speaking countries, as the slang term '''defacto''' to refer to one's significant other. e.g. "This is my defacto, Rachel". This is equivalent to the term ''common-law'' husband or wife used in most other [[English language|English-speaking]] countries.--> |
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== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
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* [[De jure]] |
* [[De jure]] |
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[[Kategori:Kata dan frasa Latin]] |
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[[az:De-fakto]] |
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[[bg:Де факто]] |
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[[bn:দে ফ্যাক্টো]] |
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[[fa:دوفاکتو]] |
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[[he:דה פקטו]] |
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[[hy:Դե ֆակտո]] |
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[[ja:デ・ファクト]] |
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[[ka:დე ფაქტო]] |
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[[ko:데 팍토]] |
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[[mk:Де факто]] |
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[[pl:Standard de facto]] |
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[[pt:Anexo:Lista de expressões jurídicas em latim#D]] |
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[[ru:Де-факто]] |
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[[sl:De iure - de facto]] |
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[[th:โดยพฤตินัย]] |
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[[uk:Де-факто]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 18 September 2023 05.53
De facto dalam bahasa Latin adalah ungkapan yang berarti "pada kenyataannya (fakta)" atau "pada praktiknya". Dalam hukum dan pemerintahan, istilah ini mengacu praktik yang sudah terjadi, meski hal tersebut tidak diakui secara resmi di mata hukum.
Istilah ini biasa digunakan sebagai kebalikan dari de jure (yang berarti "menurut hukum") ketika orang mengacu kepada hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan hukum, pemerintahan, atau hal-hal teknis (seperti misalnya standar), yang ditemukan dalam pengalaman sehari-hari yang diciptakan atau berkembang tanpa atau berlawanan dengan peraturan. Bila orang sedang berbicara tentang suatu situasi hukum, de jure merujuk kepada apa yang dikatakan hukum, sementara de facto merujuk kepada apa yang terjadi pada praktiknya.
Istilah de facto dapat pula digunakan apabila tidak ada hukum atau standar yang relevan, tetapi sebuah praktik yang lazim sudah mapan dan diterima, meskipun mungkin tidak sepenuhnya bersifat universal.
Berdasarkan sifatnya, de facto terbagi dua yaitu:
- sementara
- De facto bersifat sementara adalah pengakuan dari negara lain tanpa melihat perkembangan negara tersebut. Apabila negara tersebut hancur, maka negara lain akan menarik pengakuannya.
- tetap
- De facto bersifat tetap adalah pengakuan dari negara lain terhadap suatu negara yang hanya bisa menimbulkan hubungan di bidang perdagangan dan ekonomi.
Standar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Suatu standar de facto adalah suatu standar teknis atau lainnya yang sudah demikian lazim sehingga semua orang tampaknya mengikutinya seolah-olah itu adalah standar yang resmi. Standar de jure mungkin berbeda: contohnya adalah ngebut di jalan raya. Meskipun standar de jure menetapkan batas kecepatan tertentu atau yang lebih rendah, di banyak tempat standar de facto-nya adalah mengendarai pada batas kecepatan yang ditetapkan atau sedikit lebih cepat.
Contoh lain: tidak ada hukum yang menghalangi penambahan dengan huruf ke-27 seperti misalnya Þ (ucapan th dalam kata thorn) ke dalam abjad. Malah pada abad-abad yang lampau orang menambahkan huruf tanpa banyak kesulitan. Namun pada masa kini hal itu tidak dimungkinkan karena akan menimbulkan berbagai kesulitan. Jadi, ada batas de facto dalam memodifikasi abjad. Penambahan huruf seperti itu tidak praktis karena tak seorangpun akan mengenalinya.
Bahasa nasional
[sunting | sunting sumber]Beberapa negara dengan bahasa nasional de facto, termasuk Australia, Jepang, Britania Raya, dan Amerika Serikat, tidak memiliki bahasa nasional resmi de jure. Beberapa negara memiliki bahasa nasional de facto di samping bahasa resmi.
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]