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{{about|kota di Mesir|genus kacang polong|Oxyrhynchus (genus)}}
{{about|kota di Mesir|genus kacang polong|Oxyrhynchus (genus)}}
[[File:Oxyrhynchos map.gif|thumb|250px|Lokasi Oxyrhynchus (= '''Oxyrhynchos''') di Mesir]]
[[Berkas:Oxyrhynchos map.gif|jmpl|250px|Lokasi Oxyrhynchus (= '''Oxyrhynchos''') di Mesir]]


'''Oxyrhynchus''' ({{lang-el|Ὀξύρρυγχος}}; "hidung runcing"; bahasa Mesir kuno: '''Pr-Medjed'''; [[bahasa Koptik]] '''Pemdje'''; [[bahasa Arab]] Mesir modern '''el-Bahnasa''') adalah sebuah kota di [[Mesir Hulu]], yang terletak kira-kira 160 km di sebelah selatan-barat daya [[Kairo]], dalam governorat [[Al Minya Governorate|Al Minya]]. Juga merupakan situs arkeologi besar, salah satu yang terpenting yang pernah diketemukan. Selama abad ke-20, area sekitar Oxyrhynchus terus diekskavasi, menghasil koleksi berlimpah naskah [[papirus]] bertarikh zaman [[Ptolemaios]] dan [[Aegyptus (provinsi Romawi)|Romawi]] dalam sejarah [[Mesir kuno]]. Di antara naskah-naskah yang ditemukan di Oxyrhynchus dijumpai manuskrip drama karya [[Menander]], fragment-fragmen [[naskah Alkitab]], ''[[Injil Tomas]],'' dan kitab karya [[Euclid]] "''Elemen''".
'''Oxyrhynchus''' ({{lang-el|Ὀξύρρυγχος}}; "hidung runcing"; bahasa Mesir kuno: '''Pr-Medjed'''; [[bahasa Koptik]] '''Pemdje'''; [[bahasa Arab]] Mesir modern '''el-Bahnasa''') adalah sebuah kota di [[Mesir Hulu]], yang terletak kira-kira 160 km di sebelah selatan-barat daya [[Kairo]], dalam governorat [[Al Minya Governorate|Al Minya]]. Juga merupakan situs arkeologi besar, salah satu yang terpenting yang pernah diketemukan. Selama abad ke-20, area sekitar Oxyrhynchus terus diekskavasi, menghasil koleksi berlimpah naskah [[papirus]] bertarikh zaman [[Ptolemaios]] dan [[Aegyptus (provinsi Romawi)|Romawi]] dalam sejarah [[Mesir kuno]]. Di antara naskah-naskah yang ditemukan di Oxyrhynchus dijumpai manuskrip drama karya [[Menander]], fragment-fragmen [[naskah Alkitab]], ''[[Injil Tomas]],'' dan kitab karya [[Euclid]] "''Elemen''".
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== Sejarah ==
== Sejarah ==
Oxyrhynchus terletak di sebelah barat jalur utama [[sungai Nil]], pada [[Bahr Yussef]] ("Kanal Yusuf"), sebuah cabang sungai Nil yang berakhir di [[Danau Moeris]] dan [[oasis]] [[Fayum]]. Pada zaman [[Mesir kuno]], ada kota di tempat itu yang bernama '''[[Pr (hieroglyph)|Per]]-Medjed''',<ref name="where">{{cite web|url=http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/oxyrhynchus/whereis.html|title=Where is Oxyrhynchus?|publisher=Oxyrhynchus Online|date=|accessdate=1 June 2007}}</ref> yang menjadi ibukota [[Nome (Mesir)|Nome]] [[Mesir Hulu]] ke-19. Setelah [[Aleksander Agung]] menguasai Mesir pada tahun 332 M, kota ini dijadikan kota Yunani yang disebut '''Oxyrhynchou Polis''' (Οξυρρύγχου Πόλις - "kota ikan berhidung (=mulut) runcing").
Oxyrhynchus terletak di sebelah barat jalur utama [[sungai Nil]], pada [[Bahr Yussef]] ("Kanal Yusuf"), sebuah cabang sungai Nil yang berakhir di [[Danau Moeris]] dan [[oasis]] [[Fayum]]. Pada zaman [[Mesir kuno]], ada kota di tempat itu yang bernama '''[[Pr (hieroglyph)|Per]]-Medjed''',<ref name="where">{{cite web|url=http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/oxyrhynchus/whereis.html|title=Where is Oxyrhynchus?|publisher=Oxyrhynchus Online|date=|accessdate=1 June 2007}}</ref> yang menjadi ibu kota [[Nome (Mesir)|Nome]] [[Mesir Hulu]] ke-19. Setelah [[Aleksander Agung]] menguasai Mesir pada tahun 332 M, kota ini dijadikan kota Yunani yang disebut '''Oxyrhynchou Polis''' (Οξυρρύγχου Πόλις - "kota ikan berhidung (=mulut) runcing").
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In [[Hellenistic]] times, Oxyrhynchus was a prosperous regional capital, the third-largest city in [[Egypt]]. After Egypt was [[Christianization|Christianized]], it became famous for its many [[Church (building)|churches]] and [[monastery|monasteries]].<ref name="where" /> It remained a prominent, though gradually declining, town in the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods. After the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Arab invasion of Egypt around 641]], the canal system on which the town depended fell into disrepair, and Oxyrhynchus was abandoned. Parsons says it was still important in 942.-->
In [[Hellenistic]] times, Oxyrhynchus was a prosperous regional capital, the third-largest city in [[Egypt]]. After Egypt was [[Christianization|Christianized]], it became famous for its many [[Church (building)|churches]] and [[monastery|monasteries]].<ref name="where" /> It remained a prominent, though gradually declining, town in the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods. After the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Arab invasion of Egypt around 641]], the canal system on which the town depended fell into disrepair, and Oxyrhynchus was abandoned. Parsons says it was still important in 942.-->
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For more than 1,000 years, the inhabitants of Oxyrhynchus dumped garbage at a series of sites out in the desert sands beyond the town limits. The fact that the town was built on a canal rather than on the Nile itself was important, because this meant that the area did not flood every year with the rising of the river, as did the districts along the riverbank. When the canals dried up, the water table fell and never rose again. The area west of the Nile has virtually no rain, so the garbage dumps of Oxyrhynchus were gradually covered with sand and were forgotten for another 1,000 years.
For more than 1,000 years, the inhabitants of Oxyrhynchus dumped garbage at a series of sites out in the desert sands beyond the town limits. The fact that the town was built on a canal rather than on the Nile itself was important, because this meant that the area did not flood every year with the rising of the river, as did the districts along the riverbank. When the canals dried up, the water table fell and never rose again. The area west of the Nile has virtually no rain, so the garbage dumps of Oxyrhynchus were gradually covered with sand and were forgotten for another 1,000 years.


Because Egyptian society under the Greeks and Romans was governed bureaucratically, and because Oxyrhynchus was the capital of the 19th [[Nome (Egypt)|nome]], the material at the Oxyrhynchus dumps included vast amounts of paper. Accounts, tax returns, census material, invoices, receipts, correspondence on administrative, military, religious, economic, and political matters, certificates and licenses of all kinds&mdash;all these were periodically cleaned out of government offices, put in wicker baskets, and dumped out in the desert. Private citizens added their own piles of unwanted paper. Because papyrus was expensive, paper was often reused: a document might have farm accounts on one side, and a student's text of [[Homer]] on the other. The ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]],'' therefore, contained a complete record of the life of the town, and of the [[civilization]]s and [[empire]]s of which the town was a part.
Because Egyptian society under the Greeks and Romans was governed bureaucratically, and because Oxyrhynchus was the capital of the 19th [[Nome (Egypt)|nome]], the material at the Oxyrhynchus dumps included vast amounts of paper. Accounts, tax returns, census material, invoices, receipts, correspondence on administrative, military, religious, economic, and political matters, certificates and licenses of all kinds—all these were periodically cleaned out of government offices, put in wicker baskets, and dumped out in the desert. Private citizens added their own piles of unwanted paper. Because papyrus was expensive, paper was often reused: a document might have farm accounts on one side, and a student's text of [[Homer]] on the other. The ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]],'' therefore, contained a complete record of the life of the town, and of the [[civilization]]s and [[empire]]s of which the town was a part.


The town site of Oxyrhynchus itself has never been excavated, because the modern Egyptian town is built on top of it, but it is believed that the city had many public buildings, including a theatre with a capacity of 11,000 spectators, a [[hippodrome]], four public baths, a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]], and two small ports on the Bahr Yussef. It is also likely that there were military buildings, such as [[barracks]], since the city supported a military garrison on several occasions during the Roman and Byzantine periods. During the Greek and Roman periods, Oxyrhynchus had temples to [[Serapis]], [[Zeus]]-[[Amun]], [[Hera]]-[[Isis]], [[Atargatis]]-[[Bethnnis]] and [[Osiris]]. There were also [[Greek temple]]s to [[Demeter]], [[Dionysus]], [[Hermes]], and [[Apollo]]; as well as [[Roman temple]]s to [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter Capitolinus]] and [[Mars (god)|Mars]]. In the Christian era, Oxyrhynchus was the seat of a [[Diocese|bishopric]], and the modern town still has several ancient [[Coptic Christianity|Coptic Christian]] churches.
The town site of Oxyrhynchus itself has never been excavated, because the modern Egyptian town is built on top of it, but it is believed that the city had many public buildings, including a theatre with a capacity of 11,000 spectators, a [[hippodrome]], four public baths, a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]], and two small ports on the Bahr Yussef. It is also likely that there were military buildings, such as [[barracks]], since the city supported a military garrison on several occasions during the Roman and Byzantine periods. During the Greek and Roman periods, Oxyrhynchus had temples to [[Serapis]], [[Zeus]]-[[Amun]], [[Hera]]-[[Isis]], [[Atargatis]]-[[Bethnnis]] and [[Osiris]]. There were also [[Greek temple]]s to [[Demeter]], [[Dionysus]], [[Hermes]], and [[Apollo]]; as well as [[Roman temple]]s to [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter Capitolinus]] and [[Mars (god)|Mars]]. In the Christian era, Oxyrhynchus was the seat of a [[Diocese|bishopric]], and the modern town still has several ancient [[Coptic Christianity|Coptic Christian]] churches.
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== Ekskavasi ==
== Ekskavasi ==
{{main|Papirus Oxyrhynchus}}
{{main|Papirus Oxyrhynchus}}
Pada tahun 1882, Mesir masih menjadi wilayah nominal [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]], kemudian di bawah kekuasaan [[Britania Raya]], dan arkeolog dari Inggris mulai mengadakan eksplorasi sistematik di negeri itu. Karena Oxyrhynchus tidak dianggap situs Mesir kuno yang penting, tempat itu diabaikan sampai tahun 1896, ketika dua ekskavator muda, [[Bernard Pyne Grenfell|Bernard Grenfell]] dan [[Arthur Hunt]], keduanya dari [[The Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College]], [[Oxford University|Oxford]], mulai mengadakan ekskavasi di sana. "Impresi pertama saya dalam meneliti situs ini kurang menyenangkan," tulis Grenfell. "Gundukan-gundukan sampah ternyata hanyalah gundukan-gundukan sampah saja."<ref name=luijendijk>Quoted in A.M. Luijendijk, "Sacred Scriptures as Trash: Biblical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus" ''Vigiliae Christianae'', 2010.</ref> Namun, segera mereka menyadari apa yang mereka temukan. Kombinasi unik iklim dan keadaan lingkungan menyebabkan Oxyrhynchus merupakan tempat yang tiada bandingnya untuk menyimpan naskah-naskah dunia kuno. "Aliran papirus kemudian menjadi arus deras," Grenfell mengingat-ingat. "Hanya membalikkan tanah dengan sepatu bot seringkali menghasilkan satu lapisan baru."<ref name=luijendijk/>
Pada tahun 1882, Mesir masih menjadi wilayah nominal [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]], kemudian di bawah kekuasaan [[Britania Raya]], dan arkeolog dari Inggris mulai mengadakan eksplorasi sistematik di negeri itu. Karena Oxyrhynchus tidak dianggap situs Mesir kuno yang penting, tempat itu diabaikan sampai tahun 1896, ketika dua ekskavator muda, [[Bernard Pyne Grenfell|Bernard Grenfell]] dan [[Arthur Hunt]], keduanya dari [[The Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College]], [[Oxford University|Oxford]], mulai mengadakan ekskavasi di sana. "Impresi pertama saya dalam meneliti situs ini kurang menyenangkan," tulis Grenfell. "Gundukan-gundukan sampah ternyata hanyalah gundukan-gundukan sampah saja."<ref name=luijendijk>Quoted in A.M. Luijendijk, "Sacred Scriptures as Trash: Biblical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus" ''Vigiliae Christianae'', 2010.</ref> Namun, segera mereka menyadari apa yang mereka temukan. Kombinasi unik iklim dan keadaan lingkungan menyebabkan Oxyrhynchus merupakan tempat yang tiada bandingnya untuk menyimpan naskah-naskah dunia kuno. "Aliran papirus kemudian menjadi arus deras," Grenfell mengingat-ingat. "Hanya membalikkan tanah dengan sepatu bot sering kali menghasilkan satu lapisan baru."<ref name=luijendijk/>
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Being classically educated Englishmen, Grenfell and Hunt were mainly interested in the possibility that Oxyrhynchus might reveal the lost masterpieces of classical Greek literature. They knew, for example, that the ''[[Constitution of Athens]]'' by [[Aristotle]] had been discovered on Egyptian papyrus in 1890. This hope inspired them and their successors to sift through the mountains of rubbish at Oxyrhynchus for the next century. Their efforts were amply rewarded: it has been estimated that over 70% of all the literary papyri so far discovered come from Oxyrhynchus, both copies of well-known standard works (many in versions significantly closer to the originals than those that had been transmitted in medieval manuscripts) and previously unknown works by the greatest authors of antiquity.
Being classically educated Englishmen, Grenfell and Hunt were mainly interested in the possibility that Oxyrhynchus might reveal the lost masterpieces of classical Greek literature. They knew, for example, that the ''[[Constitution of Athens]]'' by [[Aristotle]] had been discovered on Egyptian papyrus in 1890. This hope inspired them and their successors to sift through the mountains of rubbish at Oxyrhynchus for the next century. Their efforts were amply rewarded: it has been estimated that over 70% of all the literary papyri so far discovered come from Oxyrhynchus, both copies of well-known standard works (many in versions significantly closer to the originals than those that had been transmitted in medieval manuscripts) and previously unknown works by the greatest authors of antiquity.
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There were also extensive remains of the ''Hypsipyle'' of [[Euripides]], fragments of the comedies of [[Menander]], and a large part of the ''[[Ichneutae]]'' of [[Sophocles]].<ref>Sophocles' ''Ichneutae'' was adapted, in 1988, into a play entitled ''[[The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus]]'', by British poet and author [[Tony Harrison]], featuring Grenfell and Hunt as main characters.</ref> Also found were the oldest and most complete diagrams from [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]''. Another important find was the historical work known as the ''[[Hellenica Oxyrhynchia]]'', whose author is unknown but may be [[Ephorus]] or, as many currently think, [[Cratippus of Athens|Cratippus]]. A life of [[Euripides]] by [[Satyrus the Peripatetic]] was also unearthed, while an ''[[epitome]]'' of seven of the 107 lost books of [[Livy]] was the most important literary find in [[Latin language|Latin]].
There were also extensive remains of the ''Hypsipyle'' of [[Euripides]], fragments of the comedies of [[Menander]], and a large part of the ''[[Ichneutae]]'' of [[Sophocles]].<ref>Sophocles' ''Ichneutae'' was adapted, in 1988, into a play entitled ''[[The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus]]'', by British poet and author [[Tony Harrison]], featuring Grenfell and Hunt as main characters.</ref> Also found were the oldest and most complete diagrams from [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]''. Another important find was the historical work known as the ''[[Hellenica Oxyrhynchia]]'', whose author is unknown but may be [[Ephorus]] or, as many currently think, [[Cratippus of Athens|Cratippus]]. A life of [[Euripides]] by [[Satyrus the Peripatetic]] was also unearthed, while an ''[[epitome]]'' of seven of the 107 lost books of [[Livy]] was the most important literary find in [[Latin language|Latin]].


The classical author who has most benefited from the finds at Oxyrhynchus is the Athenian playwright Menander (342&ndash;291 BC), whose comedies were very popular in Hellenistic times and whose works are frequently found in papyrus fragments. Menander's plays found in fragments at Oxyrhynchus include ''Misoumenos'', ''Dis Exapaton'', ''Epitrepontes'', ''Karchedonios'', ''[[Dyskolos]]'' and ''Kolax''. The works found at Oxyrhynchus have greatly raised Menander's status among classicists and scholars of [[Greek theatre]].
The classical author who has most benefited from the finds at Oxyrhynchus is the Athenian playwright Menander (342–291 BC), whose comedies were very popular in Hellenistic times and whose works are frequently found in papyrus fragments. Menander's plays found in fragments at Oxyrhynchus include ''Misoumenos'', ''Dis Exapaton'', ''Epitrepontes'', ''Karchedonios'', ''[[Dyskolos]]'' and ''Kolax''. The works found at Oxyrhynchus have greatly raised Menander's status among classicists and scholars of [[Greek theatre]].
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Di antara naskah-naskah [[Kristen]] di Oxyrhynchus dijumpai fragmen-fragmen Injil-injil yang tidak termasuk [[Kanon Alkitab]] misalnya ''Oxyrhynchus 840'' (abad ke-3 M) dan ''[[Papirus Oxyrhynchus 1224]]'' (abad ke-4 M). Teks-teks lain melestarikan bagian-bagian dari ''[[Matius 1|Injil Matius pasal 1]]'' (abad ke-3: ''P2'' dan ''P401''), 11&ndash;12 dan 19 (abad ke-3 sampai ke-4: ''P2384,'' ''2385''); ''[[Markus 10|Injil Markus 10&ndash;11]]'' (abad ke-5 sampai ke-6: ''P3''); ''[[Yohanes 1|Injil Yohanes 1]],'' dan 20 (abad ke-3: ''P208''); ''[[Roma 1|Surat Roma 1]]'' (abad ke-4: ''P209''); ''[[Surat 1 Yohanes]]'' (abad ke-4 sampai ke-5: ''P402''); ''[[Apokalips Barukh]]'' (pasal 12&ndash;14; abad ke-4 atau ke-5: ''P403''); [[Injil menurut orang Ibrani]] (abad ke-3: ''P655''); ''[[Gembala Hermas]]'' (abad ke-3 atau ke-4: ''P404''), dan sebuah karya [[Irenaeus]], (abad ke-3: ''P405''). Banyak bagian-bagian kitab kanon dan nyanyian, doa dan surat-surat Kristen kuno juga didapati di sana.
Di antara naskah-naskah [[Kristen]] di Oxyrhynchus dijumpai fragmen-fragmen Injil-injil yang tidak termasuk [[Kanon Alkitab]] misalnya ''Oxyrhynchus 840'' (abad ke-3 M) dan ''[[Papirus Oxyrhynchus 1224]]'' (abad ke-4 M). Teks-teks lain melestarikan bagian-bagian dari ''[[Matius 1|Injil Matius pasal 1]]'' (abad ke-3: ''P2'' dan ''P401''), 11–12 dan 19 (abad ke-3 sampai ke-4: ''P2384,'' ''2385''); ''[[Markus 10|Injil Markus 10–11]]'' (abad ke-5 sampai ke-6: ''P3''); ''[[Yohanes 1|Injil Yohanes 1]],'' dan 20 (abad ke-3: ''P208''); ''[[Roma 1|Surat Roma 1]]'' (abad ke-4: ''P209''); ''[[Surat 1 Yohanes]]'' (abad ke-4 sampai ke-5: ''P402''); ''[[Apokalips Barukh]]'' (pasal 12–14; abad ke-4 atau ke-5: ''P403''); [[Injil menurut orang Ibrani]] (abad ke-3: ''P655''); ''[[Gembala Hermas]]'' (abad ke-3 atau ke-4: ''P404''), dan sebuah karya [[Irenaeus]], (abad ke-3: ''P405''). Banyak bagian-bagian kitab kanon dan nyanyian, doa dan surat-surat Kristen kuno juga didapati di sana.


Ada beberapa situs on-line yang memuat daftar isi dan pemerian singkat dari setiap papirus atau fragmen.<ref>[http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/papyri/tocframe.htm Search by table of contents]; {{cite web|url=http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=POxy&ct=0&l=en&w=utf-8|title=Oxyrhynchus Online Image Database|publisher=Imaging Papyri Project|date=|accessdate=25 May 2007}} Daftar isi setiap fragmen.</ref>
Ada beberapa situs on-line yang memuat daftar isi dan pemerian singkat dari setiap papirus atau fragmen.<ref>[http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/papyri/tocframe.htm Search by table of contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602124711/http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/papyri/tocframe.htm |date=2009-06-02 }}; {{cite web|url=http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=POxy&ct=0&l=en&w=utf-8|title=Oxyrhynchus Online Image Database|publisher=Imaging Papyri Project|date=|accessdate=25 May 2007}} Daftar isi setiap fragmen.</ref>
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==The project today==
==The project today==
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[[File:Ac papyrus.jpg|thumb|250px|Surat pribadi yang ditulis di atas lembaran [[papirus]] dari Oxyrhynchus, ditulis dalam bahasa Yunani pada abad ke-2 M. Lubang-lubang itu diakibatkan oleh cacing..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spurlock.uiuc.edu/search/details.php?a=1914.21.0010|title=Artifact Record Details: Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, No. 932: Letter, Thaius to Tigrius (Fragment)|publisher=[[Spurlock Museum]] at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|year=2001|accessdate=30 May 2007}} {{cite web|url=http://www.spurlock.uiuc.edu/collections/artifact/oxyrhynchus.html|title=Artifact of the Month: Letter from Thaius to Tirius, Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, No. 932|publisher=Spurlock Museum|year=2002|accessdate=30 May 2007}}</ref>]]
[[Berkas:P. Oxy. VI 932 private letter on papyrus from Oxyrhynchus, written in a Greek hand of the second century AD.jpg|jmpl|250px|Surat pribadi yang ditulis di atas lembaran [[papirus]] dari Oxyrhynchus, ditulis dalam bahasa Yunani pada abad ke-2 M. Lubang-lubang itu diakibatkan oleh cacing..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spurlock.uiuc.edu/search/details.php?a=1914.21.0010|title=Artifact Record Details: Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, No. 932: Letter, Thaius to Tigrius (Fragment)|publisher=[[Spurlock Museum]] at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|year=2001|accessdate=30 May 2007}} {{cite web|url=http://www.spurlock.uiuc.edu/collections/artifact/oxyrhynchus.html|title=Artifact of the Month: Letter from Thaius to Tirius, Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, No. 932|publisher=Spurlock Museum|year=2002|accessdate=30 May 2007}}</ref>]]
[[File:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Salah satu [[Papirus Oxyrhynchus]], bertarikh 75–125 M. Memuat salah satu diagram tertua dalam "''Elemen''" karya [[Euclid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html|title=One of the oldest extant diagrams from Euclid|author=Bill Casselman|publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia|date=|accessdate=30 May 2007}}</ref>]]
[[Berkas:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|250px|ka|jmpl|Salah satu [[Papirus Oxyrhynchus]], bertarikh 75–125 M. Memuat salah satu diagram tertua dalam "''Elemen''" karya [[Euclid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html|title=One of the oldest extant diagrams from Euclid|author=Bill Casselman|publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia|date=|accessdate=30 May 2007}}</ref>]]
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Since the 1930s, work on the papyri has continued. For the past twenty years, it has been under the supervision of Professor Peter Parsons of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. Seventy-five large volumes of the ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]]'' have been published,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ees.ac.uk/publications/fulllist.htm|title=Publications: Full List|publisher=Egypt Exploration Society|date=|accessdate=30 March 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080128122817/http://www.ees.ac.uk/publications/fulllist.htm |archivedate = 28 January 2008}}</ref> and these have become an essential reference work for the study of Egypt between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. They are also extremely important for the history of the [[early Christian Church]], since many Christian documents have been found at Oxyrhynchus in far earlier versions than those known elsewhere. At least another forty volumes are anticipated.
Since the 1930s, work on the papyri has continued. For the past twenty years, it has been under the supervision of Professor Peter Parsons of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. Seventy-five large volumes of the ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]]'' have been published,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ees.ac.uk/publications/fulllist.htm|title=Publications: Full List|publisher=Egypt Exploration Society|date=|accessdate=30 March 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080128122817/http://www.ees.ac.uk/publications/fulllist.htm |archivedate = 28 January 2008}}</ref> and these have become an essential reference work for the study of Egypt between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. They are also extremely important for the history of the [[early Christian Church]], since many Christian documents have been found at Oxyrhynchus in far earlier versions than those known elsewhere. At least another forty volumes are anticipated.
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Since the days of Grenfell and Hunt, the focus of attention at Oxyrhynchus has shifted. Modern archaeologists are less interested in finding the lost plays of [[Aeschylus]], although some still dig in hope, and more in learning about the social, economic, and political life of the ancient world. This shift in emphasis had made Oxyrhynchus, if anything, even more important, for the very ordinariness of most of its preserved documents makes them most valuable for modern scholars of social history. Many works on Egyptian and Roman social and economic history and on the history of Christianity rely heavily on documents from Oxyrhynchus.
Since the days of Grenfell and Hunt, the focus of attention at Oxyrhynchus has shifted. Modern archaeologists are less interested in finding the lost plays of [[Aeschylus]], although some still dig in hope, and more in learning about the social, economic, and political life of the ancient world. This shift in emphasis had made Oxyrhynchus, if anything, even more important, for the very ordinariness of most of its preserved documents makes them most valuable for modern scholars of social history. Many works on Egyptian and Roman social and economic history and on the history of Christianity rely heavily on documents from Oxyrhynchus.


In 1966, the publication of the papyri was formally adopted as a Major Research Project of the [[British Academy]], jointly managed by [[Oxford University]] and [[University College London]] and headed by Parsons. The project's chief researcher and administrator is Dr [[Nikolaos Gonis]]. The Academy provided funding until 1999; the project then enjoyed a grant from the [[Arts and Humanities Research Board]], which funded ongoing work until 2005. Today some 100,000 papyrus fragments are housed at the [[Sackler Library]], Oxford, with their indexes, archives and photographic record; it is the biggest hoard of classical manuscripts in the world. About 2,000 items are mounted in glass &mdash; the rest are conserved in 800 boxes.
In 1966, the publication of the papyri was formally adopted as a Major Research Project of the [[British Academy]], jointly managed by [[Oxford University]] and [[University College London]] and headed by Parsons. The project's chief researcher and administrator is Dr [[Nikolaos Gonis]]. The Academy provided funding until 1999; the project then enjoyed a grant from the [[Arts and Humanities Research Board]], which funded ongoing work until 2005. Today some 100,000 papyrus fragments are housed at the [[Sackler Library]], Oxford, with their indexes, archives and photographic record; it is the biggest hoard of classical manuscripts in the world. About 2,000 items are mounted in glass — the rest are conserved in 800 boxes.


The focus of the project is now mainly on the publication of this vast archive of material: by 2003 4,700 items had been translated, edited and published. Publication continues at the rate of about one new volume each year. Each volume contains a selection of material, covering a wide range of subjects. The editors include senior professionals but also students studying [[papyrology]] at the doctoral or undergraduate level. Thus recent volumes offer early fragments of the ''[[Gospels]]'' and of the ''[[Book of Revelation]],'' early witnesses to the texts of [[Apollonius Rhodius]], [[Aristophanes]], [[Demosthenes]], and [[Euripides]], previously unknown texts of [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]] and [[Menander]] and of the [[epigram]]matist [[Nicarchus]]. Other subjects covered include specimens of [[Greek music]] and documents relating to [[Magical thinking|magic]] and [[astrology]].
The focus of the project is now mainly on the publication of this vast archive of material: by 2003 4,700 items had been translated, edited and published. Publication continues at the rate of about one new volume each year. Each volume contains a selection of material, covering a wide range of subjects. The editors include senior professionals but also students studying [[papyrology]] at the doctoral or undergraduate level. Thus recent volumes offer early fragments of the ''[[Gospels]]'' and of the ''[[Book of Revelation]],'' early witnesses to the texts of [[Apollonius Rhodius]], [[Aristophanes]], [[Demosthenes]], and [[Euripides]], previously unknown texts of [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]] and [[Menander]] and of the [[epigram]]matist [[Nicarchus]]. Other subjects covered include specimens of [[Greek music]] and documents relating to [[Magical thinking|magic]] and [[astrology]].
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-->
-->
== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
*[[el-Bahnasa]]
* [[el-Bahnasa]]
*[[Hellanicus of Lesbos]]
* [[Hellanicus of Lesbos]]
*[[Heracles Papyrus]]
* [[Heracles Papyrus]]
*[[Oxyrhynchus Gospels]]
* [[Oxyrhynchus Gospels]]
*[[Papirus Oxyrhynchus]]
* [[Papirus Oxyrhynchus]]
*[[Villa of the Papyri]]
* [[Villa of the Papyri]]
* ''[[The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus]]''
* ''[[The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus]]''


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== Pustaka tambahan ==
== Pustaka tambahan ==
*{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Parsons|title=City of the Sharp-nosed Fish: Greek Lives in Roman Egypt|publisher=Orion|year=2007|isbn=978-0-297-64588-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Peter|last=Parsons|title=City of the Sharp-nosed Fish: Greek Lives in Roman Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/cityofsharpnosed0000pars|publisher=Orion|year=2007|isbn=978-0-297-64588-7}}
*[http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/154802863&referer=brief_results The Oxyrhynchus Logia and the Apocryphal]. (2007). Gardners Books. ISBN 978-1-4304-5596-7
* [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/154802863&referer=brief_results The Oxyrhynchus Logia and the Apocryphal]. (2007). Gardners Books. ISBN 978-1-4304-5596-7


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category|Oxyrhynchus}}
{{commons category|Oxyrhynchus}}
*[http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/ Oxyrhynchus Online]
* [http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/ Oxyrhynchus Online]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/04.html PBS NOVA scienceNOW feature on papyrus imaging (streaming video)]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/04.html PBS NOVA scienceNOW feature on papyrus imaging (streaming video)]
*[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/625/he1.htm Report on the recent Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission to the site]
* [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/625/he1.htm Report on the recent Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission to the site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025001322/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/625/he1.htm |date=2005-10-25 }}
*[http://www.classics.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/oxy.asp Oxford University Classics Department Oxyrhynchus Project]
* [http://www.classics.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/oxy.asp Oxford University Classics Department Oxyrhynchus Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121200301/http://www.classics.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/oxy.asp |date=2003-11-21 }}
*[http://gnosis.org/naghamm/thomas_poxy.htm Oxyrhynchus and the Gospel of Thomas]
* [http://gnosis.org/naghamm/thomas_poxy.htm Oxyrhynchus and the Gospel of Thomas]
*[http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/news/independent.html Article on new discoveries in the papyri] from ''[[The Independent]] on Sunday'', April 17, 2005
* [http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/news/independent.html Article on new discoveries in the papyri] from ''[[The Independent]] on Sunday'', April 17, 2005
*[http://www.lib.umich.edu/MPC/Geographica/Oxyrhynchus_Frameset.html University of Michigan Collection]
* [http://www.lib.umich.edu/MPC/Geographica/Oxyrhynchus_Frameset.html University of Michigan Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125125146/http://www.lib.umich.edu/MPC/Geographica/Oxyrhynchus_Frameset.html |date=2012-01-25 }}


=== Volume [[:Category:Papirus Oxyrhynchus|Papirus Oxyrhynchus]] ===
=== Volume [[:Category:Papirus Oxyrhynchus|Papirus Oxyrhynchus]] ===
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr01grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. I, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr01grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. I, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspappt02grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. II, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspappt02grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. II, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;cc=cdl;view=toc;subview=short;idno=cdl241 The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. III, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Reprinted by Cornell University Library Digital Collections
* [http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;cc=cdl;view=toc;subview=short;idno=cdl241 The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. III, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Reprinted by Cornell University Library Digital Collections
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr04gren The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr04gren The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/pt5oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. V, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/pt5oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. V, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspappt06grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VI, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspappt06grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VI, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/pt7oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VII, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/pt7oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VII, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr08grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VIII, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr08grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VIII, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/pt9oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IX, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/pt9oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IX, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;idno=cdl242 The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Reprinted by [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1429739711/ Cornell University Library Digital Collections]
* [http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;idno=cdl242 The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Reprinted by [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1429739711/ Cornell University Library Digital Collections]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchusppt1000grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchusppt1000grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapt12grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XII, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapt12grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XII, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchusppt1300grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIII, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchusppt1300grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIII, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/pt14oxyrhynchusp00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/pt14oxyrhynchusp00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
*[http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr15gren The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr15gren The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive


{{coord|28.535969|N|30.655336|E|display=title}}
{{coord|28.535969|N|30.655336|E|display=title}}


[[Category:Situs Yunani di Mesir]]
[[Kategori:Situs Yunani di Mesir]]
[[Category:Papirus Oxyrhynchus|*]]
[[Kategori:Papirus Oxyrhynchus|*]]
[[Category:Situs Romawi di Mesir]]
[[Kategori:Situs Romawi di Mesir]]
[[Category:Situs Arkeologi di Mesir]]
[[Kategori:Situs Arkeologi di Mesir]]
[[Category:Papirologi]]
[[Kategori:Papirologi]]
[[Category:Tempat kuno di Mesir]]
[[Kategori:Tempat kuno di Mesir]]

{{Link GA|de}}

[[pt:Oxirrinco]]

Revisi terkini sejak 16 Oktober 2022 21.40

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang kota di Mesir. Untuk genus kacang polong, lihat Oxyrhynchus (genus).
Lokasi Oxyrhynchus (= Oxyrhynchos) di Mesir

Oxyrhynchus (bahasa Yunani: Ὀξύρρυγχος; "hidung runcing"; bahasa Mesir kuno: Pr-Medjed; bahasa Koptik Pemdje; bahasa Arab Mesir modern el-Bahnasa) adalah sebuah kota di Mesir Hulu, yang terletak kira-kira 160 km di sebelah selatan-barat daya Kairo, dalam governorat Al Minya. Juga merupakan situs arkeologi besar, salah satu yang terpenting yang pernah diketemukan. Selama abad ke-20, area sekitar Oxyrhynchus terus diekskavasi, menghasil koleksi berlimpah naskah papirus bertarikh zaman Ptolemaios dan Romawi dalam sejarah Mesir kuno. Di antara naskah-naskah yang ditemukan di Oxyrhynchus dijumpai manuskrip drama karya Menander, fragment-fragmen naskah Alkitab, Injil Tomas, dan kitab karya Euclid "Elemen".

Etimologi

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Kota ini dinamai menurut spesies ikan di Sungai Nil yang bernilai penting dalam mitologi Mesir sebagai ikan yang memakan penis dewa Osiris, meskipun tidak diketahui jelas ikan yang mana sebenarnya. Satu kemungkinan adalah spesies mormyrid, ikan air tawar berukuran sedang yang digambarkan dalam berbagai karya seni Mesir kuno. Sejumlah spesies mormyrid mempunyai mulut terbalik yang khas, sehingga disebut "hidung gajah" (elephantnose) bagi para aquaris dan ahli ikan (ichthyologist). Sebuah patung kecil dari Oxyrhynchus dari ikan yang dianggap keramat ini mempunyai banyak ciri khusus mormyrid: sebuah sirip bagian anal yang panjang, dan sebuah sirip kaudal pendek, sirip pelvis dan pektoral yang lebar, dan tentunya mulut yang terbalik.[1]

Sejarah

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Oxyrhynchus terletak di sebelah barat jalur utama sungai Nil, pada Bahr Yussef ("Kanal Yusuf"), sebuah cabang sungai Nil yang berakhir di Danau Moeris dan oasis Fayum. Pada zaman Mesir kuno, ada kota di tempat itu yang bernama Per-Medjed,[2] yang menjadi ibu kota Nome Mesir Hulu ke-19. Setelah Aleksander Agung menguasai Mesir pada tahun 332 M, kota ini dijadikan kota Yunani yang disebut Oxyrhynchou Polis (Οξυρρύγχου Πόλις - "kota ikan berhidung (=mulut) runcing"). Sekarang kota el-Bahnasa menempati sebagian situs kuno ini.

Ketika Flinders Petrie mengunjungi Oxyrhynchus pada tahun 1922, ia menemukan bekas-bekas kolonade dan teater. Sekarang hanya sebagian dari satu kolom yang tersisa: lainnya diambil sebagai bahan bangunan untuk perumahan modern.[3]

Ekskavasi

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Artikel utama: Papirus Oxyrhynchus

Pada tahun 1882, Mesir masih menjadi wilayah nominal Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah, kemudian di bawah kekuasaan Britania Raya, dan arkeolog dari Inggris mulai mengadakan eksplorasi sistematik di negeri itu. Karena Oxyrhynchus tidak dianggap situs Mesir kuno yang penting, tempat itu diabaikan sampai tahun 1896, ketika dua ekskavator muda, Bernard Grenfell dan Arthur Hunt, keduanya dari Queen's College, Oxford, mulai mengadakan ekskavasi di sana. "Impresi pertama saya dalam meneliti situs ini kurang menyenangkan," tulis Grenfell. "Gundukan-gundukan sampah ternyata hanyalah gundukan-gundukan sampah saja."[4] Namun, segera mereka menyadari apa yang mereka temukan. Kombinasi unik iklim dan keadaan lingkungan menyebabkan Oxyrhynchus merupakan tempat yang tiada bandingnya untuk menyimpan naskah-naskah dunia kuno. "Aliran papirus kemudian menjadi arus deras," Grenfell mengingat-ingat. "Hanya membalikkan tanah dengan sepatu bot sering kali menghasilkan satu lapisan baru."[4]

Penemuan

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Meskipun harapan semula untuk menemukan karya-karya sastra yang hilang dari zaman kuno di Oxyrhynchus tidak terwujud, banyak naskah Yunani penting yang diketemukan di sana. Ini meliputi sajak-sajak Pindar, fragmen karya Sapfo dan Alcaeus dari Mytilene, bersama-sama potongan-potongan lebih besar dari Alcman, Ibycus, dan Corinna.

Di antara naskah-naskah Kristen di Oxyrhynchus dijumpai fragmen-fragmen Injil-injil yang tidak termasuk Kanon Alkitab misalnya Oxyrhynchus 840 (abad ke-3 M) dan Papirus Oxyrhynchus 1224 (abad ke-4 M). Teks-teks lain melestarikan bagian-bagian dari Injil Matius pasal 1 (abad ke-3: P2 dan P401), 11–12 dan 19 (abad ke-3 sampai ke-4: P2384, 2385); Injil Markus 10–11 (abad ke-5 sampai ke-6: P3); Injil Yohanes 1, dan 20 (abad ke-3: P208); Surat Roma 1 (abad ke-4: P209); Surat 1 Yohanes (abad ke-4 sampai ke-5: P402); Apokalips Barukh (pasal 12–14; abad ke-4 atau ke-5: P403); Injil menurut orang Ibrani (abad ke-3: P655); Gembala Hermas (abad ke-3 atau ke-4: P404), dan sebuah karya Irenaeus, (abad ke-3: P405). Banyak bagian-bagian kitab kanon dan nyanyian, doa dan surat-surat Kristen kuno juga didapati di sana.

Ada beberapa situs on-line yang memuat daftar isi dan pemerian singkat dari setiap papirus atau fragmen.[5]

Surat pribadi yang ditulis di atas lembaran papirus dari Oxyrhynchus, ditulis dalam bahasa Yunani pada abad ke-2 M. Lubang-lubang itu diakibatkan oleh cacing..[6]
Salah satu Papirus Oxyrhynchus, bertarikh 75–125 M. Memuat salah satu diagram tertua dalam "Elemen" karya Euclid.[7]

Lihat pula

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Referensi

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  1. ^ "Bronze statuette of Oxyrhynchus fish: date uncertain". Imaging Papyri Project. 1998. Diakses tanggal 25 May 2007. 
  2. ^ "Where is Oxyrhynchus?". Oxyrhynchus Online. Diakses tanggal 1 June 2007. 
  3. ^ Parsons. Plate 5
  4. ^ a b Quoted in A.M. Luijendijk, "Sacred Scriptures as Trash: Biblical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus" Vigiliae Christianae, 2010.
  5. ^ Search by table of contents Diarsipkan 2009-06-02 di Wayback Machine.; "Oxyrhynchus Online Image Database". Imaging Papyri Project. Diakses tanggal 25 May 2007.  Daftar isi setiap fragmen.
  6. ^ "Artifact Record Details: Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, No. 932: Letter, Thaius to Tigrius (Fragment)". Spurlock Museum at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2001. Diakses tanggal 30 May 2007.  "Artifact of the Month: Letter from Thaius to Tirius, Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, No. 932". Spurlock Museum. 2002. Diakses tanggal 30 May 2007. 
  7. ^ Bill Casselman. "One of the oldest extant diagrams from Euclid". Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia. Diakses tanggal 30 May 2007. 

Pustaka tambahan

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Pranala luar

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Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Oxyrhynchus.

Volume Papirus Oxyrhynchus

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28°32′09″N 30°39′19″E / 28.535969°N 30.655336°E / 28.535969; 30.655336

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