Ekonomi Amerika Serikat: Perbedaan antara revisi
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(23 revisi perantara oleh 15 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
{{Infobox economy |
{{Infobox economy |
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|country = <br/> |
|country = <br/> Bogoran serikat |
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|image = |
|image = |
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|width = 270px |
|width = 270px |
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Baris 7: | Baris 7: | ||
|year = 1 Oktober – 30 September |
|year = 1 Oktober – 30 September |
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|rank = [[Daftar negara berdasarkan PDB (nominal)|1]] (nominal) / [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB)|1]] (KKB) |
|rank = [[Daftar negara berdasarkan PDB (nominal)|1]] (nominal) / [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB)|1]] (KKB) |
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|gdp = $15,851 triliun<small>(Q4 2012)</small> |
|gdp = $15,851 triliun<small>(Q4 2012)</small><ref name="GDP">{{cite web|url=http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/net/page24.pdf|format=PDF|title=National Economic Trends (Nominal GDP)|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|page=24|date=February 28, 2013|accessdate=March 2, 2013}}</ref><ref name=IMF_GDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=56&pr.y=10&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=United States|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref> |
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|growth = 2,2% <small>(Real, Des. 2011-Des. 2012)</small> |
|growth = 2,2% <small>(Real, Des. 2011-Des. 2012)</small><ref name="GDP" /> |
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|per capita = $49.601 (2012)<ref name=IMF_GDP/><br>([[Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal) per kapita| |
|per capita = $49.601 (2012)<ref name=IMF_GDP/><br>([[Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal) per kapita|14–2011]], nominal; [[daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita|6–2011]], KKB) |
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|sectors = agrikultur: 1,2%, industri: 19,2%, jasa: 79,6% (perkiraan 2011) |
|sectors = agrikultur: 1,2%, industri: 19,2%, jasa: 79,6% (perkiraan 2011) |
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|inflation = 1,6% <small>(Januari 2012-Januari 2013) </small> |
|inflation = 1,6% <small>(Januari 2012-Januari 2013) </small><ref name="Inflation">{{cite web|url=http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/net/page28.pdf|format=PDF|title=National Economic Trends (Consumer Price Index)|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|page=28|date=February 22, 2013|accessdate=February 25, 2013}}</ref> |
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|poverty = 15,0% (2011) <ref name=iphicus2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf |
|poverty = 15,0% (2011) <ref name=iphicus2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf|format=PDF|title=Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011|date=September 2012|page=13|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref> |
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|gini = 0,477 (2011) <ref>{{cite web |
|gini = 0,477 (2011) <ref>{{cite web |
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|url= http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/income_wealth/cb12-172.html |
|url= http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/income_wealth/cb12-172.html|title= Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011|work=Newsroom|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|year=2011|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=January 23, 2013}}</ref> |
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|labor = 155,524 juta <small>(includes 12.032 mil. unemployed, February 2013)</small><ref name="labor">{{cite web |
|labor = 155,524 juta <small>(includes 12.032 mil. unemployed, February 2013)</small><ref name="labor">{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.a.htm|title=Economic News Release: Employment Situation Summary Table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted|publisher=BLS.gov|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=March 8, 2013}}</ref> |
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|unemployment = 7,7% (Februari 2013)<ref name="labor" /> {{Decrease}} (-0,2%) |
|unemployment = 7,7% (Februari 2013)<ref name="labor" /> {{Decrease}} (-0,2%) |
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|occupations = pertanian, perhutanan, dan perikanan: 0,7% |
|occupations = pertanian, perhutanan, dan perikanan: 0,7% |
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Baris 23: | Baris 23: | ||
jasa lain: 17,6% (2009) |
jasa lain: 17,6% (2009) |
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[catatan: tidak termasuk pengangguran] |
[catatan: tidak termasuk pengangguran] |
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|edbr = 4 <ref name=" World Bank and International Financial Corporation ">{{cite web|url= http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/united-states/ |
|edbr = 4 <ref name=" World Bank and International Financial Corporation ">{{cite web|url= http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/united-states/|title= Doing Business in the United States 2013|publisher= [[World Bank]]|accessdate= January 23, 2013|archive-date= 2018-12-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135424/http://www.worldbank.org/404_response.htm|dead-url= yes}}</ref> |
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|average gross salary= $45.230 (Mei 2011)<ref name="mean salary">{{cite web |
|average gross salary= $45.230 (Mei 2011)<ref name="mean salary">{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.htm|title=Occupational Employment and Wages News Release (May 2011)|publisher=BLS.gov|date=March 27, 2012|accessdate=October 5, 2012}}</ref> |
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|industries = Sangat terdiversifikasi, memimpin dunia, pembaharu teknologi, negara dengan hasil industri terbesar kedua di dunia; minyak bumi, [[baja]], [[kendaraan bermotor]], [[kedirgantaraan]], [[telekomunikasi]], bahan kimia, [[elektronik]], [[pemrosesan makanan]], barang konsumen, kayu, pertambangan |
|industries = Sangat terdiversifikasi, memimpin dunia, pembaharu teknologi, negara dengan hasil industri terbesar kedua di dunia; minyak bumi, [[baja]], [[kendaraan bermotor]], [[kedirgantaraan]], [[telekomunikasi]], bahan kimia, [[elektronik]], [[pemrosesan makanan]], barang konsumen, kayu, pertambangan |
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|exports = $1,564 triliun (2012)<ref name="Exports-Imports">{{cite web |
|exports = $1,564 triliun (2012)<ref name="Exports-Imports">{{cite web|url=http://bea.gov/newsreleases/international/trade/2013/pdf/trad1212.pdf|format=PDF|title=U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services|publisher=BEA|date=February 8, 2013|accessdate=February 11, 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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|export-goods = barang modal, 27,9%; persediaan dan bahan industri (kecuali minyak), 24,8%; barang konsumen (kecuali otomotif), 11,8%; kendaraan bermotor dan komponennya, 9,4%; makanan dan minuman, 8,6%; bensin, 7,6%; pesawat terbang dan komponennya, 6,1%; lainnya, 3,8%. |
|export-goods = barang modal, 27,9%; persediaan dan bahan industri (kecuali minyak), 24,8%; barang konsumen (kecuali otomotif), 11,8%; kendaraan bermotor dan komponennya, 9,4%; makanan dan minuman, 8,6%; bensin, 7,6%; pesawat terbang dan komponennya, 6,1%; lainnya, 3,8%. |
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|export-partners = [[Kanada]] 18,9%; [[Meksiko]] 14,0%; [[ |
|export-partners = [[Kanada]] 18,9%; [[Meksiko]] 14,0%; [[Tiongkok]], 7,1%; [[Jepang]], 4,5%; [[Britania Raya]], 3,5% (2012) |
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|imports = $2,299 triliun (2012)<ref name="Exports-Imports" /> |
|imports = $2,299 triliun (2012)<ref name="Exports-Imports" /> |
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|import-goods = Barang konsumen kecuali otomotif, 22,7%; barang modal (kecuali komputasi), 18,7; bahan industri (kecuali minyak mentah), 18,4%; minyak mentah, 13,7%; kendaraan bermotor dan komponennya, 13,1%; komputer dan aksesorisnya, 5.4%; makanan dan minuman, 4,8%; lainnya, 3,1%. |
|import-goods = Barang konsumen kecuali otomotif, 22,7%; barang modal (kecuali komputasi), 18,7; bahan industri (kecuali minyak mentah), 18,4%; minyak mentah, 13,7%; kendaraan bermotor dan komponennya, 13,1%; komputer dan aksesorisnya, 5.4%; makanan dan minuman, 4,8%; lainnya, 3,1%. |
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|import-partners = Cina, 18,7%; Kanada, 14,2%; Meksiko, 12,2%; Jepang, 6,4%; Jerman, 4,8% (2012) |
|import-partners = Cina, 18,7%; Kanada, 14,2%; Meksiko, 12,2%; Jepang, 6,4%; Jerman, 4,8% (2012) |
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|FDI = $227,9 miliar (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofii.org/docs/FDIUS_3_14_12.pdf |
|FDI = $227,9 miliar (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofii.org/docs/FDIUS_3_14_12.pdf|title=Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the United States|publisher=International Investment|accessdate=November 22, 2011}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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|gross external debt = $14,71 triliun / 98% dari PDB (Juni 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2079.html#us|title=Debt - External|work=The CIA World Factbook}}</ref> |
|gross external debt = $14,71 triliun / 98% dari PDB (Juni 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2079.html#us|title=Debt - External|work=The CIA World Factbook|access-date=2013-03-30|archive-date=2015-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209003243/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2079.html#us|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |
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|debt = $16,687 triliun<ref name="TreasDirect">{{cite web|url=http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np |
|debt = $16,687 triliun<ref name="TreasDirect">{{cite web|url=http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np|title=The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It|work=Treasury Direct|date=February 28, 2013|accessdate=March 2, 2013|archive-date=2011-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418203433/http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np|dead-url=yes}}</ref> / 107.18% of GDP<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CLUR%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=81&pr.y=10|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012|publisher=IMF|accessdate=February 22, 2013}}</ref> |
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|revenue = $2,45 triliun (pajak pendapatan individu, 46,1%; asuransi sosial, 34,7%; pajak korporat, 9,9%; lainnya, 9,3% - 2012)<ref name="Budget">{{cite web |
|revenue = $2,45 triliun (pajak pendapatan individu, 46,1%; asuransi sosial, 34,7%; pajak korporat, 9,9%; lainnya, 9,3% - 2012)<ref name="Budget">{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/10/05/news/economy/us-deficit/index.html?hpt=po_c2|title=Deficit tops $1 trillion for 4th straight year|publisher=CNN Money|date=October 6, 2012}}</ref> |
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|expenses = $3,54 triliun (jaminan sosial, 21,5%; pertahanan, 18,4%; [[Medicare (Amerika Serikat)|Medicare]], 13,2%; bunga, 7,3%; [[Medicaid]], 7,1%; lainnya, 32,4% - 2012)<ref name="Budget" /> |
|expenses = $3,54 triliun (jaminan sosial, 21,5%; pertahanan, 18,4%; [[Medicare (Amerika Serikat)|Medicare]], 13,2%; bunga, 7,3%; [[Medicaid]], 7,1%; lainnya, 32,4% - 2012)<ref name="Budget" /> |
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|deficit = $1,09 triliun (2012)<ref name="Budget" /> |
|deficit = $1,09 triliun (2012)<ref name="Budget" /> |
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|reserves = $151,866 miliar (Des. 2012) <ref name="reserves">{{cite web |
|reserves = $151,866 miliar (Des. 2012) <ref name="reserves">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/data/usa/eng/curusa.htm|title=United States: International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=December 14, 2012|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref> |
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|credit = |
|credit = |
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*[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web |
*[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web|title=Sovereigns rating list|publisher=Standard & Poor's|url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu?sectorName=null&subSectorCode=39&filter=U|accessdate=August 20, 2011|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135417/https://www.standardandpoors.com//ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu?sectorName=null&subSectorCode=39&filter=U%20|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br>AA+ (Domestic)<br>AA+ (Foreign)<br>AAA (T&C Assessment)<br>Outlook: Negative<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|title=How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating|date=April 15, 2011|first1=Simon|last1=Rogers|first2=Ami|last2=Sedghi|work=The Guardian |location=London|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/apr/30/credit-ratings-country-fitch-moodys-standard|accessdate=May 28, 2011 }}</ref> |
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*[[Moody's]]:<ref name=guardian/><br>AAA<br>Outlook: Negative<ref>{{cite news|last=Riley|first=Charles|title=Moody's affirms AAA rating, lowers outlook|url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/02/news/economy/moodys_credit_rating/index.htm?hpt=hp_t1|publisher=CNN|date=August 2, 2011}}</ref> |
*[[Moody's]]:<ref name=guardian/><br>AAA<br>Outlook: Negative<ref>{{cite news|last=Riley|first=Charles|title=Moody's affirms AAA rating, lowers outlook|url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/02/news/economy/moodys_credit_rating/index.htm?hpt=hp_t1|publisher=CNN|date=August 2, 2011}}</ref> |
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*[[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref name=guardian/><br>AAA<br>Outlook: Negative |
*[[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref name=guardian/><br>AAA<br>Outlook: Negative |
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|aid = [[Official Development Assistance|ODA]] $19 billion, 0.2% of GDP (2004)<ref>{{Citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/business_aid_and_development/html/2.stm |
|aid = [[Official Development Assistance|ODA]] $19 billion, 0.2% of GDP (2004)<ref>{{Citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/business_aid_and_development/html/2.stm|title=Biggest donors by GDP|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=November 17, 2008}}</ref> |
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|cianame = us |
|cianame = us |
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|spelling = US |
|spelling = US |
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[[Berkas:Comparison between U.S. states and countries by GDP in 2012.jpg|jmpl|250px|Gambar ini membandingkan PDB negara bagian AS dengan negara lainnya di dunia (2012)]] |
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'''Ekonomi |
'''Ekonomi Amerika Serikat''' adalah [[ekonomi]] terbesar di [[dunia]]. [[Produk domestik bruto]] (PDB) nominalnya tercatat sebesar [[Dolar|$]] 15,8 [[triliun]] pada tahun 2012,<ref name="GDP" /> yang merupakan seperempat dari [[daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal)|PDB nominal dunia]].<ref name=IMF_GDP/> PDB berdasarkan [[keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja]] (KKB) Amerika Serikat juga merupakan yang terbesar di dunia dan merupakan seperlima dari [[daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB)|PDB KKB dunia]].<ref name=IMF_GDP/> Ekonomi Amerika Serikat merupakan [[ekonomi campuran]]<ref>[http://krakow.usconsulate.gov/conditions_resources.html U.S. Economy and Business – Conditions and Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401235554/http://krakow.usconsulate.gov/conditions_resources.html |date=2012-04-01 }}. U.S. Department of State. "The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles." Accessed: October 24, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://infopedia.usembassy.or.kr/ENG/_f_030401.html (4)Outline of the U.S. Economy – (2)How the U.S. Economy Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114051146/http://infopedia.usembassy.or.kr/ENG/_f_030401.html |date=2012-01-14 }}. U.S. Embassy Information Resource Center. "As a result, the American economy is perhaps better described as a "mixed" economy, with government playing an important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterprise and government management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkably successful." Accessed: October 24, 2011.</ref> yang mengalami pertumbuhan PDB yang stabil, memiliki tingkat [[pengangguran]] yang sedang, dan tingkat [[penelitian]] dan [[penanaman modal]] yang tinggi. Lima rekan dagang utama Amerika Serikat adalah [[Uni Eropa]], [[Kanada]], [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], [[Meksiko]], dan [[Jepang]]. |
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Amerika Serikat adalah salah satu negara terkaya di dunia yang memiliki [[sumber daya alam]] yang berlimpah, infrastruktur yang maju, dan produktivitas yang tinggi.<ref>Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), hal. 185. ISBN 0-8213-6545-2.</ref> [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita|Pendapatan per kapita (KKB)]] merupakan yang tertinggi keenam di dunia.<ref name=IMF_GDP/> |
Amerika Serikat adalah salah satu [[negara]] terkaya di dunia yang memiliki [[sumber daya alam]] yang berlimpah, [[infrastruktur]] yang maju, dan [[produktivitas]] yang tinggi.<ref>Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), hal. 185. ISBN 0-8213-6545-2.</ref> [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita|Pendapatan per kapita (KKB)]] merupakan yang tertinggi keenam di dunia.<ref name=IMF_GDP/> Amerika Serikat juga merupakan [[daftar negara menurut produksi minyak bumi|produsen minyak bumi terbesar ketiga]] dan [[daftar negara menurut produksi gas alam|produsen gas alam terbesar kedua]] di dunia. Negara ini juga merupakan negara dagang terbesar kedua setelah [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/feb/11/china-worlds-largest-trading-nation The Guardian - 11 February 2013 - ''China overtakes US in world trade'' - by Phillip Inman]</ref> Pada tahun 2010, Amerika Serikat masih menjadi negara pabrikan terbesar, dengan seperlima hasil pabrikan dunia berasal dari Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shopfloor.org/2011/03/u-s-manufacturing-remains-worlds-largest/18756 | title=U.S. Manufacturing Remains World’s Largest | publisher=Shopfloor | date=March 11, 2011 | accessdate=March 28, 2012 | author=Vargo, Frank | archive-date=2012-04-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404234310/http://shopfloor.org/2011/03/u-s-manufacturing-remains-worlds-largest/18756 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dari 500 perusahaan terbesar di dunia, 132 bermarkas di Amerika Serikat.<ref name="Global 500 2010: Countries">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/US.html|publisher=CNN|title=Global 500 2010: Countries}}</ref> Selain itu, Amerika Serikat memiliki [[pasar finansial]] terbesar dan paling berpengaruh di dunia. Sekitar 60% cadangan mata uang global diinvestasikan dalam dollar Amerika Serikat, sementara 24% diinvestasikan dalam [[Euro]]. [[Bursa Efek New York]] adalah bursa efek terbesar di dunia berdasarkan [[kapitalisasi pasar]].<ref>http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf</ref> [[Investasi asing langsung]] di Amerika Serikat tercatat sebesar $2,4 triliun.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2198rank.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=April 21, 2012 |archive-date=2017-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429221140/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2198rank.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Investasi Amerika Serikat di negara lain berjumlah $3,3 triliun.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2199rank.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=April 21, 2012 |archive-date=2007-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211224610/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2199rank.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pasar tenaga kerja juga menarik imigran dari seluruh dunia. Selain itu, berdasarkan [[Indeks Kemudahan Berbisnis]] dan [[Laporan Daya Saing Global]] menempatkan Amerika Serikat sebagai salah satu negara terbaik.<ref>{{Citation| url=http://gcr.weforum.org/gcr/| title=Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009| publisher=World Economic Forum| accessdate=October 12, 2008| archive-date=2009-09-04| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904071741/http://gcr.weforum.org/gcr/| dead-url=yes}} Click the link "Rankings" to access the entire list.</ref> |
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Ekonomi |
Ekonomi Amerika Serikat saat ini sedang mengalami kesulitan akibat [[krisis keuangan 2007-2008]]. Pada Februari 2013, tingkat pengangguran mencapai 7,7% atau 12,0 juta orang, sementara tingkat pengangguran U-6 yang juga meliputi [[kekurangan pekerjaan]] mencapai 14,3% atau 22,2 juta. Dengan tingginya tingkat pengangguran, berkurangnya pendapatan rumah tangga, dan pemotongan anggaran federal, ekonomi Amerika Serikat masih berusaha [[pulih dari pengangguran]].<ref name=SchwartzJobless>{{cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Nelson|title=Recovery in U.S. Is Lifting Profits, but Not Adding Jobs|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/04/business/economy/corporate-profits-soar-as-worker-income-limps.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=18 March 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 3, 2013}}</ref> [[Kemiskinan ekstrem]], yaitu rumah tangga dengan pendapatan kurang dari $2 per hari, bertambah dua kali lipat dari angka pada tahun 1996 menjadi 1,5 juta rumah tangga pada tahun 2011, termasuk 2,8 juta anak.<ref name=NatlPovertyCtr>[http://npc.umich.edu/publications/policy_briefs/brief28/policybrief28.pdf "Extreme Poverty in the United States, 1996 to 2011"] ''National Poverty Center'', Februari 2012</ref> Pada tahun 2013, [[kemiskinan anak-anak]] mencapai rekor tertinggi, dengan 16,7 juta anak-anak hidup dalam rumah tangga yang makanannya tidak pAmerika Serikatti, sekitar 35% lebih tinggi dari angka pada tahun 2007.<ref name=WalkerBBC>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Duncan|title=The children going hungry in America|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21636723|accessdate=13 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=6 March 2013}}</ref> Terdapat sekitar 643.000 tuna wisma pada Januari 2009, dan dua per tiga di antaranya tinggal di temapt perlindungan darurat atau program perumahan transisional, sementara sisanya tinggal di jalan, bangunan yang ditinggalkan, atau tempat lain yang tidak layak.<ref name=HUDhomeless2009>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huduser.org/publications/pdf/5thHomelessAssessmentReport.pdf |title=HUD 5th Annual Homelessness Assessment Report to Congress, Juni 2010 |access-date=2013-03-30 |archive-date=2013-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911021007/http://www.huduser.org/publications/pdf/5thHomelessAssessmentReport.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 2008, Amerika Serikat menghabiskan lebih banyak anggarannya untuk kesehatan dari negara lain di dunia, yaitu sekitar 15,2% dari PDB. Akan tetapi, pada tahun 2013, harapan hidup Amerika Serikat lebih rendah daripada 17 negara berpendapatan tinggi lainnya.<ref name=nihbph>[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13497 "U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health"] (2013) National Institutes of Health Committee on Population, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice</ref> Pada tahun 2010, 49,9 juta orang atau 16,3% dari jumlah penduduk Amerika Serikat tidak memiliki [[asuransi kesehatan|Amerika Serikaturansi kesehatan]] yang mengakibatkan kematian 48.000 orang per tahunnya.<ref name=uninsureddeaths>{{Cite web |last= Woolhandler |first= S. |coauthors= ''et al.'' |date= September 12, 2012 |title= Despite slight drop in uninsured, last year’s figure points to 48,000 preventable deaths |publisher= Physicians for a National Health Program |url= http://www.pnhp.org/news/2012/september/despite-slight-drop-in-uninsured-last-year%E2%80%99s-figure-points-to-48000-preventable- |accessdate= September 26, 2012 |archive-date= 2012-09-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120924021844/http://www.pnhp.org/news/2012/september/despite-slight-drop-in-uninsured-last-year%E2%80%99s-figure-points-to-48000-preventable- |dead-url= yes }}</ref> Sementara itu, pada tahun 2007, 62,1% pengaju [[kebangkrutan]] menyalahkan biaya medis. Sekitar 25% [[penduduk lansia]] menyatakan kebangkrutannya karena biaya medis, dan 43% terpaksa menghipotekkan atau menjual kediaman mereka.<ref name=kelley2013>[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-012-2199-x "Out-of-Pocket Spending in the Last Five Years of Life"] ''Journal of General Internal Medicine'', Februari 2013, Volume 28, Issue 2, hal 304-309</ref> |
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Jumlah utang |
Jumlah utang Amerika Serikat tercatat sebesar $50,2 triliun pada akhir kuartal pertama tahun 2010, atau sekitar 3,5 kali PDB.<ref name="1946-2009-debtlevels">{{Citation |
||
| first = [[Federal Reserve]] |
| first = [[Federal Reserve]] |
||
| title = Components of US debt |
| title = Components of US debt |
||
| url = https://www.federalreserve.gov/datadownload/Download.aspx?rel=Z1&series=654245a7abac051cc4a9060c911e1fa4&filetype=csv&label=include&layout=seriescolumn&from=01/01/1945&to=December 31, 2010 |
| url = https://www.federalreserve.gov/datadownload/Download.aspx?rel=Z1&series=654245a7abac051cc4a9060c911e1fa4&filetype=csv&label=include&layout=seriescolumn&from=01/01/1945&to=December 31, 2010 |
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| accessdate =July 3, 2010}}</ref> Pada Oktober 2012, proporsi utang |
| accessdate =July 3, 2010}}</ref> Pada Oktober 2012, proporsi utang publik Amerika Serikat 1,0043 kali lebih besar dari PDB.<ref name="debtclock">{{cite web |url=http://www.usdebtclock.org/world-debt-clock.html |title=World Debt |publisher=usdebtclock.org |accessdate=January 31, 2013}}</ref> [[Aset|Amerika Serikatet]] keuangan domestik berjumlah $131 triliun dan [[liabilitas|liabilitAmerika Serikat]] keuangan domestik berjumlah $106 triliun.<ref name="2010-flow-of-funds-total-domestic-balance">{{Citation |
||
| first = [[Federal Reserve]] |
| first = [[Federal Reserve]] |
||
| title = Flow of Funds report |
| title = Flow of Funds report |
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| page = L.5, L.125 |
| page = L.5, L.125 |
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| url = |
| url = http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/current/z1.pdf |
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| accessdate =July 3, 2010 |
| accessdate = July 3, 2010 |
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| archive-date = 2017-11-01 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171101095229/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/Current/z1.pdf |
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| dead-url = yes |
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}}</ref> |
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==Catatan kaki == |
== Catatan kaki == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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*[http://www.researchamerica.org/economic_impact Research!America – Economic Impact of Medical Research in the U.S.] |
* [http://www.researchamerica.org/economic_impact Research!America – Economic Impact of Medical Research in the U.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224214200/http://www.researchamerica.org/economic_impact |date=2014-12-24 }} |
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* [https://eternacubicletoilet.com/ Eterna Cubicle Toilet] |
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*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html CIA – The World Factbook – United States] |
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*[http://infousa.state.gov/government/forpolicy/oecon.html Outline of the U.S. Economy] |
* [http://infousa.state.gov/government/forpolicy/oecon.html Outline of the U.S. Economy]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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*[http://www.bea.gov/national/zip/dpga.zip Bureau of Economic Analysis: Selected NIPA tables (Lots of U.S. economic data)] |
* [http://www.bea.gov/national/zip/dpga.zip Bureau of Economic Analysis: Selected NIPA tables (Lots of U.S. economic data)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001915/http://www.bea.gov/national/zip/dpga.zip |date=2007-09-27 }} |
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*[http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/ecalendar/ U.S. Economic Calendar] |
* [http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/ecalendar/ U.S. Economic Calendar] |
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*[http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3_geo_id=01000US.html U.S. Census Bureau] |
* [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3_geo_id=01000US.html U.S. Census Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030607063207/http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3_geo_id=01000US.html |date=2003-06-07 }} |
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*[http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm U.S. Dept of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics] |
* [http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm U.S. Dept of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics] |
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*[http://www.bea.gov/ U.S. Dept of Commerce – Bureau of Economic Analysis] |
* [http://www.bea.gov/ U.S. Dept of Commerce – Bureau of Economic Analysis] |
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*[http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/Z1/ FRB: Z.1 Release-- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States, Release Dates] |
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/Z1/ FRB: Z.1 Release-- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States, Release Dates] |
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*[http://www.oecd.org/us/ OECD's United States country Web site] and [http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/us/ OECD Economic Survey of the United States] |
* [http://www.oecd.org/us/ OECD's United States country Web site] and [http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/us/ OECD Economic Survey of the United States] |
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*[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/petroleu.html#IntlTrade U.S. Energy Information Administration] |
* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/petroleu.html#IntlTrade U.S. Energy Information Administration] |
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*[http://www.nber.org/ National Bureau of Economic Research] Economics material from the organization that declares recessions and recoveries. |
* [http://www.nber.org/ National Bureau of Economic Research] Economics material from the organization that declares recessions and recoveries. |
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*[http://www.bls.gov Bureau of Labor Statistics]–from the American Labor Department |
* [http://www.bls.gov Bureau of Labor Statistics]–from the American Labor Department |
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*[https://bea.gov/ U.S. Department of Commerce Economics Statistics] |
* [https://bea.gov/ U.S. Department of Commerce Economics Statistics] |
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*[http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/bg1713.cfm The Heritage Foundation: Understanding Poverty in America] |
* [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/bg1713.cfm The Heritage Foundation: Understanding Poverty in America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313053958/http://www.heritage.org/research/welfare/bg1713.cfm |date=2010-03-13 }} |
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*[http://www.intelligentguess.com/blog/2007/04/09/usa-relationship-between-gdp-and-savings-rate-quarterly-data-since-1985/ GDP growth viz Savings rate since 1985] Comparing GDP growth rate with the Savings rate since 1985 |
* [http://www.intelligentguess.com/blog/2007/04/09/usa-relationship-between-gdp-and-savings-rate-quarterly-data-since-1985/ GDP growth viz Savings rate since 1985] Comparing GDP growth rate with the Savings rate since 1985 |
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*[http://www.euroekonom.com/graphs-data.php?type=gdp-growth-usa U.S. Gross Domestic Product Growth] |
* [http://www.euroekonom.com/graphs-data.php?type=gdp-growth-usa U.S. Gross Domestic Product Growth] |
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*[http://www.euroekonom.com/database/graphs2.php?type=unemployment-usa&lang=an&time=0 U.S. Unemployment Rate] |
* [http://www.euroekonom.com/database/graphs2.php?type=unemployment-usa&lang=an&time=0 U.S. Unemployment Rate] |
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*[http://www.euroekonom.com/database/graphs3.php?type=inflation-usa&lang=an&time=0 U.S. Consumer Price Index] |
* [http://www.euroekonom.com/database/graphs3.php?type=inflation-usa&lang=an&time=0 U.S. Consumer Price Index] |
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*[http://www.freetrade.org/pubs/FTBs/FTB-032.html A U.S.–Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Strengthening Democracy and Progress in Latin America] |
* [http://www.freetrade.org/pubs/FTBs/FTB-032.html A U.S.–Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Strengthening Democracy and Progress in Latin America] |
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*[http://www.newsweek.com/id/183718/output/print "Why There Won't Be a Revolution"] by Jerry Adler, ''Newsweek'', February 16, 2009 |
* [http://www.newsweek.com/id/183718/output/print "Why There Won't Be a Revolution"]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by Jerry Adler, ''Newsweek'', February 16, 2009 |
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{{ekonomi-stub}} |
{{ekonomi-stub}} |
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⚫ | |||
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{{Link FA|sl}} |
Revisi terkini sejak 11 Desember 2022 18.09
Ekonomi Bogoran serikat | |
---|---|
Peringkat | 1 (nominal) / 1 (KKB) |
Mata uang | $AS |
Tahun fiskal | 1 Oktober – 30 September |
Statistik | |
PDB | $15,851 triliun(Q4 2012)[1][2] |
Pertumbuhan PDB | 2,2% (Real, Des. 2011-Des. 2012)[1] |
PDB per kapita | $49.601 (2012)[2] (14–2011, nominal; 6–2011, KKB) |
PDB per sektor | agrikultur: 1,2%, industri: 19,2%, jasa: 79,6% (perkiraan 2011) |
Inflasi (IHK) | 1,6% (Januari 2012-Januari 2013) [3] |
Penduduk di bawah garis kemiskinan | 15,0% (2011) [4] |
Koefisien gini | 0,477 (2011) [5] |
Labor kerja | 155,524 juta (includes 12.032 mil. unemployed, February 2013)[6] |
Labor kerja berdasarkan sektor | pertanian, perhutanan, dan perikanan: 0,7%
manufaktur, penggalian, transportasi, dan kerajinan: 20,3% managerial, profesional, dan teknis: 37,3% penjualan dan kantor: 24,2% jasa lain: 17,6% (2009) [catatan: tidak termasuk pengangguran] |
Pengangguran | 7,7% (Februari 2013)[6] (-0,2%) |
Gaji kotor rata-rata | $45.230 (Mei 2011)[7] |
Industri utama | Sangat terdiversifikasi, memimpin dunia, pembaharu teknologi, negara dengan hasil industri terbesar kedua di dunia; minyak bumi, baja, kendaraan bermotor, kedirgantaraan, telekomunikasi, bahan kimia, elektronik, pemrosesan makanan, barang konsumen, kayu, pertambangan |
Peringkat kemudahan melakukan bisnis | 4 [8] |
Eksternal | |
Ekspor | $1,564 triliun (2012)[9] |
Komoditas ekspor | barang modal, 27,9%; persediaan dan bahan industri (kecuali minyak), 24,8%; barang konsumen (kecuali otomotif), 11,8%; kendaraan bermotor dan komponennya, 9,4%; makanan dan minuman, 8,6%; bensin, 7,6%; pesawat terbang dan komponennya, 6,1%; lainnya, 3,8%. |
Tujuan ekspor utama | Kanada 18,9%; Meksiko 14,0%; Tiongkok, 7,1%; Jepang, 4,5%; Britania Raya, 3,5% (2012) |
Impor | $2,299 triliun (2012)[9] |
Komoditas impor | Barang konsumen kecuali otomotif, 22,7%; barang modal (kecuali komputasi), 18,7; bahan industri (kecuali minyak mentah), 18,4%; minyak mentah, 13,7%; kendaraan bermotor dan komponennya, 13,1%; komputer dan aksesorisnya, 5.4%; makanan dan minuman, 4,8%; lainnya, 3,1%. |
Negara asal impor utama | Cina, 18,7%; Kanada, 14,2%; Meksiko, 12,2%; Jepang, 6,4%; Jerman, 4,8% (2012) |
Modal investasi langsung asing | $227,9 miliar (2011)[10] |
Utang kotor luar negeri | $14,71 triliun / 98% dari PDB (Juni 2011)[11] |
Pembiayaan publik | |
Utang publik | $16,687 triliun[12] / 107.18% of GDP[13] |
Defisit anggaran | $1,09 triliun (2012)[14] |
Pendapatan | $2,45 triliun (pajak pendapatan individu, 46,1%; asuransi sosial, 34,7%; pajak korporat, 9,9%; lainnya, 9,3% - 2012)[14] |
Beban | $3,54 triliun (jaminan sosial, 21,5%; pertahanan, 18,4%; Medicare, 13,2%; bunga, 7,3%; Medicaid, 7,1%; lainnya, 32,4% - 2012)[14] |
Bantuan ekonomi | ODA $19 billion, 0.2% of GDP (2004)[15] |
Peringkat utang | |
Cadangan mata uang asing | $151,866 miliar (Des. 2012) [19] |
Sumber data utama: CIA World Fact Book |
Ekonomi Amerika Serikat adalah ekonomi terbesar di dunia. Produk domestik bruto (PDB) nominalnya tercatat sebesar $ 15,8 triliun pada tahun 2012,[1] yang merupakan seperempat dari PDB nominal dunia.[2] PDB berdasarkan keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja (KKB) Amerika Serikat juga merupakan yang terbesar di dunia dan merupakan seperlima dari PDB KKB dunia.[2] Ekonomi Amerika Serikat merupakan ekonomi campuran[20][21] yang mengalami pertumbuhan PDB yang stabil, memiliki tingkat pengangguran yang sedang, dan tingkat penelitian dan penanaman modal yang tinggi. Lima rekan dagang utama Amerika Serikat adalah Uni Eropa, Kanada, Tiongkok, Meksiko, dan Jepang.
Amerika Serikat adalah salah satu negara terkaya di dunia yang memiliki sumber daya alam yang berlimpah, infrastruktur yang maju, dan produktivitas yang tinggi.[22] Pendapatan per kapita (KKB) merupakan yang tertinggi keenam di dunia.[2] Amerika Serikat juga merupakan produsen minyak bumi terbesar ketiga dan produsen gas alam terbesar kedua di dunia. Negara ini juga merupakan negara dagang terbesar kedua setelah Tiongkok.[23] Pada tahun 2010, Amerika Serikat masih menjadi negara pabrikan terbesar, dengan seperlima hasil pabrikan dunia berasal dari Amerika Serikat.[24] Dari 500 perusahaan terbesar di dunia, 132 bermarkas di Amerika Serikat.[25] Selain itu, Amerika Serikat memiliki pasar finansial terbesar dan paling berpengaruh di dunia. Sekitar 60% cadangan mata uang global diinvestasikan dalam dollar Amerika Serikat, sementara 24% diinvestasikan dalam Euro. Bursa Efek New York adalah bursa efek terbesar di dunia berdasarkan kapitalisasi pasar.[26] Investasi asing langsung di Amerika Serikat tercatat sebesar $2,4 triliun.[27] Investasi Amerika Serikat di negara lain berjumlah $3,3 triliun.[28] Pasar tenaga kerja juga menarik imigran dari seluruh dunia. Selain itu, berdasarkan Indeks Kemudahan Berbisnis dan Laporan Daya Saing Global menempatkan Amerika Serikat sebagai salah satu negara terbaik.[29]
Ekonomi Amerika Serikat saat ini sedang mengalami kesulitan akibat krisis keuangan 2007-2008. Pada Februari 2013, tingkat pengangguran mencapai 7,7% atau 12,0 juta orang, sementara tingkat pengangguran U-6 yang juga meliputi kekurangan pekerjaan mencapai 14,3% atau 22,2 juta. Dengan tingginya tingkat pengangguran, berkurangnya pendapatan rumah tangga, dan pemotongan anggaran federal, ekonomi Amerika Serikat masih berusaha pulih dari pengangguran.[30] Kemiskinan ekstrem, yaitu rumah tangga dengan pendapatan kurang dari $2 per hari, bertambah dua kali lipat dari angka pada tahun 1996 menjadi 1,5 juta rumah tangga pada tahun 2011, termasuk 2,8 juta anak.[31] Pada tahun 2013, kemiskinan anak-anak mencapai rekor tertinggi, dengan 16,7 juta anak-anak hidup dalam rumah tangga yang makanannya tidak pAmerika Serikatti, sekitar 35% lebih tinggi dari angka pada tahun 2007.[32] Terdapat sekitar 643.000 tuna wisma pada Januari 2009, dan dua per tiga di antaranya tinggal di temapt perlindungan darurat atau program perumahan transisional, sementara sisanya tinggal di jalan, bangunan yang ditinggalkan, atau tempat lain yang tidak layak.[33] Pada tahun 2008, Amerika Serikat menghabiskan lebih banyak anggarannya untuk kesehatan dari negara lain di dunia, yaitu sekitar 15,2% dari PDB. Akan tetapi, pada tahun 2013, harapan hidup Amerika Serikat lebih rendah daripada 17 negara berpendapatan tinggi lainnya.[34] Pada tahun 2010, 49,9 juta orang atau 16,3% dari jumlah penduduk Amerika Serikat tidak memiliki Amerika Serikaturansi kesehatan yang mengakibatkan kematian 48.000 orang per tahunnya.[35] Sementara itu, pada tahun 2007, 62,1% pengaju kebangkrutan menyalahkan biaya medis. Sekitar 25% penduduk lansia menyatakan kebangkrutannya karena biaya medis, dan 43% terpaksa menghipotekkan atau menjual kediaman mereka.[36]
Jumlah utang Amerika Serikat tercatat sebesar $50,2 triliun pada akhir kuartal pertama tahun 2010, atau sekitar 3,5 kali PDB.[37] Pada Oktober 2012, proporsi utang publik Amerika Serikat 1,0043 kali lebih besar dari PDB.[38] Amerika Serikatet keuangan domestik berjumlah $131 triliun dan liabilitAmerika Serikat keuangan domestik berjumlah $106 triliun.[39]
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c "National Economic Trends (Nominal GDP)" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. February 28, 2013. hlm. 24. Diakses tanggal March 2, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "United States". International Monetary Fund. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2013.
- ^ "National Economic Trends (Consumer Price Index)" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. February 22, 2013. hlm. 28. Diakses tanggal February 25, 2013.
- ^ "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011" (PDF). September 2012. hlm. 13. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2013.
- ^ "Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011". Newsroom. United States Census Bureau. September 12, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 23, 2013.
- ^ a b "Economic News Release: Employment Situation Summary Table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted". BLS.gov. March 8, 2013. Diakses tanggal March 8, 2013.
- ^ "Occupational Employment and Wages News Release (May 2011)". BLS.gov. March 27, 2012. Diakses tanggal October 5, 2012.
- ^ "Doing Business in the United States 2013". World Bank. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-25. Diakses tanggal January 23, 2013.
- ^ a b "U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services" (PDF). BEA. February 8, 2013. Diakses tanggal February 11, 2013.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ "Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the United States" (PDF). International Investment. Diakses tanggal November 22, 2011.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ "Debt - External". The CIA World Factbook. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-12-09. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-30.
- ^ "The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It". Treasury Direct. February 28, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-18. Diakses tanggal March 2, 2013.
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012". IMF. Diakses tanggal February 22, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Deficit tops $1 trillion for 4th straight year". CNN Money. October 6, 2012.
- ^ Biggest donors by GDP, BBC News, diakses tanggal November 17, 2008
- ^ "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-25. Diakses tanggal August 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (April 15, 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. London. Diakses tanggal May 28, 2011.
- ^ Riley, Charles (August 2, 2011). "Moody's affirms AAA rating, lowers outlook". CNN.
- ^ "United States: International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity". International Monetary Fund. December 14, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2013.
- ^ U.S. Economy and Business – Conditions and Resources Diarsipkan 2012-04-01 di Wayback Machine.. U.S. Department of State. "The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles." Accessed: October 24, 2011.
- ^ (4)Outline of the U.S. Economy – (2)How the U.S. Economy Works Diarsipkan 2012-01-14 di Wayback Machine.. U.S. Embassy Information Resource Center. "As a result, the American economy is perhaps better described as a "mixed" economy, with government playing an important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterprise and government management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkably successful." Accessed: October 24, 2011.
- ^ Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny, ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), hal. 185. ISBN 0-8213-6545-2.
- ^ The Guardian - 11 February 2013 - China overtakes US in world trade - by Phillip Inman
- ^ Vargo, Frank (March 11, 2011). "U.S. Manufacturing Remains World's Largest". Shopfloor. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-04-04. Diakses tanggal March 28, 2012.
- ^ "Global 500 2010: Countries". CNN.
- ^ http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-04-29. Diakses tanggal April 21, 2012.
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-12-11. Diakses tanggal April 21, 2012.
- ^ Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009, World Economic Forum, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-09-04, diakses tanggal October 12, 2008 Click the link "Rankings" to access the entire list.
- ^ Schwartz, Nelson (March 3, 2013). "Recovery in U.S. Is Lifting Profits, but Not Adding Jobs". New York Times. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Extreme Poverty in the United States, 1996 to 2011" National Poverty Center, Februari 2012
- ^ Walker, Duncan (6 March 2013). "The children going hungry in America". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 13 March 2013.
- ^ "HUD 5th Annual Homelessness Assessment Report to Congress, Juni 2010" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-09-11. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-30.
- ^ "U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health" (2013) National Institutes of Health Committee on Population, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice
- ^ Woolhandler, S. (September 12, 2012). "Despite slight drop in uninsured, last year's figure points to 48,000 preventable deaths". Physicians for a National Health Program. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-09-24. Diakses tanggal September 26, 2012.
- ^ "Out-of-Pocket Spending in the Last Five Years of Life" Journal of General Internal Medicine, Februari 2013, Volume 28, Issue 2, hal 304-309
- ^ 31, 2010 Components of US debt Periksa nilai
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(bantuan), diakses tanggal July 3, 2010 - ^ "World Debt". usdebtclock.org. Diakses tanggal January 31, 2013.
- ^ Flow of Funds report (PDF), hlm. L.5, L.125, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-11-01, diakses tanggal July 3, 2010
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Research!America – Economic Impact of Medical Research in the U.S. Diarsipkan 2014-12-24 di Wayback Machine.
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- Outline of the U.S. Economy[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Bureau of Economic Analysis: Selected NIPA tables (Lots of U.S. economic data) Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine.
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- U.S. Dept of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics
- U.S. Dept of Commerce – Bureau of Economic Analysis
- FRB: Z.1 Release-- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States, Release Dates
- OECD's United States country Web site and OECD Economic Survey of the United States
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- National Bureau of Economic Research Economics material from the organization that declares recessions and recoveries.
- Bureau of Labor Statistics–from the American Labor Department
- U.S. Department of Commerce Economics Statistics
- The Heritage Foundation: Understanding Poverty in America Diarsipkan 2010-03-13 di Wayback Machine.
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- U.S. Consumer Price Index
- A U.S.–Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Strengthening Democracy and Progress in Latin America
- "Why There Won't Be a Revolution"[pranala nonaktif permanen] by Jerry Adler, Newsweek, February 16, 2009