Bahasa Prancis: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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'''French''' (''le français'', ''la langue française'') adalah salah satu bahasa paling penting dari kelompok bahasa [[Roman]] - kalah penting dari [[bahasa Spanyol]] dan [[bahasa Portugis]] saja. Bahasa Perancis merupakan bahasa yang paling banyak dituturkan ke-11 di dunia. Hingga 1999, bahasa ini digunakan oleh lebih dari 77 juta penduduk dunia sebagai bahasa pertama, dan oleh 128 juta jiwa sebagai bahasa kedua. Bahasa Perancis adalah bahasa resmi atau bahasa pemerintahan di beberapa komunitas dan organisasi seperti [[Uni Eropa]], [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional (IOC)]], [[PBB]] dan [[FIFA]]. |
'''French''' (''le français'', ''la langue française'') adalah salah satu bahasa paling penting dari kelompok bahasa [[Roman]] - kalah penting dari [[bahasa Spanyol]] dan [[bahasa Portugis]] saja. Bahasa Perancis merupakan bahasa yang paling banyak dituturkan ke-11 di dunia. Hingga 1999, bahasa ini digunakan oleh lebih dari 77 juta penduduk dunia sebagai bahasa pertama, dan oleh 128 juta jiwa sebagai bahasa kedua. Bahasa Perancis adalah bahasa resmi atau bahasa pemerintahan di beberapa komunitas dan organisasi seperti [[Uni Eropa]], [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional (IOC)]], [[PBB]] dan [[FIFA]]. |
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<tr><td>ISO 639-2(T):</td><td>fra</td></tr> |
<tr><td>ISO 639-2(T):</td><td>fra</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[SIL]]:</td><td> FRN</td></tr> |
<tr><td>[[SIL]]:</td><td> FRN</td></tr> |
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</table> |
</table> |
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== History == |
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===The Roman Invasion of Gaul=== |
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The French language is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]], meaning that it is descended from [[Latin language|Latin]]. Before the Roman invasion of what is modern-day France by [[Julius Caesar|Julius Cæsar]] (58-52 B.C.), France was inhabited largely by a [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] people that the Romans referred to as [[Gaul|Gauls]] , although one also finds other linguistic/ethnic groups in France at this time, such as the [[Iberians]] (in southern France and Spain), the [[Ligurians]] (on the Mediterranean coast), [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Phoenicians|Phoenician]] outposts (like [[Marseille]]) and the [[Vascons]] (on the Spanish/French border). |
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Although in the past many Frenchmen liked to refer to their descent from Gallic ancestors ("Nos ancêtres les gaulois"), perhaps fewer than 200 words with a Celtic etymology remain in French today (largely place and plant names and words dealing with rural life and the hearth). In the reverse direction, some words for Gallic objects which were new to the Romans (like clothing items) and for which there were no words in Latin were imported into Latin. Latin quickly became the lingua franca of the entire Gallic region for both mercantile, official and educational reasons, yet it should be remembered that this was the colloquial or [[vulgar Latin]] as spoken by the Roman army and its agents and not the literary language of [[Cicero]]. |
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===The Franks=== |
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From the third century on, Western Europe was invaded by [[Germanic tribe|Germanic]] (or "[[Barbarian]]") tribes from the east, and some of these groups settled in Gaul. For the history of the French language, the most important of these groups are the [[Franks|Franks]] (northern France), the [[Alemanni]] (German/French border), the [[Burgundians]] (the Rhone valley) and the [[Visigoth|Visigoths]] (the [[Aquitaine]] region and Spain). These Germanic-speaking groups had a profound effect on the Latin spoken in their respective regions, altering both the pronunciation and the syntax. They also introduced a number of new words: perhaps as much as 15% of modern French comes from Germanic words (including many terms and expressions associated with their social structure and military tactics). |
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===Langue d'Oïl=== |
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Linguists typically divide the languages spoken in medieval France into two geographical subgroups: Langue d'Oïl and Langue d'Oc. [[Oïl languages| Langue d'Oïl]] (meaning the language where one says "oïl" for "yes") are those dialects in the north of France which were the most affected by the Frankish invasions (dialects like [[Picard language|Picard]], [[Walloon language|Walloon]], [[Francien]], [[Norman language|Norman]], etc.). From the baptism of the Frankish king [[Clovis I|Clovis]] (c.[[498]]) on, the Franks extended their power over much of northern Gaul. Over time, the Langue d'Oïl dialect spoken in the [[Ile-de-France]] (the region around [[Paris]]) called [[Francien]] supplanted the other dialects and became the basis for the official French language. |
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[[Occitan language|Langue d'Oc]] (meaning the language where one says '"oc" for "yes" ) are those dialects in the south of France and northern Spain (see [[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance dialects]]) which remained closer to the original Latin (dialects like [[Gascon language|Gascon]] and [[Provençal language|Provençal]], etc.). |
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===Other linguistic groups=== |
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The early middles ages also saw the movement of other linguistic groups into France: |
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From the [[5th century|5th]] to the [[8th century|8th]] centuries, [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] speaking peoples from south western Britain ([[Wales]], [[Cornwall]], [[Devon]]) traversed the [[English channel]] (both for reasons of trade and also as a result of the [[Anglo-Saxon]] invasions of England) and established themselves in [[Brittany]]. Although this is not a direct descendant of the pre-Roman Gallic, it is a Celtic dialect. This dialect is called [[Breton language|Breton]]. |
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From the [[6th century|6th]] to the [[7th century|7th]] centuries, the [[Vascons]] crossed over the [[Pyrenees|Pyrénées]] and influenced the [[occitan language]] dialect spoken in south-western France. This dialect is called [[Gascon language|Gascon]]. |
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The Norsemen or [[Vikings]] invaded France from the [[9th century|9th]] century on and established themselves in what would come to be called the [[Normandy]] region; they took up the [[oïl languages|langue d'oïl]] dialect spoken in that region but also contributed words to French dealing with, among other things, maritime activities. With the [[Norman conquest]] of [[England]] in [[1066]] the [[Normans]] brought their [[Norman language]] to England; the dialect which developed in the Norman realms as a language of administration and literature is referred to as [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]]. Because of the Norman conquest, perhaps as much as two thirds of modern [[English language|English]] comes from French. |
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Finally, the [[Arabs]] also supplied many words to French in this period, including words for luxury goods, [[spices]], trade stuffs, sciences and [[mathematics]]. |
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===History of French=== |
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For the period up to around [[1300]], linguists refer collectively to the [[oïl languages|langue d'oïl]] dialects as [[Old French]] ("l'ancien français"). With the final ascendancy of Francien and the loss of the declension system, the language is referred to as [[Middle French]] ("le moyen français"). Following a period of unification, regulation and purification, the French of the 17th to the 18th centuries is sometimes referred to as [[Classical French]] ("le français classique"), although many linguists simply refer to French language from the 17th century to today as [[Modern French]]. The earliest extant text in French is the [[Oath of Strasbourg]] from [[842]]; Old French became a [[literary language]] with the ''[[chanson de geste|chansons de geste]]'' that told tales of the [[paladin]]s of [[Charlemagne]] and the [[hero]]es of the [[Crusade]]s. By the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts]] in [[1539]] King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] made French the [[official language]] of administration and court proceedings in France, ousting the [[Latin]] that had been used before then. |
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The foundation of the [[Académie française]] in [[1634]] by [[Cardinal Richelieu|Richelieu]] created a official body whose goal has been the purification and preservation of the French language. This group of 40 members (the "immortals") chosen for life still exists today and contributes to the policing of the language and the elimination of foreign words and expressions. |
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From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French was the lingua franca of educated Europe, especially with regards to the arts and literature, and monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia could both speak and write in French. |
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It is important however to realize that as of [[1790]] , one half of the French population did not speak or understand French and that many other [[Languages of France|languages]] were spoken in France. A huge part of southern France spoke [[Occitan language|Occitan]] dialects, such as [[Provençal]], [[Gascon language|Gascon]] (including [[Bearnese|Béarnais]]), [[Auvergnat]], [[Limousin]], [[Languedocian]] and (along the Spanish border) [[Catalan language|Catalan]]. In the [[Savoie]] region of France, [[Franco-Provençal]] (a dialect considered halfway bewteen Langue d'Oc and Langue d'Oïl) was spoken. One also found [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]] (a dialect of [[German language|German]]), [[Flemish]] (a dialect of [[Dutch language|Dutch]]), [[Basque language|Basque]] and [[Corsican language|Corsican]] (a dialect of [[Italian language|Italian]]). Furthermore, even in those regions where French was spoken and understood, each region had its own particular accent and regionalisms. In the 1880's, the rise of French nationalism (via universal military service and national education) encouraged the suppression of regional differences and local dialects; by 1910, 90% of the French population understood French, although 50% still understood a local dialect. Since then, many of these linguistic groups have fought hard to maintain their linguistic traditions and in today's France one finds some of these local dialects coming back. Some linguists estimate that 10% of the French today understand a local dialect (although they may not speak it). |
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===Modern Issues=== |
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There is some debate in today's France about the preservation of the French language and the influence of English (or "[[franglais]]"), especially with regards to international business, the sciences and popular culture. There have been laws enacted which require that all print ads and billboards with foreign expressions include a French translation and which require quotas of French language songs (at least 40%) on the radio. |
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== Distribusi Geografis == |
== Distribusi Geografis == |
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*[[Michif]] |
*[[Michif]] |
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==Kata-kata yang Umum== |
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==Sounds== |
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French spelling is by no means phonetic. Terminal consonants have often become silent in most dialects, unless followed by a vowel sound (liaison) or silent altogether (e.g., "et" is never pronounced with the ending "t"). In many words, the "n" and "m" become silent and cause the preceding vowel to become nasalized (i.e. pronounced with the soft palate extended downward so as to cause the air to leave through the nostrils instead of through the mouth). Furthermore, French words tend to run together when spoken, with ending consonants often being chained to the start of the next word. |
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==Grammar== |
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:''Main article: [[French grammar]]'' |
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French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including: |
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* the loss of Latin's [[declension]]s |
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* only two [[grammatical gender]]s |
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* the development of [[grammatical article]]s from Latin [[demonstrative]]s |
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* new [[tense]]s formed from auxiliaries |
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French word order is [[Subject Verb Object]]. |
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==Vocabulary== |
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===Word Origins=== |
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The majority of French words originated from vernacular Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. There are often pairs of words, one form being popular (noun) and the other one savant (adjective), both originating from Latin. Example: |
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* brother: ''frère'' (brother) / ''fraternel'' |
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* finger: ''doigt'' / ''digital'' |
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* faith: ''foi'' (faith) / ''fidèle'' |
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* cold: ''froid'' / ''frigide'' |
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* eye: ''œil'' / ''oculaire'' |
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The French words which have developed from Latin are usually less recognisable than [[Italian language|Italian]] words of Latin origin because as French developed into a separate language from [[Vulgar Latin]], the unstressed final syllable of many words was dropped or elided into the following word. |
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It is estimated that a little less than 13% (4,200) of common French words found in a typical dictionary such as the ''Petit Larousse'' or ''Micro-Robert Plus'' (35,000 words) are of foreign origin. About 25% (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrows. The others are some 707 words from [[Italian language|Italian]], 550 from ancient [[Germanic languages]], 481 from ancient [[Gallo-Roman languages]], 215 from [[Arabic language|Arabic]], 164 from [[German language|German]], 160 from [[Celtic languages]], 159 from [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 153 from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 112 [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], 101 [[Native American languages]], 89 from other [[Asian languages]], 56 from [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], 55 [[Slavic languages]] and [[Baltic languages]], 144 from other languages (3% of the total). |
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Source: Henriette Walter, Gérard Walter, ''Dictionnaire des mots d'origine étrangère'', 1998. |
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==Writing system== |
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French is written using the [[Latin alphabet]], plus five diacritics (the [[circumflex]] accent, [[acute accent]], [[grave accent]], [[diaeresis]], and [[cedilla]]) and a [[Ligature (typography)|ligature]] (œ). |
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Spelling corresponds only weakly to pronunciation; in general, the written form is more conservative than the spoken form. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. However, some conscious changes were also made to restore Latin orthography: |
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* Old French ''doit'' > French ''doigt'' "finger" (Latin ''digitum'') |
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* Old French ''pie'' > French ''pied'' "foot" (Latin ''pedem'') |
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As a result, it is nearly impossible to predict the spelling based on the sound alone. Final consonants are silent more often than not. For example, all these words end in a vowel sound: ''nez'', ''doigt'', ''pied'', ''aller'', ''œil'', ''les'', ''lit'', ''beaux''. |
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On the other hand, it's very generally possible to predict the sound based on the spelling. |
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The diacritics have phonetic, semantic, and etymological significance. |
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* [[grave accent]] (à, è, ù): Over ''a'' or ''u'', used only to distinguish homophones: ''à'' ("to") vs. ''a'' ("has"), ''ou'' ("or") vs. ''où'' ("where"). Over an ''e'', indicates the sound /ε/. |
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* [[acute accent]] (é): Over an ''e'', indicates the sound /e/. Often indicates the historical deletion of a following consonant (usually an ''s''): ''écouter'' < ''escouter''. |
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* [[circumflex]] (â, ê, î, ô û): Over an ''e'', indicates the sound /ε/. Most often indicates the historical deletion of an adjacent letter (usually an ''s'' or a vowel): ''château'' < ''castel'', ''fête'' < ''feste'', ''sûr'' < ''seur'', ''dîner'' < ''disner''. By extension, it has also come to be used to distinguish homophones: ''du'' ("of the") vs. ''dû'' (past participle of ''devoir'' "to owe"; note that ''dû'' is in fact written thus because of a dropped ''e'': ''deu''). |
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* [[diaeresis]] or ''tréma'' (ë, ï): Indicates that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding one: ''naïve'', ''Noël''. Diaeresis on ÿ only occurs in some proper names (such as l'Haÿ-les-Roses) and in modern editions of old French texts. |
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* [[cedilla]] (ç): Indicates that an etymological ''c'' is pronounced /s/ when it would otherwise be pronounced /k/. Thus ''je lance'' "I throw" (with ''c'' = [s] before ''e''), ''je lan'''ç'''ai'' "I threw" (''c'' would be pronounced [k] before ''a'' without the cedilla). |
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The [[Walloon language|Walloon]] dialect has introduced the [[å]] for the long open o, a long closed o, or a long a, depending on the local varieties. |
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The ligature œ is a mandatory contraction of ''oe'' in certain words (''sœur'' "sister" /sœʁ/, ''œuvre'' "work [of art]" /œvʁ/, ''cœur'' "heart" /kœʁ/, ''cœlacanthe'' "Coelacanth" /selakɑ̃t/), sometimes in words of Greek origin, spelled with an οι /oj/ diphtong which became ''oe'' in Latin, pronounced /e/ in French (and other [[Romance Languages]]): ''œsophage'' /ezɔfaʒ/, ''œnologie'' /enɔlɔʒi/. It may also appear in ''œu'' [[digraph]] (or ''œ'' alone in ''œil'' "eye"), in words that were once written with ''eu'' digraph (which could be read /y/ or /œ/, depending on the word): ''bœuf'' "ox" /bœf/ (Old French ''buef'' or ''beuf''), ''mœurs'' /mœʁ/ "custom", ''œil'' "eye" /œj/, etc. In these cases, Latin etymon must be spelled with an ''o'' where the French word has ''œu'': ''bovem'' > ''bœuf'', ''mores'' > ''mœurs'', ''oculum'' > ''œil''. |
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Some attempts have been made to [[spelling reform|reform]] French spelling, but few major changes have been made over the last two centuries. |
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===Kata-kata yang Umum=== |
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*Bahasa Perancis: ''français'' /fʁɑ̃ sɛ/ <small>("fran-seh")</small> |
*Bahasa Perancis: ''français'' /fʁɑ̃ sɛ/ <small>("fran-seh")</small> |
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*Kamar kecil nya di mana?: ''Où sont les toilettes?'' /u sɔ̃ le twa lɛt/ <small>("uu san leh thwa-let")</small> |
*Kamar kecil nya di mana?: ''Où sont les toilettes?'' /u sɔ̃ le twa lɛt/ <small>("uu san leh thwa-let")</small> |
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*Apa Anda bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris?: ''Parlez-vous anglais ?'' /paʁ le vu zɑ̃ glɛ/ <small>("par-leh vuu ahng-gleh")</small> ATAU "Vous parlez anglais ?" /vu paʁ le zɑ̃ glɛ/ <small>("vuu par-leh ahng-leh")</small> |
*Apa Anda bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris?: ''Parlez-vous anglais ?'' /paʁ le vu zɑ̃ glɛ/ <small>("par-leh vuu ahng-gleh")</small> ATAU "Vous parlez anglais ?" /vu paʁ le zɑ̃ glɛ/ <small>("vuu par-leh ahng-leh")</small> |
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{{stub}} |
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''Disadur dari [[bahasa Inggris]]'' |
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[[ca:Francès]] |
[[ca:Francès]] |
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Revisi per 21 Agustus 2004 15.44
French (le français, la langue française) adalah salah satu bahasa paling penting dari kelompok bahasa Roman - kalah penting dari bahasa Spanyol dan bahasa Portugis saja. Bahasa Perancis merupakan bahasa yang paling banyak dituturkan ke-11 di dunia. Hingga 1999, bahasa ini digunakan oleh lebih dari 77 juta penduduk dunia sebagai bahasa pertama, dan oleh 128 juta jiwa sebagai bahasa kedua. Bahasa Perancis adalah bahasa resmi atau bahasa pemerintahan di beberapa komunitas dan organisasi seperti Uni Eropa, Komite Olimpiade Internasional (IOC), PBB dan FIFA.
| Bahasa Perancis (Français) | |
|---|---|
| Dituturkan di: | Perancis dan 53 negara lainnya. |
| Jumlah penutur: | 128 juta |
| Peringkat: | 11 |
| Klasifikasi Rumpun Bahasa: |
Indo-Eropa |
| Status Resmi | |
| Bahasa Resmi: | Perancis dan 24 negara lainnya |
| Diatur oleh: | Académie française |
| Kode Bahasa | |
| ISO 639-1: | fr |
| ISO 639-2(B): | fre |
| ISO 639-2(T): | fra |
| SIL: | FRN |
Distribusi Geografis
Bahasa Perancis merupakan bahasa resmi di negara-negara berikut:
| negara | penutur asli | populasi | kepadatan penduduk | area |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (perkiraan.) | (perkir. Juli 2003) | (/km²) | (km²) | |
| Perancis (Metropolitan) | 60,000,000 | 60,180,600 | 105 | 547,030 |
| Republik Demokratis Kongo | 55,225,478 | 24 | 2,345,410 | |
| Kanada | 6,700,000 | 32,207,000 | 3 | 9,976,140 |
| Madagaskar | 16,979,900 | - | 587,040 | |
| Pantai Gading | 16,962,500 | - | 322,460 | |
| Kamerun | 15,746,200 | - | 422,277 | |
| Burkina Faso | 13,228,500 | - | 274,200 | |
| Mali | 11,626,300 | - | 1,240,000 | |
| Senegal | 10,580,400 | - | 196,190 | |
| Belgia | 4,000,000 | 10,290,000 | 335 | 30,510 |
| Rwanda | 7,810,100 | - | 26,338 | |
| Haiti | 7,527,800 | - | 27,750 | |
| Swiss | 1,400,000 | 7,318,638 | - | 41,290 |
| Burundi | 6,096,156 | - | 27,830 | |
| Togo | 5,429,300 | - | 56,785 | |
| Republik Afrika Tengah | 3,683,600 | - | 622,984 | |
| Republik Kongo | 2,954,300 | - | 342,000 | |
| Gabon | 1,321,500 | - | 267,667 | |
| Komoros | 632,948 | - | 2,170 | |
| Djibouti | 457,130 | - | 23,000 | |
| Luxemburg | 100,000 | 454,157 | 171 | 2,586 |
| Guadeloupe | 442,200 | - | 1,780 | |
| Martinique | 390,200 | - | 1,100 | |
| Mauritius | 1,000,000 | 1,210,500 | - | 2,040 |
| Vanuatu | 200,000 | - | 12,200 | |
| Seychelles | 80,469 | - | 455 | |
Meski tidak resmi, bahsa Perancis merupakan bahasa kedua yang penting di negara-negara berikut:
| negara | populasi | kepadatan penduduk | area |
|---|---|---|---|
| (perkiraan Juli 2003) | (/km²) | (km²)
| |
| Aljazair | 32,810,500 | - | 2,381,440 |
| Tunisia | 9,924,800 | - | 163,610 |
| Maroko | 31,689,600 | - | 446,550 |
Selain itu, juga ada penutur bahasa Perancis di Kamboja, Mesir, India (Pondicherry), Italia (Lembah Aosta), Laos, Mauritania, Britania Raya (Kepulauan Channel), Amerika Serikat (kebanyakan di Louisiana & New England) dan Vietnam.
Bahasa yang Bersumber dari Bahasa Perancis
Kata-kata yang Umum
- Bahasa Perancis: français /fʁɑ̃ sɛ/ ("fran-seh")
- halo: bonjour /bɔ̃ ʒuʁ/ ("bon-zhuur")
- selamat jalan: au revoir /o ʁə vwaʁ/ ("o-ruh-vwar")
- tolong: s'il vous plaît /sil vu plɛ/ ("sill vuu pleh")
- terima kasih: merci /mɛʁ si/ ("merr-sii")
- sama-sama: de rien /də ʁjɛ̃/ ("deh ryeh") (Prancis); bienvenue /bjɛ̃v(ə) ny/ ("byeh-venuh") (Quebec)
- yang itu: celui-là /səlɥi la/ ("sell-wii la"), informal. /sɥi la/ ("swee la"), atau celle-là (feminin) /sɛl la/ ("sell-la")
- berapa banyak?: combien /kɔ̃ bjɛ̃/ ("kom-byen")
- Bahasa Inggris: anglais /ɑ̃ glɛ/ ("ahng-gleh")
- ya: oui /wi/ ("wii"), informal. ouais (jarang ditulis) /wɛ/ ("wei")
- tidak: non /nɔ̃/ ("non")
- Maafkan saya: Je suis désolé /ʒə sɥi de zo le/ ("zeh swii deh-zo-leh"), informal. /ʃsɥi de zo le/ ("shswee deh-zo-leh")
- Saya tidak mengerti: Je ne comprends pas /ʒə nə kɔ̃ pʁɑ̃ pa/ ("zheh neh komfren pha"), informal Je comprends pas /ʃkɔ̃ pʁɑ̃ pa/ (dengan menghilangkan "ne") ("shkomfren pha")
- Kamar kecil nya di mana?: Où sont les toilettes? /u sɔ̃ le twa lɛt/ ("uu san leh thwa-let")
- Apa Anda bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris?: Parlez-vous anglais ? /paʁ le vu zɑ̃ glɛ/ ("par-leh vuu ahng-gleh") ATAU "Vous parlez anglais ?" /vu paʁ le zɑ̃ glɛ/ ("vuu par-leh ahng-leh")
 | Artikel bertopik umum ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. Jika Anda melihat halaman yang menggunakan templat {{stub}} ini, mohon gantikan dengan templat rintisan yang lebih spesifik. |
Disadur dari bahasa Inggris tokipona:toki Kanse