Yahudi Ashkenazi: Perbedaan antara revisi

Yahudi Ashkenazi
(יהודי אשכנז *Y'hude Ashk'naz* in Ibrani; *Y'hudey Ashknoz* in Ashkenazi)
	Moses Isserles • Vilna Gaon • Heinrich Heine; Sigmund Freud • Theodor Herzl • Gustav Mahler; Albert Einstein • Emmy Noether • Lise Meitner; Franz Kafka • Golda Meir • Mikhail Botvinnik; Sholem Aleichem • Leonard Bernstein • Anne Frank
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Amerika Serikat	5–6 juta
Israel	2.8–4 juta
Bahasa
	Historical: Yiddish, Jerman ; Modern: Local languages, primarily: Inggris, Ibrani, Rusia
Agama
	Yudaisme, tidak beragama
Kelompok etnik terkait
	Other Levantines, Samaria, Assyria, Arab, Yahudi Sefardim, Mizrahi etc.

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Revisi per 24 Februari 2016 23.09

Ashkenazim adalah bentuk jamak daripada 'Ashkenaz' dari bahasa Ibrani אשׁכנזי yang berarti "Jerman". Dalam bahasa Ibrani juga dikenal bentuk אשׁכנזים.

Ini mengartikan orang Yahudi Eropa, terutama dari Eropa Timur, bahasa yang mereka pakai biasanya adalah bahasa Yiddish. Zaman sekarang kaum Ashkenazim di Eropa sudah hampir punah, mereka banyak didapati di Amerika Serikat dan Israel.

Kaum Ashkenazim, sebagai sebuah kaum yang cukup tertutup banyak yang mengidap penyakit turunan. Tetapi salah satu penyakit turunan yang berhubungan dengan penyakit otak, membuat mereka memiliki skor IQ tertinggi di dunia.

Yang mengherankan secara genetik bangsa Palestina memiliki hubungan genetik lebih dekat dengan kaum Ashkenazim dibandingkan dengan kaum Yahudi-Timur Tengah.^[7]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ ^a ^b Gabriel E. Feldman, Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden?PDF (650 KB) , Israel Medical Association Journal, Volume 3, 2001.
^ "Ashkenazi Jews", Hebrew University of Jerusalem website. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
^ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0
^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf
^ ^a ^b ^c http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf
^ ^a ^b http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm
^ Most of the Palestinians are Jews? (Part 1)

[Feldman-1] Gabriel E. Feldman, Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden?PDF (650 KB) , Israel Medical Association Journal, Volume 3, 2001.

[2] "Ashkenazi Jews", Hebrew University of Jerusalem website. Retrieved November 10, 2009.

[nytimes.com-3] ttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0

[4] ttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf

[evolutsioon.ut.ee-5] ttp://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf

[sciencedaily.com-6] ttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm

[7] Most of the Palestinians are Jews? (Part 1)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Baris 2: / Baris 2: @@
 {{Infobox ethnic group
 |image = <div style="margin-top:1px; margin-bottom:1px;"> [[File:Moses Isserles.jpg|65px|Moses Isserles]] [[File:Gaon-V.jpg|65px|Vilna Gaon]] [[File:Heinrich Heine-Oppenheim.jpg|65px|Heinrich Heine]] [[File:Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg|65px|Sigmund Freud]] [[File:Theodore Herzl.jpg|65px|Theodore Herzl]] [[File:Gustav-Mahler-Kohut.jpg|65px|Gustav Mahler]] [[File:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|65px|Albert Einstein]] [[File:Noether.jpg|65px|Emmy Noether]] [[File:Lise Meitner (1878-1968), lecturing at Catholic University, Washington, D.C., 1946.jpg|65px|Lise Meitner]] [[File:Kafka portrait.jpg|65px|Franz Kafka]] [[File:Golda Meir2.jpg|65px|Golda Meir]] [[File:Mikhail Botvinnik 1962.jpg|65px|Mikhail Botvinnik]] [[File:Sholem Aleichem 1907.jpg|65px|Sholem Aleichem]] [[File:Leonard Bernstein 1971.jpg|65px|Leonard Bernstein]]  </div><div style="background:#fee8ab;"><small>[[Moses Isserles]] • [[Vilna Gaon]] • [[Heinrich Heine]]<br/>[[Sigmund Freud]] • [[Theodor Herzl]] • [[Gustav Mahler]]<br />[[Albert Einstein]] • [[Emmy Noether]] • [[Lise Meitner]]<br />[[Franz Kafka]] • [[Golda Meir]] • [[Mikhail Botvinnik]]<br />[[Sholem Aleichem]] • [[Leonard Bernstein]] • [[Anne Frank]]</small></div></div></div> |group    = Yahudi Ashkenazi<br />({{lang|he|יהודי אשכנז}} ''Y'hude Ashk'naz'' in [[Ibrani]]; ''Y'hudey Ashknoz'' in [[Ashkenazi]])
-|poptime  = 8<ref name="behar">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ftdna.com/pdf/43026_Doron.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event |first=Doron M. |last=Behar |coauthors=Ene Metspalu, Toomas Kivisild, Alessandro Achilli, Yarin Hadid, Shay Tzur, Luisa Pereira, Antonio Amorim, Lluı's Quintana-Murci, Kari Majamaa, Corinna Herrnstadt, Neil Howell, Oleg Balanovsky, Ildus Kutuev, Andrey Pshenichnov, David Gurwitz, Batsheva Bonne-Tamir, Antonio Torroni, Richard Villems, and Karl Skorecki |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |month=March |year=2006 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=487–97 |pmid=16404693 |doi=10.1086/500307 |pmc=1380291|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060218141313/http://www.ftdna.com/pdf/43026_Doron.pdf|archivedate=2006-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nebel |first=Almut |first2=Dvora |last2=Filon |first3=Marina |last3=Faerman |first4=Himla |last4=Soodyall |first5=Ariella |last5=Oppenheim |title=Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |year=2005 |volume=13 |issue= |pages=388–391 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201319 |quote=Ashkenazim have an elevated frequency of R-M17, the dominant Y chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europeans, suggesting possible gene flow. In the present study of 495 Y chromosomes of Ashkenazim, 57 (11.5%) were found to belong to R-M17. [...] Since R-M17 haplogroup is also found at moderate to high frequencies in Central Asia and southern Russia/Ukraine, this haplogroup could have been present in the Khazars. }}</ref>–11.2<ref>[http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/julsep97/sep0897/briefs.html John Hopkins Gazette], September 8, 1997.</ref> million
+|poptime  = 8<ref name="behar">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ftdna.com/pdf/43026_Doron.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event |first=Doron M. |last=Behar |coauthors=Ene Metspalu, Toomas Kivisild, Alessandro Achilli, Yarin Hadid, Shay Tzur, Luisa Pereira, Antonio Amorim, Lluı's Quintana-Murci, Kari Majamaa, Corinna Herrnstadt, Neil Howell, Oleg Balanovsky, Ildus Kutuev, Andrey Pshenichnov, David Gurwitz, Batsheva Bonne-Tamir, Antonio Torroni, Richard Villems, and Karl Skorecki |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |month=March |year=2006 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=487–97 |pmid=16404693 |doi=10.1086/500307 |pmc=1380291|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060218141313/http://www.ftdna.com/pdf/43026_Doron.pdf|archivedate=2006-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nebel |first=Almut |first2=Dvora |last2=Filon |first3=Marina |last3=Faerman |first4=Himla |last4=Soodyall |first5=Ariella |last5=Oppenheim |title=Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |year=2005 |volume=13 |issue= |pages=388–391 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201319 |quote=Ashkenazim have an elevated frequency of R-M17, the dominant Y chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europeans, suggesting possible gene flow. In the present study of 495 Y chromosomes of Ashkenazim, 57 (11.5%) were found to belong to R-M17. [...] Since R-M17 haplogroup is also found at moderate to high frequencies in Central Asia and southern Russia/Ukraine, this haplogroup could have been present in the Khazars. }}</ref>–11.2<ref>[http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/julsep97/sep0897/briefs.html John Hopkins Gazette], September 8, 1997.</ref> juta
 |popplace =
-|region1  = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States|United States of America]]}}
+|region1  = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Amerika Serikat]]}}
-|pop1     = 5–6 million<ref name=Feldman>Gabriel E. Feldman, {{PDFlink|[http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar01may-5.pdf Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden?]|650&nbsp;KB}} , ''[[Israel Medical Association Journal]]'', Volume 3, 2001.</ref>
+|pop1     = 5–6 juta<ref name=Feldman>Gabriel E. Feldman, {{PDFlink|[http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar01may-5.pdf Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden?]|650&nbsp;KB}} , ''[[Israel Medical Association Journal]]'', Volume 3, 2001.</ref>
-|region2  = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel|State of Israel]]}}
+|region2  = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]]}}
-|pop2     = 2.8–4 million<ref name=Feldman/><ref>[http://hugr.huji.ac.il/AshkenaziJews.aspx "Ashkenazi Jews"], [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] website. Retrieved November 10, 2009.</ref>
+|pop2     = 2.8–4 juta<ref name=Feldman/><ref>[http://hugr.huji.ac.il/AshkenaziJews.aspx "Ashkenazi Jews"], [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] website. Retrieved November 10, 2009.</ref>
-|langs     = ''Historical:'' [[Yiddish]], [[German language|German]] <br /> ''Modern:'' Local languages, primarily: [[English language|English]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
+|langs     = ''Historical:'' [[Yiddish]], [[Bahasa Jerman|Jerman]] <br /> ''Modern:'' Local languages, primarily: [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]], [[Bahasa Rusia|Rusia]]
-|rels      = [[Judaism]], some [[irreligious]]
+|rels      = [[Yudaisme]], tidak beragama
-|related       = Other [[Levant]]ines,<ref name="nytimes.com">http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0</ref><ref>http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf</ref><ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee">http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf</ref><ref name="sciencedaily.com">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm</ref> [[Samaritans]],<ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee"/> [[Assyrians]],<ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee"/><ref name="sciencedaily.com"/> [[Arabs]], [[Sephardi Jews]], [[Mizrahi Jews]] etc.
+|related       = Other [[Levant]]ines,<ref name="nytimes.com">http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0</ref><ref>http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf</ref><ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee">http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf</ref><ref name="sciencedaily.com">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm</ref> [[Orang Samaria|Samaria]],<ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee"/> [[Orang Assyria|Assyria]],<ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee"/><ref name="sciencedaily.com"/> [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Yahudi Sefardim]], [[Mizrahi]] etc.
 }}
 [[File:Juden 1881.JPG|thumb|240px|right|Yahudi di [[Eropa Tengah]] (1881)]]