Bahasa Ngada: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{distinguish|Bahasa Nga:da}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name= Bahasa Ngada |
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|name=Ngada |
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|nativename= |
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|altname=Ngadha |
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|nativename=''bahasa Nga{{hamza}}da'' |
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|states=[[Indonesia]] |
|states=[[Indonesia]] |
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|region= |
|region=[[Flores]] |
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|speakers= |
|speakers=65.000 |
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|date=1994–1995 |
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|ref=e18 |
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|familycolor=Austronesia |
|familycolor=Austronesia |
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|fam2=[[Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]] |
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|fam3=[[Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Tengah–Timur|Tengah–Timur]] |
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|fam4=[[Rumpun bahasa Sumba–Flores|Sumba–Flores]] |
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|fam3=[[Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Tengah|MP Tengah]] |
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|fam5=Ende–Manggarai |
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|fam4=[[Bahasa Bima-Sumba|Bima-Sumba]] |
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|fam6=[[Rumpun bahasa Flores Tengah|Flores Tengah]] |
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|dialects= |
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|fam7=Ngadha–So{{hamza}}a |
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|dia1= |
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|dia1=Bajawa |
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|dia2= |
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|dia2=Ngada Tengah |
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|dia3= |
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|dia3=Ngada Timur |
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|script= |
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|dia4=Ngada Selatan |
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|rank= |
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|lc1=nxg|ld1=Ngad{{hamza}}a [sic] |
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|agency= |
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|lc2=nea|ld2=Eastern Ngad{{hamza}}a [sic] |
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|iso1=- |
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|glotto=ngad1261 |
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|iso2=- |
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|glottorefname=Ngad'a [sic] |
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|iso3=nxg}} |
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}} |
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'''Bahasa Ngada''' atau '''bahasa Bajawa''' adalah [[bahasa]] yang dipertuturkan oleh [[suku Ngada]].<ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/languages.php?rol3=nxg Ngada Speaking Peoples - Joshua Project]</ref> Penuturnya terdapat di [[pulau Flores]] bagian tengah selatan, di antara wilayah penutur [[bahasa Manggarai]] dan [[bahasa Ende-Lio]]. Bahasa Ngada termasuk dalam [[rumpun bahasa Austronesia]]. |
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'''Ngada''' ({{IPA-id|ŋaᶑa|IPA}}, dieja sebagai '''Nga{{hamza}}da''' atau '''Ngadha''') adalah [[bahasa Austronesia]], one of six languages spoken in the central stretch of the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Flores]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/iwa/Web-Pages/RonggaPRoject%20-%20Home.htm |url-status=dead |website=Rongga Documentation Project |access-date=2006-12-19 |archive-date=2006-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824204757/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/iwa/Web-Pages/RonggaPRoject%20-%20Home.htm }}</ref> From west to east these languages are Ngadha, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio, and Palu'e. These languages form the proposed Central Flores group of the [[Sumba–Flores languages]], according to Blust (2009).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |date=2008 |title=Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=45–113 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0006 |jstor=20172340|s2cid=144311741 }}</ref> |
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== Referensi == |
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Ngadha is one of the few languages with a [[retroflex implosive]] {{IPA|/ᶑ /}}. |
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==Phonology== |
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The sound system of Ngadha is as follows.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Djawanai |first=Stephanus |title=Ngadha Text Tradition: The Collective Mind of the Ngadha People, Flores |date=1983 |publisher=Australian National University |series=Pacific Linguistics Series D – No. 55 |location=Canberra |hdl=1885/145062 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> |
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===Vowels=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+Ngadha vowels |
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! |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! [[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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! [[High vowel|High]] |
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| {{IPAlink|i}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|u}} |
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|- |
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! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| {{IPAlink|e}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ə̆}} |
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| {{IPAlink|o}} |
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|- |
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! [[Low vowel|Low]] |
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| |
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|{{IPAlink|a}} |
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|} |
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The short vowel {{IPA|/ə̆/}} is written {{angbr|e}} followed by a double consonant, since phonetically a consonant becomes geminate after {{IPA|/ə̆/}}. It is never stressed and does not form sequences with other vowels except where glottal stop has dropped (e.g. {{lang|nxg|limaessa}} 'six', from {{lang|nxg|lima}} 'five' and {{lang|nxg|'essa}} 'one'). |
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Within vowel sequences, epenthetic {{IPA|[j]}} may appear after an unrounded vowel (e.g. in {{IPA|/eu/}}, {{IPA|/eo/}}) and {{IPA|[w]}} after a rounded vowel (e.g. in {{IPA|/oe/}}, {{IPA|/oi/}}). Double vowels are sequences. Vowels tend to be voiceless between voiceless consonants and pre-pausa after voiceless consonants. |
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Stress is on the penultimate syllable, unless that contains the vowel {{IPA|/ə̆/}}, in which case stress is on the final syllable. |
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===Consonants=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|+Ngadha consonants |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | |
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! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] |
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! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br>alveolar]] |
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! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
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! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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| {{IPAlink|m}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|n}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]] |
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! {{small|unaspirated}} |
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| {{IPAlink|b}} |
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| {{IPAlink|d̪}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|dʒ}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} |
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| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ʔ}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|aspirated}} |
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| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|kʰ}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[implosive]]}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɓ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ᶑ}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]] |
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! {{small|voiced}} |
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| {{IPAlink|v}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|z}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɣ}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|voiceless}} |
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| {{IPAlink|f}} |
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| {{IPAlink|s}} |
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| {{IPAlink|x}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]] |
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! {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}} |
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| || |
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| {{IPAlink|l}} |
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| || || || |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Trill consonant|trill]]}} |
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| || |
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| {{IPAlink|r}} |
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| || || || |
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|} |
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The implosives have been spelled {{angle bracket|{{hamza}}b {{hamza}}d}} and {{angle bracket|bh dh}}. The velar fricatives are spelled {{angle bracket|h, gh}}. |
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Intervocalically the implosives are preceded by a glottal stop. Initial {{IPA|/ɓ/}} may be voiceless when the following consonant is also an implosive. |
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The trill is short, and may have only one or two contacts. |
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Glottal stop contrasts with zero in initial position, as in {{lang|nxg|inu}} 'drink' vs {{lang|nxg|'inu}} 'tiny'. In rapid speech it tends to drop intervocalically. |
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Phonetically {{IPA|[#C̩CV]}} words are analyzed as having an initial schwa. In initial position the consonant is always voiced (otherwise the schwa remains). Examples are {{lang|nxg|emma}} {{IPA|[mma]|lang=nxg}} 'father', {{lang|nxg|emmu}} {{IPA|[mmu]|lang=nxg}} 'mosquito', {{lang|nxg|enna}} {{IPA|[nna]|lang=nxg}} 'sand', {{lang|nxg|Ennga}} {{IPA|[ŋŋa]|lang=nxg}} (name), {{lang|nxg|ebba}} {{IPA|[bba]|lang=nxg}} 'swadling sling', {{lang|nxg|ebbu}} {{IPA|[bbu]|lang=nxg}} 'grandparents', {{lang|nxg|Ebbo}} {{IPA|[bbo]|lang=nxg}} (name), {{lang|nxg|erro}} {{IPA|[rro]|lang=nxg}} 'sun' – also in medial position with voiceless consonants, as in {{lang|nxg|limaessa}} {{IPA|[limassa]|lang=nxg}} 'six'. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nxg Ngada - Ethnologue] |
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*[http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=100 Ngadha Basic Vocabulary Database], [[University of Auckland]] |
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{{Central Malayo-Polynesian languages}} |
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{{Austronesian languages}} |
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{{Languages of Indonesia}} |
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[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]] |
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[[Category:Sumba languages]] |
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{{bahasa-stub}} |
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[[Category:Flores Island (Indonesia)]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ngada}} |
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[[Category:Isolating languages]] |
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[[Kategori:Bahasa dari Nusa Tenggara Timur]] |
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[[Kategori:Bahasa isolatif]] |
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Revisi per 1 April 2024 09.05
| Pemberitahuan | |
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| 05.44, Minggu, 13 Oktober, 2024 (UTC) • Sebanyak 1.552 artikel belum dinilai |
Ngada (IPA: [ŋaᶑa], dieja sebagai Ngaʼda atau Ngadha) adalah bahasa Austronesia, one of six languages spoken in the central stretch of the Indonesian island of Flores.[4] From west to east these languages are Ngadha, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio, and Palu'e. These languages form the proposed Central Flores group of the Sumba–Flores languages, according to Blust (2009).[5]
Ngadha is one of the few languages with a retroflex implosive /ᶑ /.
Phonology
The sound system of Ngadha is as follows.[6]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə̆ | o |
| Low | a |
The short vowel /ə̆/ is written ⟨e⟩ followed by a double consonant, since phonetically a consonant becomes geminate after /ə̆/. It is never stressed and does not form sequences with other vowels except where glottal stop has dropped (e.g. limaessa 'six', from lima 'five' and 'essa 'one').
Within vowel sequences, epenthetic [j] may appear after an unrounded vowel (e.g. in /eu/, /eo/) and [w] after a rounded vowel (e.g. in /oe/, /oi/). Double vowels are sequences. Vowels tend to be voiceless between voiceless consonants and pre-pausa after voiceless consonants.
Stress is on the penultimate syllable, unless that contains the vowel /ə̆/, in which case stress is on the final syllable.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
unaspirated | b | d̪ | dʒ | ɡ | ʔ | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||||
| implosive | ɓ | ᶑ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||
| voiceless | f | s | x | |||||
| Liquid | lateral | l | ||||||
| trill | r | |||||||
The implosives have been spelled ⟨ʼb ʼd⟩ and ⟨bh dh⟩. The velar fricatives are spelled ⟨h, gh⟩.
Intervocalically the implosives are preceded by a glottal stop. Initial /ɓ/ may be voiceless when the following consonant is also an implosive.
The trill is short, and may have only one or two contacts.
Glottal stop contrasts with zero in initial position, as in inu 'drink' vs 'inu 'tiny'. In rapid speech it tends to drop intervocalically.
Phonetically [#C̩CV] words are analyzed as having an initial schwa. In initial position the consonant is always voiced (otherwise the schwa remains). Examples are emma [mma] 'father', emmu [mmu] 'mosquito', enna [nna] 'sand', Ennga [ŋŋa] (name), ebba [bba] 'swadling sling', ebbu [bbu] 'grandparents', Ebbo [bbo] (name), erro [rro] 'sun' – also in medial position with voiceless consonants, as in limaessa [limassa] 'six'.
References
- ^ Ngadʼa [sic] di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)
Eastern Ngadʼa [sic] di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015) - ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Ngad'a [sic]". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Bahasa Ngada". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ "Introduction". Rongga Documentation Project. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-08-24. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-19.
- ^ Blust, Robert (2008). "Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup?". Oceanic Linguistics. 47 (1): 45–113. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0006. JSTOR 20172340.
- ^ Djawanai, Stephanus (1983). Ngadha Text Tradition: The Collective Mind of the Ngadha People, Flores. Pacific Linguistics Series D – No. 55. Canberra: Australian National University. hdl:1885/145062
.
External links
Templat:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages Templat:Austronesian languages Templat:Languages of Indonesia