Serum darah: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin, is the most abundant plasma protein in humans and other mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues. It also acts as a plasma carrier by non-specifically binding several hydrophobic steroid hormones and as a transport protein for hemin and fatty acids. Too much serum albumin in the body can be harmful to humans. |
Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin, is the most abundant plasma protein in humans and other mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues. It also acts as a plasma carrier by non-specifically binding several hydrophobic steroid hormones and as a transport protein for hemin and fatty acids. Too much serum albumin in the body can be harmful to humans. |
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'''Blood proteins''', also called ''serum proteins'', are [[protein]]s found in [[blood plasma]]. [[Serum total protein]] in blood is 7g/dl, which in total makes 7% of total blood volume. They serve many different functions, including |
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*circulatory transport molecules for lipids, hormones, vitamins and metals |
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*enzymes, complement components, [[protease inhibitors]], and [[kinin precursor]]s |
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*regulation of [[Non-cellular life|acellular]] activity and functioning and in the immune system. |
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Separating serum proteins by electrophoresis is a valuable diagnostic tool as well as a way to monitor clinical progress. |
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Often mentioned blood proteins: |
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[[Image:Hemoglobin.jpg|thumb|100px|Structure of hemoglobin]] |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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! Blood protein !! Normal level !! % !! Function |
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! [[serum albumin|Albumin]]s |
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| 3.5-5.0 g/dl || 60% || create [[osmotic pressure]] and transports other molecules |
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|- |
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! [[immunoglobulin]]s |
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| 1.0-1.5 g/dl ||18% || participate in [[immune system]] |
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|- |
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! [[Fibrinogen]]s |
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| 0.2-0.45 g/dl || 4% || [[blood coagulation]] |
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! [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]] |
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| || || neutralize [[trypsin]] that has leaked from the [[digestive system]] |
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! [[Regulation of gene expression|Regulatory]] proteins |
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| || <1% || [[Regulation of gene expression]] |
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|} |
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Other types of blood proteins include: |
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Prealbumin |
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Alpha 1 antitrypsin |
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Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein |
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Alpha 1 fetoprotein |
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Haptoglobin |
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Alpha 2 macroglobulin |
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Ceruloplasmin |
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Transferring |
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C3/C4 |
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Beta 2 microglobulin |
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Beta lipoprotein |
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Gamma globulin proteins |
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C-reactive protein (CRP) |
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*[[alpha2-macroglobulin]] |
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*Other globulins, which are of three types- alpha, beta and gamma. |
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*[[Lipoprotein]]s (chylomicrons, VLDL, [[LDL]], [[High density lipoprotein|HDL]]) |
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*[[Transferrin]] |
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*[[Prothrombin]] |
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All the plasma proteins are synthesized in liver except [[gamma globulins]]. |
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60% of plasma proteins are made up of the protein albumin, which are major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma which assists in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins make up 35% of plasma proteins and are used in the transport of ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. 4% is fibrinogen which is essential in the clotting of blood and can be converted into insoluble fibrin. Regulatory proteins which make up less than 1% of plasma proteins are proteins such as enzymes, proenzymes and hormones. Current research regarding [[blood plasma]] proteins is centered on performing [[proteomics]] analyses of serum/plasma in the search for biomarkers. These efforts started with [[two-dimensional gel electrophoresis]]<ref name=Anderson_1977>{{cite journal | author=Anderson NL and Anderson NG | title=High Resolution Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis of Human Plasma Proteins | journal=Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences | year=1977 | pages=5421–5425 | volume=74 | pmid=271964 | doi=10.1073/pnas.74.12.5421}}</ref> efforts in the 1970s and in more recent times this research has been performed using LC-[[Mass spectrometry#Tandem MS .28MS.2FMS.29|tandem MS]]<ref name=Adkins_2002>{{cite journal | author=Adkins JN ''et al.'' | title=Toward a human blood serum proteome: analysis by multidimensional separation coupled with mass spectrometry | journal=Molecular and Cellular Proteomics | year=2002 | pages=947–955 | volume=1 | pmid=12543931 | doi=10.1074/mcp.M200066-MCP200 }}</ref><ref name=Jacobs_2005>{{cite journal | author=Jacobs JM ''et al.'' | title=Utilizing human blood plasma for proteomic biomarker discovery | journal=Journal of Proteome Research | year=2005 | pages=1073–1085 | volume=4 | pmid=16083256 | doi=10.1021/pr0500657}}</ref> based [[proteomics]]. |
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Revisi per 15 Februari 2010 08.37
Di dalam darah, serum (en:blood serum) adalah komponen yang bukan berupa sel darah, juga bukan faktor koagulasi; serum adalah plasma darah tanpa fibrinogen. Serum terdiri dari semua protein (yang tidak digunakan untuk pembekuan darah) termasuk cairan elektrolit, antibodi, antigen, hormon, dan semua substansi exogenous. Rumusan umum yaitu: serum = plasma - fibrinogen - protein faktor koagulasi.
Studi yang mempelajari serum disebut serologi. Serum digunakan dalam berbagai uji diagnostik termasuk untuk menentukan golongan darah.
Serum protein (en: globular protein, spheroprotein) merupakan salah satu dari tiga jenis protein di dalam tubuh, yang membentuk larutan koloidal. Serum protein tidak mengandung fibrin, bukan merupakan fibrous protein, sehingga dapat terlarut.
Terdapat dua jenis protein di dalam serum, yaitu albumin dan globulin. Albumin dibuat di dalam hati, merupakan protein yang paling menonjol dan bermuatan negatif yang terkuat guna mengikat molekul kecil untuk diedarkan melalui darah. Albumin juga berguna untuk menjaga tekanan osmosis darah.[1]
Beberapa jenis globulin diproduksi di dalam hati, sementara yang lain diproduksi di dalam sistem kekebalan. Arti kata globulin menunjukkan sekelompok protein heterogen dengan berat molekul tertentu yang cukup tinggi, dengan kecepatan terlarut (en:solubility rate) dan laju migrasi elektroforetik (en:electrophoretic migration rate) yang lebih rendah daripada albumin. Rasio normal di dalam darah sekitar 2 hingga 3,5 g/dl. Elektroforesis protein serum (en:serum protein electrophoresis, SPEP) adalah uji laboratorium untuk menentukan jenis globulin. Protein serum total atau protein plasma total atau protein total adalah hasil uji laboratorium yang mengukur jumlah protein pada plasma darah atau serum darah. [2]
Globulin bermigrasi dengan urutan:[1]
- alfa globulin (protein yang mengusung thyroxine dan retinol/vitamin A).
- beta globulin/transferrin (protein yang mengusung zat besi)
- gamma globulin (protein dengan muatan negatif yang terlemah yang berfungsi sebagai antibodi)
Rujukan
- ^ a b "John W. Kimball's Biology page - Blood". Diakses tanggal 2010-02-14.
- ^ "Total Serum Protein".
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