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Para sultan [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Dinasti Utsmaniyah]] menguasai wilayah kekuasaan transkontinental yang sangat luas mulai dari tahun 1299 hingga 1922. Pada puncak kejayaannya, [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] berkuasa mulai dari [[Hongaria]] hingga ke bagian utara [[Somalia]] di sebelah selatan, dan dari [[Aljazair]] di sebelah barat hingga [[Irak]] di sebelah timur. Ibukotanya mula-mula adalah [[Bursa]] di [[Anatolia]], kemudian dipindahkan ke [[Edirne]] pada tahun 1366 dan ke [[Konstantinopel]] atau [[Istanbul]] pada tahun 1453 setelah [[Kejatuhan Konstantinopel]] [[Kekaisaran Bizantium]]<ref>[[#Sta01|Stavrides 2001]], p. 21</ref>
Para sultan [[Wangsa Utsmaniyah]] menguasai wilayah kekuasaan transkontinental yang sangat luas mulai dari tahun 1299 hingga 1922. Pada puncak kejayaannya, [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] berkuasa mulai dari [[Hongaria]] hingga ke bagian utara [[Somalia]] di sebelah selatan, dan dari [[Aljazair]] di sebelah barat hingga [[Irak]] di sebelah timur. Ibukotanya mula-mula adalah [[Bursa]] di [[Anatolia]], kemudian dipindahkan ke [[Edirne]] pada tahun 1366 dan ke [[Konstantinopel]] atau [[Istanbul]] pada tahun 1453 setelah [[Kejatuhan Konstantinopel]] [[Kekaisaran Bizantium]]<ref>[[#Sta01|Stavrides 2001]], p. 21</ref>
<!--The Ottoman Empire's [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|early years]] have been the subject of varying narratives due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend; nevertheless, most modern scholars agree that the empire came into existence around 1299 and that its first ruler was [[Osman I]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] (leader) of the [[Kayı tribe]] of the [[Oghuz Turks]].<ref>[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "The Ottoman Empire"</ref> The Ottoman Dynasty he founded was to endure for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the [[Central Powers]] with whom it had allied itself during [[World War I]]. The [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|partitioning of the empire]] by the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and the ensuing [[Turkish War of Independence]] led to the birth of the modern [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]].<ref>[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "War of Independence"</ref>
<!--The Ottoman Empire's [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|early years]] have been the subject of varying narratives due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend; nevertheless, most modern scholars agree that the empire came into existence around 1299 and that its first ruler was [[Osman I]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] (leader) of the [[Kayı tribe]] of the [[Oghuz Turks]].<ref>[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "The Ottoman Empire"</ref> The Ottoman Dynasty he founded was to endure for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the [[Central Powers]] with whom it had allied itself during [[World War I]]. The [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|partitioning of the empire]] by the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and the ensuing [[Turkish War of Independence]] led to the birth of the modern [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]].<ref>[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "War of Independence"</ref>


== Gelar ==
== [[Ottoman State|Ottoman State Organization]] ==
Meskipun daftar Sultan Utsmaniyah selalu dimulai dari Osman I yang merupakan bapak dari [[Wangsa Utsmaniyah]], gelar sultan baru secara resmi disandang pada masa Murad I, cucu Osman, yang berkuasa 1362 sampai 1389. Dua pemimpin Utsmaniyah sebelumnya, Osman dan Orhan, menggunakan gelar ''bey'', gelar Turki yang dapat disejajarkan dengan adipati.


Di Indonesia dan Barat, pemimpin Utsmaniyah lebih dikenal dengan 'sultan'. Sultan adalah gelar pemimpin Islam yang berasal dari bahasa Arab yang bermakna "kewenangan" atau "kekuatan". Gelar ini mulai digunakan pada masa [[Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah]] dan perlahan digunakan untuk berbagai pemimpin Muslim berdaulat.
The Ottoman State was an [[absolute monarchy]] during much of its existence. The sultan was at the apex of the hierarchical Ottoman system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles.{{ref label|Titles|a|2}} He was theoretically responsible only to [[God]] and [[God's law]] (the Islamic ''şeriat'', known in Arabic as ''[[sharia]]''), of which he was the chief executor. His [[Divine Right of Kings|heavenly mandate]] was reflected in Irano-Islamic titles such as "shadow of God on Earth" (''zill Allah fi'l-alem'') and "caliph of the face of the earth" (''halife-i ru-yi zemin'').<ref name="Findley">[[#Fin05|Findley 2005]], p. 115</ref> All offices were filled by his authority, and every law was issued by him in the form of a decree called ''[[Firman (decree)|firman]]''. He was the [[commander-in-chief|supreme military commander]] and had the official title to all land.<ref name="Ottoman Institutions"/> After the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of the titles [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] (''kaysar'') and [[Emperor]].<ref name="Findley"/><ref>[[#Toy74|Toynbee 1974]], pp. 22–23</ref><ref>[[#Sta01|Stavrides 2001]], p. 20</ref> Following the [[History of Ottoman Egypt|conquest of Egypt]] in 1517, [[Selim I]] also adopted the title of [[caliph]], thus claiming to be the universal Muslim ruler.{{ref label|Caliphate|b|}} Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the [[Sword of Osman]], an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation.<ref>[[#Qua05|Quataert 2005]], p. 93</ref> A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession.<ref>[[#Osm01|d'Osman Han 2001]], "Ottoman Padishah Succession"</ref>

Although theocratic and absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders.<ref name="Ottoman Institutions">[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "Ottoman Institutions"</ref> From the 17th century onwards, the empire entered into a long-term [[Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire|period of stagnation]], during which the sultans were much enfeebled. Many of them ended up being deposed by the powerful [[Janissary]] corps. Despite being barred from inheriting the throne,<ref>[[#Qua05|Quataert 2005]], p. 90</ref> women of the [[Imperial Harem]]—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the [[Valide Sultan]]—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the [[sultanate of women]].<ref>{{cite web | first = Leslie | last = Peirce | authorlink = Leslie P. Peirce | title = The sultanate of women | url = http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/harem.html | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071203045546/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/harem.html | publisher = [[Channel 4]] | archivedate = 2007-12-03 | accessdate = 2009-04-18}}</ref>

The declining powers of the sultans are evidenced by the difference in reign lengths between early sultans and later ones. [[Suleiman I]], who ruled the empire when it was at its zenith in the 16th century, had a reign of 46 years, the longest in Ottoman history. [[Murad V]], who ruled in the late 19th-century period of decline, had the shortest reign on record: he was in power for just 93 days before being deposed. [[Constitutional monarchy|Constitutionalism]] was only [[First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|established]] during the reign of Murad V's successor, [[Abdul Hamid II|Abd-ul-Hamid II]], who thus became the empire's last absolute ruler and its first constitutional monarch.<ref>[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "External Threats and Internal Transformations"</ref> Since 2009, the head of the Ottoman Dynasty and [[Line of succession to the Ottoman throne#List of pretenders since 1922|pretender to the defunct Ottoman throne]] has been [[Bayezid Osman]], a great-grandson of [[Abd-ul-Mejid I]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/221818-sehzadenin-ardindan-basin-oyle-hatalar-yapti-ki |title=Şehzadenin ardından basın öyle hatalar yaptı ki... |first=Murat |last=Bardakçı |authorlink=Murat Bardakçı |date=25 September 2009 |publisher=Haberturk.com |language=Turkish |trans_title= |accessdate=2010-07-16}}</ref>-->


== Daftar sultan ==
== Daftar sultan ==

Revisi per 31 Desember 2017 14.01

Sultan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
Bekas Kerajaan
Imperial
Lambang Kesultanan
Suleiman I (1520–1566)
Penguasa pertama Osman Gazi
Penguasa terakhir Mehmed VI
Gelar Yang Mulia
Kediaman resmi *Istana Topkapı (1460an–1853)
*Istana Dolmabahçe (1853–1889; 1909-1922)
*Istana Yıldız
(1889–1909)
Penunjuk Turun-temurun
Pendirian 27 Juli 1299
Pembubaran 1 November 1922

Para sultan Wangsa Utsmaniyah menguasai wilayah kekuasaan transkontinental yang sangat luas mulai dari tahun 1299 hingga 1922. Pada puncak kejayaannya, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah berkuasa mulai dari Hongaria hingga ke bagian utara Somalia di sebelah selatan, dan dari Aljazair di sebelah barat hingga Irak di sebelah timur. Ibukotanya mula-mula adalah Bursa di Anatolia, kemudian dipindahkan ke Edirne pada tahun 1366 dan ke Konstantinopel atau Istanbul pada tahun 1453 setelah Kejatuhan Konstantinopel Kekaisaran Bizantium[1] [2] Pada tahun 1617, hukum pergantian keturunan dalam Kesultanan ini diubah dari "siapa yang kuat akan menang" menjadi suatu sistem yang didasarkan atas tingkat senioritas agnatik (ekberiyet), yaitu tahta akan diteruskan oleh laki-laki tertua dalam keluarga. Ini menyebabkan sejak abad ke-17 sultan yang meninggal jarang digantikan oleh putranya, tetapi biasanya oleh seorang paman atau saudara laki-laki.[3] Sistem "senioritas agnatik" (agnatic seniority) dipertahankan sampai pembubaran kesultanan, meskipun pada abad ke-19 ada usaha yang gagal untuk mengganti dengan sistem "primogeniture" (keturunan tertua).[4]

# Sultan Potret Berkuasa sejak Berkuasa hingga Tughra Catatan
— Emir Gazi
Ertuğrul Bey
أرطغرل غازی
Amîr Ghazi -
Tuan yang Terhormat
(b. 1191 - d. 1281) 		1230 1281 —
[c]
— Emir Gazi
Osman Bey
عثمان بن أرطغرل
Amîr Fakhr ud-din
Othman-Al Ghazi - The Esquire
(b. 1258 - d. 1324) 		Potret Osman I by John Young 1281 1299 —
[c]
Pendirian Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
(27 Juli 1299 – 20 Juli 1402)
1 Osman I
GHAZI (Pejuang)
BEY (Tuan Yang Terhormat)
KARA (Tanah atau Hitam) untuk keberaniannya 		Potret Osman I by John Young 1299 1324 —
[c]
2 Orhan I
GHAZI (Pejuang)
BEY (Tuan Yang Terhormat) 		Potret Orhan 1324 1362 Tughra of Orhan
3 Murad I
HÜDAVENDİGÂR - Khodāvandgār -

(The God-like One)
(Sultan since 1383)

Portret Murad I 1362 15 Juni 1389 Tughra of Murad I
4 Bayezid I
YILDIRIM (Petir) 		Potret Bayezid I by Cristofano dell'Altissimo 15 Juni 1389 20 Juli 1402 Tughra of Bayezid I
Ottoman Interregnum[d]
(20 Juli 1402 – 5 Juli 1413)
— İsa Çelebi
Co-Sultan Anatolia 		1403 1405 —
— Emir (Amir)
Süleyman Çelebi
Sultan Rumelia Pertama 		Potret Süleyman Çelebi 20 Juli 1402 17 Februari 1411[10] —
— Musa Çelebi
Sultan Rumelia Kedua 		Potret Musa Çelebi 18 Februari 1411 5 Juli 1413[12] —
— Mehmed Çelebi
Sultan Anatolia 		Potret Mehmed Çelebi 1403 - 1406
(Sultan Teritorial Anatolia Timur)

1406 - 1413
(Sultan Anatolia) 		5 Juli 1413 —
Kebangkitan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
(5 Juli 1413 – 29 Mei 1453)
5 Mehmed I
ÇELEBİ (Ramah)
KİRİŞÇİ (Pembuat Tali Busur) untuk dukungannya 		Potret Mehmed I 5 Juli 1413 26 Mei 1421 Tughra of Mehmed I
6 Murad II
KOCA (Agung) 		Potret Murad II by John Young 25 Juni 1421 1444 Tughra of Murad II
7 Mehmed II
FATİH (Penakluk) 		1444 1446 Tughra of Mehmed II
— Murad II
KOCA (Agung) 		Potret Murad II by John Young 1446 3 Februari 1451 Tughra of Murad II
  • Masa pemerintahan kedua;
  • Dipaksa kembali bertakhta setelah terjadi pemberontakan Yanisari;[19]
  • Berkuasa sampai wafat.[16]
Perkembangan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
(29 Mei 1453 – 11/12 September 1683)
— Mehmed II
FATİH (Penakluk) 		3 Februari 1451 3 Mei 1481 Tughra of Mehmed II
8 Bayezid II
VELÎ (Orang Suci) 		Potret Bayezid II by John Young 19 Mei 1481 25 April 1512 Tughra of Bayezid II
9 Selim I
YAVUZ (Tegas)
(Khalifah Muslim Sejak 1517) 		Potret Selim I by John Young 25 April 1512 21 September 1520 Tughra of Selim I
10 Suleiman I
Muhteşem (Yang Agung)

dan Kanuni (Pemberi Hukum)

Potret Suleiman yang Agung by Nakkaş Osman 30 September 1520 6 or 7 September 1566 Tughra of Suleiman yang Agung
11 Selim II
SARI (Kuning Kepirang-pirangan) 		Potret Selim II by John Young 29 September 1566 21 Desember 1574 Tughra of Selim II
12 Murad III Potret Murad III by John Young 22 Desember 1574 16 Januari 1595 Tughra of Murad III
13 Mehmed III
ADLÎ (Adil) 		Potret Mehmed III by John Young 27 Januari 1595 20 or 21 Desember 1603 Tughra of Mehmed III
14 Ahmed I
BAKHTÎ (Keberuntungan) 		Potret Ahmed I by John Young 21 Desember 1603 22 November 1617 Tughra of Ahmed I
15 Mustafa I
DELİ (Teruji) 		Potret Mustafa I by John Young 22 November 1617 26 Februari 1618 Tughra of Mustafa I
16 Osman II
GENÇ (The Young) 		Potret Osman II by John Young 26 Februari 1618 19 Mei 1622 Tughra of Osman II
— Mustafa I
DELİ (Teruji) 		Potret Mustafa I by John Young 20 Mei 1622 10 September 1623 Tughra of Mustafa I
17 Murad IV
GHAZI (Pejuang) 		Potret Murad IV by John Young 10 September 1623 8 or 9 Februari 1640 Tughra of Murad IV
18 Ibrahim I
DELİ (Pengatur) 		Potret Ibrahim by John Young 9 Februari 1640 8 Agustus 1648 Tughra of Ibrahim
19 Mehmed IV
AVCI (The Hunter) 		Potret Mehmed IV by John Young 8 Agustus 1648 8 November 1687 Tughra of Mehmed IV
Stagnasi Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
(11/12 September 1683 – 20 Oktober 1827)
20 Suleiman II Potret Suleiman II by John Young 8 November 1687 22 Juni 1691 Tughra of Suleiman II
21 Ahmed II
KHAN GHAZI (Pangeran Pejuang) 		Potret Ahmed II by John Young 22 Juni 1691 6 Februari 1695 Tughra of Ahmed II
22 Mustafa II
GHAZI (Pejuang) 		Potret Mustafa II by John Young 6 Februari 1695 22 Agustus 1703 Tughra of Mustafa II
23 Ahmed III Potret Ahmed III by John Young 22 Agustus 1703 1 or 2 Oktober 1730 Tughra of Ahmed III
24 Mahmud I
GHAZI (Pejuang)
KAMBUR (Bungkuk) 		Potret Mahmud I by John Young 2 Oktober 1730 13 Desember 1754 Tughra of Mahmud I
25 Osman III
SOFU (Saleh) 		Potret Osman III by John Young 13 Desember 1754 29 or 30 Oktober 1757 Tughra of Osman III
26 Mustafa III
YENİLİKÇİ (Inovatif Pertama) 		Potret Mustafa III by John Young 30 Oktober 1757 21 Januari 1774 Tughra of Mustafa III
27 Abd-ul-Hamid I
Hamba Allah 		Potret Abd-ul-Hamid I by John Young 21 Januari 1774 6 or 7 April 1789 Tughra of Abd-ul-Hamid I
28 Selim III
BESTEKÂR (Komposer) 		Potret Selim III by Konstantin Kapidagli 7 April 1789 29 Mei 1807 Tughra of Selim III
29 Mustafa IV Potret Mustafa IV by John Young 29 Mei 1807 28 Juli 1808 Tughra of Mustafa IV
30 Mahmud II
ISLAHÂTÇI (Reformator) 		Potret Mahmud II by John Young 28 Juli 1808 1 Juli 1839 Tughra of Mahmud II
Kemunduran Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
(20 Oktober 1827 – 24 Juli 1908)
31 Abd-ul-Mejid I
TANZİMÂTÇI (Reformis Kuat atau Advokat Reorganisasi) 		Potret Abd-ul-Mejid I 1 Juli 1839 25 Juni 1861 Tughra of Abd-ul-Mejid I
32 Abd-ul-Aziz I Potret Abd-ul-Aziz 25 Juni 1861 30 Mei 1876 Tughra of Abd-ul-Aziz
33 Murad V
 Potret Murad V 30 Mei 1876 31 Agustus 1876 Tughra of Murad V
34 Abd-ul-Hamid II
ULU HAN

(Khan yang Luhur)

Potret Abd-ul-Hamid II 31 Agustus 1876 27 April 1909 Tughra of Abd-ul-Hamid II
Pembubaran Kesultanan Utsmaniyah[e]
(24 Juli 1908 – 30 Oktober 1918)
35 Mehmed V
REŞÂD

(Pengikut Jalan Kebenaran)

Potret Mehmed V 27 April 1909 3 Juli 1918 Tughra of Mehmed V
Pembagian Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
(30 Oktober 1918 – 1 November 1922)
36 Mehmed VI
VÂHİD-ÜD-DÎN

(Pemersatu Agama (Islam) atau Kesatuan Islam)

4 Juli 1918 1 November 1922 Tughra of Mehmed VI
Kekhalifahan Republik
( 18 November 1922 – 3 Maret 1924 )
— Abd-ul-Mejid II
HALİFE

(Khalifah Islam Utsmaniyah Terakhir)

Potret Abd-ul-Mejid II 18 November 1922 3 Maret 1924 —
[c]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Stavrides 2001, p. 21
  2. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 91
  3. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 92
  4. ^ Karateke 2005, pp. 37–54
  5. ^ "Sultan Osman Gazi". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  6. ^ "Sultan Osman Gazi". Kementerian Budaya dan Pariwisata Republik Turki. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  7. ^ "Sultan Orhan Gazi". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  8. ^ "Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  9. ^ "Sultan Yıldırım Beyezid Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  10. ^ Nicholae Jorga: Geschishte des Osmanichen (Trans :Nilüfer Epçeli) Vol 1 Yeditepe yayınları, İstanbul,2009,ISBN 975-6480-17-3 p 314
  11. ^ Nicholae Jorga: Geschishte des Osmanichen (Trans :Nilüfer Epçeli) Vol 1 Yeditepe yayınları, İstanbul, 2009, ISBN 975-6480-17-3 p 314
  12. ^ Joseph von Hammer:Osmanlı Tarihi cilt I (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. p 58-60.
  13. ^ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 74-75
  14. ^ Joseph von Hammer:Osmanlı Tarihi cilt I (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. p. 58-60.
  15. ^ "Sultan Mehmed Çelebi Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  16. ^ a b "Sultan II. Murad Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  17. ^ a b "Chronology: Sultan II. Murad Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-07. 
  18. ^ "Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  19. ^ Kafadar 1996, p. xix
  20. ^ "Chronology: Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-15. 
  21. ^ "Sultan II. Bayezid Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  22. ^ "Yavuz Sultan Selim Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  23. ^ "Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  24. ^ "Sultan II. Selim Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  25. ^ "Sultan III. Murad Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  26. ^ "Sultan III. Mehmed Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  27. ^ "Sultan I. Ahmed". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  28. ^ a b "Sultan I. Mustafa". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  29. ^ "Sultan II. Osman Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  30. ^ "Sultan IV. Murad Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  31. ^ "Sultan İbrahim Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  32. ^ "Sultan IV. Mehmed". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  33. ^ "Sultan II. Süleyman Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  34. ^ "Sultan II. Ahmed Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  35. ^ "Sultan II. Mustafa Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  36. ^ "Sultan III. Ahmed Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  37. ^ "Sultan I. Mahmud Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  38. ^ "Sultan III. Osman Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  39. ^ "Sultan III. Mustafa Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  40. ^ "Sultan I. Abdülhamit Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  41. ^ "Sultan III. Selim Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  42. ^ "Sultan IV. Mustafa Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  43. ^ "Sultan II. Mahmud Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  44. ^ "Sultan Abdülmecid Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  45. ^ "Sultan Abdülaziz Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  46. ^ "Sultan V. Murad Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  47. ^ "Sultan II. Abdülhamid Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  48. ^ "Sultan V. Mehmed Reşad Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  49. ^ "Sultan VI. Mehmed Vahdettin Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-06. 
  50. ^ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 13
  51. ^ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 17
  52. ^ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 14

Bacaan lanjutan

Pranala luar

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