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Revisi per 29 November 2018 14.10

Literatur rabinik (‘’’Sastra rabinik’’’), dalam arti luas, dapat berarti keseluruhan tulisan rabinik dalam sejarah Yudaisme atau kepercayaan Yahudi. Namun, istilah ini seringkali secara khusus merujuk kepada literatur dari era Talmudik, tidak termasuk tulisan rabinik abad pertengahan maupun modern, dan karenanya sesuai dengan istilah bahasa Ibrani Sifrut Hazal (ספרות חז"ל; "Literatur orang bijak [kami yang] terpuji kenangannya," di mana Hazal biasanya merujuk hanya kepada orang bijak dari era Talmudik). Ini merupakan makna khusus "Literatur Rabinik"—merujuk kepada Talmudim, Midrash (bahasa Ibrani: מדרש);, dan tulisan-tulisan terkait, tetapi jarang meliputi teks-teks kemudian—biasanya memang dimaksudkan dalam penulisan akademik kontemporer. Sebaliknya, istilah-istilah meforshim dan parshanim (komentari/komentator) hampir selalu merujuk kepada yang kemudian, yaitu penulis-penulis pasca-Talmudik yang membahas teks-teks Alkitab dan Talmudik.

Di sini dibahas kedua makna literatur rabinik, mulai dari literatur rabinik klasik dari era Talmudik (Sifrut Hazal), kemudian ditambah survei luas tulisan-tulisan rabinik dari periode-periode kemudian.

Literatur Mishnaik

Mishnah dan Tosefta (kumpulan materi sebelum tahun 200) merupakan karya-karya tertua literatur rabinik yang terlestarikan, menjabarkan dan mengembangkan Hukum Taurat Lisan serta ajaran-ajaran etika. Dari sini muncul dua jenis Talmud:

Talmud Yerusalem, ~ 450 M
Talmud Babilonia, ~ 600 M

Ada pula "traktat-traktat minor" yang merupakan bagian dari Talmud Babilonia

Meforshim

Meforshim adalah kata bahasa Ibrani yang berarti "komentator-komentator (rabinik klasik)" (atau arti kasarnya "eksegetes"), dan digunakan sebagai pengganti kata yang tepat perushim yang berarti "komentari-komentari" (tafsir-tafsir). Dalam Yudaisme istilah ini merujuk kepada komentari-komentari mengenai Taurat (kelima kitab Musa), Tanakh, Mishnah, Talmud, responsa, bahkan siddur (kitab doa Yahudi), dan lain-lain.

Komentari Taurat dan Talmud klasik

Komentari Taurat dan/atau Talmud klasik telah ditulis oleh tokoh-tokoh berikut:

Geonim
- Saadia Gaon, 10th century Babylon
Rishonim
- Rashi (Shlomo Yitzchaki), 12th century France
- Abraham ibn Ezra
- Nahmanides (Moshe ben Nahman)
- Samuel ben Meir, the Rashbam, 12th century France
- Rabbi Levi ben Gershom (known as Ralbag or Gersonides)
- David ben Joseph Kimhi, the Radak, 13th century France
- Joseph ben Isaac, also known as the Bekhor Shor, 12th century France
- Nissim ben Reuben Gerondi, the RaN, 14th century Spain
- Isaac ben Judah Abravanel (1437–1508)
- Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno, 16th century Italy
Acharonim
- The Vilna Gaon, Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 18th century Lithuania
- The Malbim, Meir Lob ben Jehiel Michael

Classical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi. After Rashi the Tosafot were written, which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciples and descendants of Rashi; this commentary was based on discussions done in the rabbinic academies of Germany and France.

Komentari Taurat Modern

Berbagai komentari Taurat modern yang mendapat pengakuan umum di kalangan komunitas Yahudi termasuk:

- Haemek Davar karya Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin
- The Chofetz Chaim
- Torah Temimah dari Baruch ha-Levi Epstein
- Kerem HaTzvi, karya Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Ferber
- Sefat Emet (Lips of Truth), Yehudah Aryeh Leib of Ger, 19th century Europe
- The "Pentateuch and Haftaras" karya Joseph H. Hertz
- Uebersetzung und Erklärung des Pentateuchs ("Translation and Commentary of the Pentateuch") karya Samson Raphael Hirsch
- Nechama Leibowitz, a noted woman scholar
- HaTorah vehaMitzva ("The Torah and the Commandment") karya Meïr Leibush, the "Malbim"
- Ha-Ketav veha-Kabbalah karya Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg
- "Soncino Books of the Bible"

Komentari Siddur Modern

Berbagai komentari Siddur modern telah ditulis oleh:

Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan HaCohen, The Chofetz Chaim's Siddur
Samson Raphael Hirsch, The Hirsch Siddur, Feldheim
Abraham Isaac Kook, Olat Reyia
The Authorised Daily Prayer Book with commentary by Joseph H. Hertz
Elie Munk, The World of Prayer, Elie Munk
Nosson Scherman, The Artscroll Siddur, Mesorah Publications
Jonathan Sacks, in The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth (the new version of "Singer's Prayer Book") sebagaimana pula Koren Sacks Siddur.
Reuven Hammer, Or Hadash, suatu komentari siddur yang ditulis di sekitar teks Siddur Sim Shalom, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
My Peoples Prayer Book, Jewish Lights Publishing, ditulis oleh suatu tim rabi non-Ortodoks dan sarjana Talmud.

Lihat pula

Jewish commentaries on the Bible
List of Jewish Prayers and Blessings
List of rabbis
Moses in rabbinic literature
Simeon in rabbinic literature
Oral Torah
Yudaisme Rabinik
The Traditional Jewish Bookshelf
Torah databases (electronic versions of traditional Jewish texts)

Bibliografi

Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts, Barry W. Holtz, (Summit Books)
Introduction to Rabbinic Literature Jacob Neusner, (Anchor Bible Reference Library/Doubleday)
Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, H. L. Strack and G. Stemberger, (Fortress Press)
The Literature of the Sages: Oral Torah, Halakha, Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates, Shemuel Safrai and Peter J. Tomson (Fortress, 1987)

Pranala luar

Umum

Sumber teks lengkap

Kamus

@@ Baris 3: / Baris 3: @@
 {{Era Halakha}}
-'''Literatur rabinik''' (‘’’Sastra rabinik’’’), dalam arti luas, dapat berarti keseluruhan tulisan [[rabi]]nik dalam sejarah [[Yudaisme]] atau kepercayaan [[Yahudi]]. Namun, istilah ini seringkali secara khusus merujuk kepada literatur dari era [[Talmud]]ik, tidak termasuk tulisan rabinik [[abad pertengahan]] maupun modern, dan karenanya sesuai dengan istilah [[bahasa Ibrani]] '''''Sifrut Hazal''''' (ספרות חז"ל; "Literatur orang bijak [kami yang] terpuji kenangannya," di mana ''Hazal'' biasanya merujuk ''hanya'' kepada orang bijak dari era Talmudik). Ini merupakan makna khusus "Literatur Rabinik"&mdash;merujuk kepada [[Talmud]]im, [[Midrash]] ([[bahasa Ibrani]]: מדרש);, dan tulisan-tulisan terkait, tetapi jarang meliputi teks-teks kemudian&mdash;biasanya memang dimaksudkan dalam penulisan akademik kontemporer. Sebaliknya, istilah-istilah '''''meforshim''''' dan '''''parshanim''''' (komentari/komentator) hampir selalu merujuk kepada yang kemudian, yaitu penulis-penulis pasca-Talmudik yang membahas teks-teks Alkitab dan Talmudik.
+'''Literatur rabinik''' (‘’’Sastra rabinik’’’), dalam arti luas, dapat berarti keseluruhan tulisan [[rabi]]nik dalam sejarah [[Yudaisme]] atau kepercayaan [[Yahudi]]. Namun, istilah ini seringkali secara khusus merujuk kepada literatur dari era [[Talmud]]ik, tidak termasuk tulisan rabinik [[abad pertengahan]] maupun modern, dan karenanya sesuai dengan istilah [[bahasa Ibrani]] '''''Sifrut Hazal''''' (ספרות חז"ל; "Literatur orang bijak [kami yang] terpuji kenangannya," di mana ''Hazal'' biasanya merujuk ''hanya'' kepada orang bijak dari era Talmudik). Ini merupakan makna khusus "Literatur Rabinik"—merujuk kepada [[Talmud]]im, [[Midrash]] ([[bahasa Ibrani]]: מדרש);, dan tulisan-tulisan terkait, tetapi jarang meliputi teks-teks kemudian—biasanya memang dimaksudkan dalam penulisan akademik kontemporer. Sebaliknya, istilah-istilah '''''meforshim''''' dan '''''parshanim''''' (komentari/komentator) hampir selalu merujuk kepada yang kemudian, yaitu penulis-penulis pasca-Talmudik yang membahas teks-teks Alkitab dan Talmudik.
 Di sini dibahas kedua makna '''literatur rabinik''', mulai dari literatur rabinik klasik dari era Talmudik (''Sifrut Hazal''), kemudian ditambah survei luas tulisan-tulisan rabinik dari periode-periode kemudian.
@@ Baris 13: / Baris 13: @@
 Ada pula "traktat-traktat minor" yang merupakan bagian dari Talmud Babilonia
-== Midrash ==
-<!--
-[[Midrash]] (pl. ''Midrashim'') is a Hebrew word referring to a method of reading details into, or out of, a [[Hebrew Bible|Biblical]] text. The term ''midrash'' also can refer to a compilation of Midrashic teachings, in the form of legal, exegetical, homiletical, or narrative writing, often configured as a commentary on the [[Bible]] or [[Mishnah]].  There are a large number of "classical" Midrashic works spanning a period from [[Mishnaic]] to [[Geonic]] times, often showing evidence of having been worked and reworked from earlier materials, and frequently coming to us in multiple variants.  A compact list of these works [based on {{Harv|Holtz|1984}}] is given below; a more thorough annotated list can be found under [[Midrash]].  The timeline below must be approximate because many of these works were composed over a long span of time, borrowing and collating material from earlier versions; their histories are therefore somewhat uncertain and the subject of scholarly debate.  In the table, "n.e." designates that the work in question is not extant except in secondary references.
---?
-{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center; font-size:80%"
-|+Literatur rabinik ''extra-canonical'' ("n.e." artinya "not extant" atau "tidak terlestarikan")
-|-
-! '''Perkiraan tarikh''' !! '''Eksegetikal''' !! '''Homiletikal''' !! '''Naratif'''
-|-
-|
-Periode Tannaitik <br>
-(sampai 200 M)
-|
-[[Mekhilta]] <br>
-[[Mekilta le-Sefer Devarim]] (n.e.)<br>
-[[Sifra]]<br>
-[[Sifre]]
-|
-[[Alfabet Akiba ben Joseph]] (?)<br>
-|
-[[Seder Olam Rabbah]]
-|-
-|
-–650 M
-|
-[[Genesis Rabbah]]<br>
-[[Lamentations Rabbah]]
-|
-[[Leviticus Rabbah]]<br>
-[[Pesikta de-Rav Kahana]]<br>
-[[Midrash Tanhuma]]
-|
-[[Seder Olam Zutta]]
-|-
-|
-–900 M
-|
-[[Midrash Proverbs]]<br>
-[[Ecclesiastes Rabbah]]
-|
-[[Deuteronomy Rabbah]]<br>
-[[Pesikta Rabbati]]<br>
-[[Avot of Rabbi Natan]]
-|
-[[Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer]]<br>
-[[Tanna Devei Eliyahu]]
-|-
-|
-–1000 M
-|
-[[Midrash Psalms]]<br>
-[[Exodus Rabbah]]<br>
-[[Ruth Zuta]]<br>
-[[Lamentations Zuta]]
-|
-|
-|-
-|
-–1200
-|
-[[Midrash Aggadah]] of [[Moses ha-Darshan]]<br>
-[[Midrash Tadshe]]
-|
-|
-[[Sefer haYashar (midrash)|Sefer ha-Yashar]]
-|-
-|
-Selanjutnya
-|
-[[Yalkut Shimoni]]<br>
-[[Midrash ha-Gadol]]<br>
-[[Ein Yaakov]]<br>
-[[Numbers Rabbah]]
-|
-|}
-<!--
-==Later works by category==
-===Major codes of Jewish law===
-{{main|Halakha}}
-*[[Mishneh Torah]]
-*[[Arba'ah Turim]]
-*[[Shulchan Aruch]]
-*[[Beit Yosef (book)|Beit Yosef]]
-*[[Chayei Adam]]
-*The [[Responsa]] literature
-===Jewish thought and ethics===
-*[[Jewish philosophy]]
-** [[Philo]]
-** [[Isaac Israeli]]{{disambiguation needed|date=July 2012}}
-** [[Emunot v'Dayyot]]
-** [[Kuzari]]
-** [[Guide for the Perplexed]]
-** [[Bachya ibn Pakuda]]
-** [[Sefer Ikkarim]]
-** [[Wars of the Lord]]
-** [[Or Adonai]]
-*[[Kabbalah]]
-** [[Sepher Yetzirah]]
-** [[Bahir]]
-** [[Zohar]]
-** [[Pardes Rimonim]]
-** [[Etz Hayim (text)|Etz Hayim]]
-*[[Aggada]]
-*[[Hasidic thought]]
-** [[Tanya]]
-** [[Kedushas Levi]]
-** [[Likutey Moharan]]
-*[[Musar Literature]]
-** [[Mesillat Yesharim]]
-** [[Yonah Gerondi|Shaarei Teshuva]]
-** [[Orchot Tzaddikim]]
-** [[Sefer Chasidim]]
-===Liturgy===
-*The [[Siddur]] and [[Jewish liturgy]]
-*''[[Piyyut]]im'' (Classical Jewish poetry)
-==Later works by historical period==
-===Works of the Geonim===
-The [[Geonim]] are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha, in [[Babylon]] (650 - 1250) :
-*''She'iltoth of Acha'i [Gaon]''
-*''Halachoth Gedoloth''
-*''[[Emunoth ve-Deoth]]'' ([[Saadia Gaon]])
-*The ''[[Siddur]]'' by Amram Gaon
-*[[Responsa]]
-===Works of the ''Rishonim'' (the "early" rabbinical commentators)===
-The [[Rishonim]] are the rabbis of the early medieval period (1000 - 1550)
-*The commentaries on the [[Torah]], such as those by [[Rashi]], [[Abraham ibn Ezra]] and [[Nahmanides]].
-*Commentaries on the [[Talmud]], principally by [[Rashi]], his grandson [[Samuel ben Meir]] and [[Nissim of Gerona]].
-*Talmudic novellae (''[[chiddushim]]'') by [[Tosafists]], [[Nahmanides]], [[Nissim of Gerona]], [[Solomon ben Aderet]] (RaShBA), [[Ritva|Yomtov ben Ashbili]] (Ritva)
-*Works of ''[[halakha]]'' ([[Asher ben Yechiel]], [[Mordechai ben Hillel]])
-*Codices by [[Maimonides]] and [[Jacob ben Asher]], and finally ''[[Shulkhan Arukh]]''
-*[[Responsa]], e.g. by [[Solomon ben Aderet]] (RaShBA)
-*[[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic]] works (such as the [[Zohar]])
-*Philosophical works ([[Maimonides]], [[Gersonides]], [[Nahmanides]])
-*Ethical works ([[Bahya ibn Paquda]], [[Jonah of Gerona]])
-===Works of the ''Acharonim'' (the "later" rabbinical commentators)===
-The [[Acharonim]] are the rabbis from 1550 to the present day.
-*Important [[Torah]] commentaries include ''Keli Yakar'' ([[Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz]]), ''Ohr ha-Chayim'' by [[Chayim ben-Attar]], the commentary of [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]], and the commentary of [[Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin]].
-*Important works of [[Talmud]]ic novellae include: ''[[Pnei Yehoshua]]'', ''Hafla'ah'', ''Sha'agath Aryei''
-*Responsa, e.g. by [[Moses Sofer]], [[Moshe Feinstein]]
-*Works of ''[[halakha]]'' and [[codices]] e.g. ''[[Mishnah Berurah]]'' by [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]] and the ''[[Yechiel Michel Epstein#Aruch ha-Shulchan|Aruch ha-Shulchan]]'' by [[Yechiel Michel Epstein]]
-*Ethical and philosophical works: [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto]], [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]] and the [[Mussar Movement]]
-*[[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] works (''Kedushath Levi'', ''Sefath Emmeth'', ''Shem mi-Shemuel'')
-*Philosophical/metaphysical works (the works of the [[Maharal of Prague]], [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto]] and ''Nefesh ha-Chayim'' by [[Chaim Volozhin|Chaim of Volozhin]])
-*Mystical works
-*Historical works, e.g. ''Shem ha-Gedolim'' by [[Chaim Joseph David Azulai]].
--->
 ==Meforshim==<!-- This section is linked from [[Aryeh Kaplan]] -->
 ''Meforshim'' adalah kata [[bahasa Ibrani]] yang berarti "komentator-komentator (rabinik klasik)" (atau arti kasarnya "[[Eksegesis|eksegetes]]"), dan digunakan sebagai pengganti kata yang tepat '''perushim''' yang berarti "komentari-komentari" (tafsir-tafsir). Dalam [[Yudaisme]] istilah ini merujuk kepada komentari-komentari mengenai [[Taurat]] (kelima kitab [[Musa]]), [[Tanakh]], [[Mishnah]], [[Talmud]], [[responsa]], bahkan [[siddur]] (kitab doa Yahudi), dan lain-lain.