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Geostrategi, turunan dari geopolitik, adalah jenis kebijakan luar negeri yang dipandu oleh faktor geografi.^[1] Faktor-faktor ini melengkapi, menghambat, atau memengaruhi perencanaan politik dan militer. Layaknya semua strategi, geostrategi berusaha menyamakan cara dengan hasil^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]—dalam hal ini sumber daya suatu negara (terbatas atau tidak) dengan tujuan geopolitiknya (lokal, regional, atau global).^[7] Strategi berkaitan dengan geografi sebagaimana geografi berkaitan dengan kebangsaan. Colin S. Gray dan Geoffrey Sloan menyatakan bahwa "[geografi adalah] ibu dari strategi."^[8]

Geostrategiwan, berbeda dengan geopolitikus, mendukung strategi agresif, dan melihat geopolitik dari sudut pandang nasionalis. Seperti teori politik lainnya, geostrategi sangat bergantung pada geostrategiwan itu sendiri: kebangsaan strategiwan, kekuatan sumber daya negaranya, cakupan tujuan negaranya, geografi politik pada masa itu, dan faktor teknologi yang memengaruhi keterlibatan militer, politik, ekonomi, dan budaya. Geostrategi dapat berfungsi secara normatif (mendukung kebijakan luar negeri berdasarkan faktor geografi), analitis (menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan luar negeri dibentuk oleh geografi), atau prediktif (memperkirakan keputusan kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara selanjutnya atas dasar geografi).

Banyak geostrategiwan yang juga ahli geografi. Mereka menguasai subbidang geografi seperti geografi manusia, geografi budaya, geografi militer, dan geografi strategis. Geostrategi sangat erat kaitannya dengan geografi strategis.

Setelah Perang Dunia II, sejumlah pakar membagi geostrategi menjadi dua mazhab: teori negara organik Jerman dan geostrategi Inggris-Amerika Serikat.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Kritikus geostrategi mengatakan bahwa geostraegi adalah istilah ilmu semu yang dipakai negara-negara besar sebagai pembenaran atas aspirasi imperialis atau hegemoninya. Geostrategi dianggap tidak relevan karena teknologi semakin canggih. Fokus esensialisnya terhadap geografi membuat para geostrategiwan keliru dalam pelaksaanan kebijakan luar negeri.

Geostrategiwan ternama

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Dr. Cabral Abel Couto (1988). Elementos de Estratégia. Vol I. Instituto Altos Estudos Militares, Lisboa.
^ Dr. John Garafano (5–9 July 2004). "Alternate Security Strategies: The Strategic Feasibility of Various Notions of Security" (PDF). International Peace Research Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2006-05-19.
^ Report of the Secretary General (20 April 2001). "No exit without strategy: Security Council decision-making and the closure or transition of United Nations peacekeeping operations" (PDF). S/2001/394. United Nations Security Council. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2004-01-13. Diakses tanggal 2006-05-19.
^ Col. David J. Andre (Autumn 1995). "The Art of War—Part, Present, Future" (PDF). Joint Force Quarterly: pp. 129. Diakses tanggal 2005-05-19. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)
^ Philip Babcock Gove, ed. (September 1961). Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. strategy: the science and art of employing the political, economic, psychological, and military forces of a nation or group of nations to afford the maximum support to adopted policies in peace and war
^ Gaddis, John Lewis (1982). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503097-4. The process by which ends are related to means, intentions to capabilities, objectives to resources.
^ GEOSTRATEGI (.pdf)
^ Gray, Colin S.; Geoffrey Sloan (November 30, 1999). Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. London and Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass. hlm. 3. ISBN 0-7146-8053-2.
^ Hillen, John; Michael P. Noonan (Autumn 1998). "The Geopolitics of NATO Enlargement". Parameters,. XXVIII (3): 21–34. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-22. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).
^ Tyner, JA (1998). "The Geopolitics of Eugenics and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans" (fee required). Antipode. 30 (3): 251. doi:10.1111/1467-8330.00077. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-22. ... is often divided into two main schools: the organic state branch and the geostrategy branch ...
^ Russell, Greg (2006). "Theodore Roosevelt, geopolitics, and cosmopolitan ideals" (PDF). Review of international studies. 32 (3): 541–559. doi:10.1017/S0260210506007157. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-22. Geopolitics, broadly defined, may actually be seen as two distinct schools that comprise the organic state theory and geostrategy.

Bacaan lanjutan

Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
Gray, Colin S. and Geoffrey Sloan. Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1999.
Mackinder, Halford J. Democratic Ideals and Reality. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Problem of Asia: Its Effects Upon International Politics. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
Daclon, Corrado Maria. Geopolitics of Environment, A Wider Approach to the Global Challenges. Italy: Comunità Internazionale, SIOI, 2007.
European Geostrategy

[1] Dr. Cabral Abel Couto (1988). Elementos de Estratégia. Vol I. Instituto Altos Estudos Militares, Lisboa.

[strategy1-2] Dr. John Garafano (5–9 July 2004). "Alternate Security Strategies: The Strategic Feasibility of Various Notions of Security" (PDF). International Peace Research Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2006-05-19.

[strategy2-3] Report of the Secretary General (20 April 2001). "No exit without strategy: Security Council decision-making and the closure or transition of United Nations peacekeeping operations" (PDF). S/2001/394. United Nations Security Council. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2004-01-13. Diakses tanggal 2006-05-19.

[strategy3-4] Col. David J. Andre (Autumn 1995). "The Art of War—Part, Present, Future" (PDF). Joint Force Quarterly: pp. 129. Diakses tanggal 2005-05-19. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)

[strategy4-5] Philip Babcock Gove, ed. (September 1961). Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. strategy: the science and art of employing the political, economic, psychological, and military forces of a nation or group of nations to afford the maximum support to adopted policies in peace and war

[strategy5-6] Gaddis, John Lewis (1982). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503097-4. The process by which ends are related to means, intentions to capabilities, objectives to resources.

[7] GEOSTRATEGI (.pdf)

[mother-8] Gray, Colin S.; Geoffrey Sloan (November 30, 1999). Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. London and Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass. hlm. 3. ISBN 0-7146-8053-2.

[parameters-9] Hillen, John; Michael P. Noonan (Autumn 1998). "The Geopolitics of NATO Enlargement". Parameters,. XXVIII (3): 21–34. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-22. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).

[Tyner-10] Tyner, JA (1998). "The Geopolitics of Eugenics and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans" (fee required). Antipode. 30 (3): 251. doi:10.1111/1467-8330.00077. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-22. ... is often divided into two main schools: the organic state branch and the geostrategy branch ...

[Russell-11] Russell, Greg (2006). "Theodore Roosevelt, geopolitics, and cosmopolitan ideals" (PDF). Review of international studies. 32 (3): 541–559. doi:10.1017/S0260210506007157. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-22. Geopolitics, broadly defined, may actually be seen as two distinct schools that comprise the organic state theory and geostrategy.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 [[Berkas:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (orthographic projection).svg|jmpl|ka|250px|[[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara]] adalah [[aliansi militer]] geostrategis yang mencakup sebagian besar Eropa dan Amerika Utara]]
-'''Geostrategi''', turunan dari [[geopolitik]], adalah jenis [[kebijakan luar negeri]] yang dipandu oleh faktor [[geografi]].<ref name="strategy1">{{cite book|author=Dr. Cabral Abel Couto|year=1988|title=Elementos de Estratégia. Vol I.|publisher=Instituto Altos Estudos Militares, Lisboa}}</ref> Faktor-faktor ini melengkapi, menghambat, atau memengaruhi perencanaan politik dan militer. Layaknya semua [[strategi]], geostrategi berusaha menyamakan cara dengan hasil<ref name="strategy1">{{cite journal|author=Dr. John Garafano|date=5–9 July 2004|url=http://www.afes-press.de/pdf/Garafano_Alternate_Secutity.pdf|title=Alternate Security Strategies: The Strategic Feasibility of Various Notions of Security|publisher=International Peace Research Foundation|accessdate=2006-05-19|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="strategy2">{{cite journal|author=Report of the [[United Nations Secretary General|Secretary General]]|date=20 April 2001|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/peacekpg/reform/2001/0420sgreport.pdf|title=No exit without strategy: Security Council decision-making and the closure or transition of United Nations peacekeeping operations|publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]]|version=S/2001/394|accessdate=2006-05-19|format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113095006/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/peacekpg/reform/2001/0420sgreport.pdf |archivedate=2004-01-13}}</ref><ref name="strategy3">{{cite journal|author=Col. David J. Andre|date=Autumn 1995|title=The Art of War—Part, Present, Future|journal=Joint Force Quarterly|pages=pp. 129|url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/2909.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2005-05-19}}</ref><ref name="strategy4">{{cite book|editor=Philip Babcock Gove|title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary|date=September 1961|publisher=Riverside Press|location=Cambridge, MA|quote=strategy: the science and art of employing the political, economic, psychological, and military forces of a nation or group of nations to afford the maximum support to adopted policies in peace and war}}</ref><ref name="strategy5">{{cite book|last=Gaddis|first=John Lewis|authorlink=John Lewis Gaddis|title=Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security policy|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-19-503097-4|quote=The process by which ends are related to means, intentions to capabilities, objectives to resources.}}</ref>—dalam hal ini sumber daya suatu negara (terbatas atau tidak) dengan tujuan geopolitiknya (lokal, regional, atau global).{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Strategi berkaitan dengan geografi sebagaimana geografi berkaitan dengan [[bangsa|kebangsaan]]. [[Colin S. Gray]] dan [[Geoffrey Sloan]] menyatakan bahwa "[geografi adalah] ibu dari strategi."<ref name="mother">{{cite book|last=Gray|first=Colin S.|authorlink=Colin S. Gray|author2=Geoffrey Sloan|date=November 30, 1999|title=Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy|publisher=Frank Cass|location=London and Portland, Oregon|isbn=0-7146-8053-2|page=3}}</ref>
+'''Geostrategi''', turunan dari [[geopolitik]], adalah jenis [[kebijakan luar negeri]] yang dipandu oleh faktor [[geografi]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dr. Cabral Abel Couto|year=1988|title=Elementos de Estratégia. Vol I.|publisher=Instituto Altos Estudos Militares, Lisboa}}</ref> Faktor-faktor ini melengkapi, menghambat, atau memengaruhi perencanaan politik dan militer. Layaknya semua [[strategi]], geostrategi berusaha menyamakan cara dengan hasil<ref name="strategy1">{{cite journal|author=Dr. John Garafano|date=5–9 July 2004|url=http://www.afes-press.de/pdf/Garafano_Alternate_Secutity.pdf|title=Alternate Security Strategies: The Strategic Feasibility of Various Notions of Security|publisher=International Peace Research Foundation|accessdate=2006-05-19|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="strategy2">{{cite journal|author=Report of the [[United Nations Secretary General|Secretary General]]|date=20 April 2001|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/peacekpg/reform/2001/0420sgreport.pdf|title=No exit without strategy: Security Council decision-making and the closure or transition of United Nations peacekeeping operations|publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]]|version=S/2001/394|accessdate=2006-05-19|format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113095006/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/peacekpg/reform/2001/0420sgreport.pdf |archivedate=2004-01-13}}</ref><ref name="strategy3">{{cite journal|author=Col. David J. Andre|date=Autumn 1995|title=The Art of War—Part, Present, Future|journal=Joint Force Quarterly|pages=pp. 129|url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/2909.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2005-05-19}}</ref><ref name="strategy4">{{cite book|editor=Philip Babcock Gove|title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary|date=September 1961|publisher=Riverside Press|location=Cambridge, MA|quote=strategy: the science and art of employing the political, economic, psychological, and military forces of a nation or group of nations to afford the maximum support to adopted policies in peace and war}}</ref><ref name="strategy5">{{cite book|last=Gaddis|first=John Lewis|authorlink=John Lewis Gaddis|title=Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security policy|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-19-503097-4|quote=The process by which ends are related to means, intentions to capabilities, objectives to resources.}}</ref>—dalam hal ini sumber daya suatu negara (terbatas atau tidak) dengan tujuan geopolitiknya (lokal, regional, atau global).<ref>[http://eprints.uad.ac.id/9436/1/GEOSTRATEGI%20Dwi.pdf GEOSTRATEGI (.pdf)]</ref> Strategi berkaitan dengan geografi sebagaimana geografi berkaitan dengan [[bangsa|kebangsaan]]. [[Colin S. Gray]] dan [[Geoffrey Sloan]] menyatakan bahwa "[geografi adalah] ibu dari strategi."<ref name="mother">{{cite book|last=Gray|first=Colin S.|authorlink=Colin S. Gray|author2=Geoffrey Sloan|date=November 30, 1999|title=Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy|publisher=Frank Cass|location=London and Portland, Oregon|isbn=0-7146-8053-2|page=3}}</ref>
 Geostrategiwan, berbeda dengan geopolitikus, mendukung strategi agresif, dan melihat geopolitik dari sudut pandang [[nasionalis]]. Seperti [[teori politik]] lainnya, geostrategi sangat bergantung pada geostrategiwan itu sendiri: kebangsaan strategiwan, kekuatan sumber daya negaranya, cakupan tujuan negaranya, geografi politik pada masa itu, dan faktor teknologi yang memengaruhi keterlibatan militer, politik, ekonomi, dan budaya. Geostrategi dapat berfungsi secara normatif (mendukung kebijakan luar negeri berdasarkan faktor geografi), analitis (menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan luar negeri dibentuk oleh geografi), atau prediktif (memperkirakan keputusan kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara selanjutnya atas dasar geografi).