Kekristenan pada abad ke-4: Perbedaan antara revisi
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* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook11.html Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Christian Origins] |
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook11.html Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Christian Origins] |
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* [http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/christian-history.html Guide to Early Church Documents] |
* [http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/christian-history.html Guide to Early Church Documents] |
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* [http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/charts/church_fathers.htm Chart of Church Fathers at ReligionFacts.com] |
* [http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/charts/church_fathers.htm Chart of Church Fathers at ReligionFacts.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516183628/http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/charts/church_fathers.htm |date=2009-05-16 }} |
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* [http://www.ccel.org/fathers.html Church Fathers' works in English] edited by [[Philip Schaff]], at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] |
* [http://www.ccel.org/fathers.html Church Fathers' works in English] edited by [[Philip Schaff]], at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] |
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* [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/ Church Fathers at Newadvent.org] |
* [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/ Church Fathers at Newadvent.org] |
Revisi per 24 Februari 2021 10.05
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/400px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png)
Kekristenan pada abad ke-4 didominasi dalam tahap awalnya oleh Konstantinus Agung dan Konsili Nikea Pertama pada tahun 325, yang menjadi permulaan periode tujuh konsili ekumenikal pertama (325–787), dan pada tahap akhirnya oleh Edik Tesalonika pada tahun 380, yang membentuk Kristen Nikea, gereja negara Kekaisaran Romawi.
Penindasan Kristen
Persekutuan besar
abad ke-4 dan ke-5Persektuuan Pusat utama Kekaisaran Romawi dan
Eropa BaratRoma, Aleksandria,
KonstantinopelGereja dari Timur Siria, Kekaisaran Sasaniyah
(Persia)[1]Ortodoks Oriental atau
Non-KalsedoniaArmenia, Siria,
Mesir[2]Gereja Donatis Afrika Utara[3] Gereja Arian Gothik Suku-suku Gothik[4]
Dengan Kekristenan menjadi kepercayaan dominan di beberapa pusat kota, umat Kristen meliputi sekitar 10% populasi Romawi pada tahun 300, menurut beberapa perkiraan.[5] Kaisar Romawi Diokletianus meluncurkan kampanye paling berdarah terhadap umat Kristen di kekaisaran tersebut. Penindasan tersebut berakhir pada tahun 311 dengan kematian Diokletianus. Penindasan tersebut tak benar-benar menekan perkembangan agama tersebut.[6] Umat Kristen terhimpun sampai titik pendirian hierarki-hierarki uskup. Pada tahun 301, Kerajaan Armenia menjadi negara pertama yang mengadopsi agama Kristen. Romawi menyusul pada tahun 380.
Catatan
Referensi
- Gerberding, R. and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
- Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979)
Bacaan tambahan
- R. T. Meyer, St. Athanasius: The Life of Anthony, ACW 10 (Westminster, Maryland: Newman Press 1950)
- Chitty, D. J. The Desert a City (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1966)
- MacMullen, Ramsay, Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100–400 Yale University Press (paperback, 1986 ISBN 0-300-03642-6 )
- Trombley, Frank R., 1995. Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370–529 (in series Religions in the Graeco-Roman World) (Brill) ISBN 90-04-09691-4
- Fletcher, Richard, The Conversion of Europe. From Paganism to Christianity 371–1386 AD. London 1997.
- Esler, Philip F. The Early Christian World. Routledge (2004). ISBN 0-415-33312-1.
- Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan. The Christian Tradition: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). University of Chicago Press (1975). ISBN 0-226-65371-4.
- Schatz, Klaus (1996). Papal Primacy. Liturgical Press. ISBN 0-8146-5522-X.
- Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard (1992). The Papacy. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07515-2.
Pranala luar
- Links to 4th century background information plus original language texts and translations, major creeds and canons etc. at earlychurchtexts.com
- Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Christian Origins
- Guide to Early Church Documents
- Chart of Church Fathers at ReligionFacts.com Diarsipkan 2009-05-16 di Wayback Machine.
- Church Fathers' works in English edited by Philip Schaff, at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
- Church Fathers at Newadvent.org
- Faulkner University Patristics Project A growing collection of English translations of patristic texts and high-resolution scans from the comprehensive Patrologia compiled by J. P. Migne.
- Primer on the Church Fathers at Corunum
- Fourth-Century Christianity