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=== Raja dan menteri ===
=== Raja dan menteri ===
{| style="float:right;"
{| style="float:right;"
|[[Berkas:Chess_kll45.svg]]
|[[Berkas:Chess_qll45.svg]]
|[[Berkas:Chess_kdl45.svg]]
|}
Dua diagram pertama di bawah menunjukkan dasar-dasar sekakmat dengan Menteri, yang dapat terjadi di setiap sisi papan. Secara alamiah, posisi yang pasti dapat bervariasi menurut diagram. Dalam posisi pertama, Menteri langsung menghadapi Raja lawan dan Raja putih melindungi sang Menteri. Dalam posisi sekakmat kedua, Raja berada pada posisi berlawanan dan Menteri memberi mat baik posisi horizontal atau vertikal terhadap Raja.{{Chess diagram small|tleft|51=|37=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|52=|35=|53=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=|36=|34=|Mat sokong|17=|||||||||||xo||||18=|33=|19=kd|20=ql|21=kl|22=|23=|24=|25=|26=|27=|28=|29=xo|30=|31=|32=|67=Raja putih dapat di c5 atau c7.<ref name=pand09p22>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=22}}</ref>}}{{Chess diagram small|tleft|51=|37=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=xo|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=xo|52=|35=|53=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=xo|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=ql|36=|34=|Mat siku-siku|17=||||||||xo|||||||18=|33=|19=|20=|21=|22=|23=|24=kl|25=|26=kd|27=|28=|29=|30=|31=|32=|67=Menteri putih dapat berada pada kotak yang ditandai<ref name=pand09p23>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=23}}</ref>}}{{Chess diagram small|tleft|51=|37=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=kl|50=|52=|35=|53=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=xo|60=xo|61=xo|62=xo|63=ql|64=xo|65=|66=kd|36=|34=|Mat pojok|17=|||||||||||||||18=|33=|19=|20=|21=|22=|23=|24=|25=|26=|27=|28=|29=|30=|31=|32=|67=Menteri putih dapat berada di kotak yang ditandai.<ref name=pand09p23 />}}<!-- {{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/8/8/7Q/8/7k/5K2/8
|size=23
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header= Outer row mate
|footer=<ref name=pand09p23>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=23</ref>
}} -->{{Chess diagram small|tleft|51=|37=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=kd|52=|35=|53=|54=|55=|56=kl|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=|36=|34=ql|Mat pinggir|17=|||||||||||||||18=|33=|19=|20=|21=|22=|23=|24=|25=|26=|27=|28=|29=|30=|31=|32=|67={{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=23}}}}{{Clear}}<!-- {{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/8/8/8/4k3/8/8/QK6
|size=23
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header=
|footer= White checkmates easily in this position.
}} -->{{Chess diagram small|tleft|51=|37=|38=|39=kd|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|52=|35=|53=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=ql|60=kl|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=|36=|34=||17=|||||||||||||||18=|33=|19=|20=|21=|22=|23=|24=|25=|26=|27=|28=|29=|30=|31=|32=|67=White checkmates easily.}}With the side with the queen to move, checkmate can be forced in at most ten moves from any starting position, with [[optimal play]] by both sides, but usually fewer moves are required.<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=16}}</ref> In positions in which a pawn has just [[Promotion (chess)|promoted]] to a queen, at most nine moves are required.<ref>{{harvnb|Levy|Newborn|1991|p=144}}</ref>

In the position diagrammed, White checkmates easily by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to {{chessgloss|forcing move|force}} the king to the edge of the board:

: {{pad}}'''1. Qf6 Kd5 2. Qe7 Kd4 3. Kc2 Kd5 4. Kc3 Kc6 5. Kc4 Kb6 6. Qd7 Ka6 7. Qb5+ Ka7 8. Kc5 Ka8 9. Kc6 Ka7 10. Qb7{{chessAN|#}}'''<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=4–5}}</ref>
{{Clear}}'''Avoid stalemate'''{{chess diagram-fen|fen=k7/2Q5/8/8/8/8/8/7K|size=23|align=tleft|reverse=false|header=|footer=Stalemate if Black is to move. The white queen blocks off all possible moves for Black, regardless of where the white king is placed on the board.}}<!-- {{Chess diagram small
|tleft
|
|
|kd| | | | | | |
| | |ql| | | | |
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| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Stalemate if Black is to move. The white king can be anywhere (except a7, b7, or b8, which would be an {{chessgloss|illegal position}}).
}} -->{{chess diagram-fen|fen=8/2Q5/k7/2K5/8/8/8/8|size=23|align=tleft|reverse=false|header=|footer=This is stalemate if Black is to move.}}<!-- {{Chess diagram small
|tleft
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| | |ql| | | | |
|kd| | | | | | |
| | |kl| | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Stalemate if Black is to move
}} -->The superior side must be careful to not [[stalemate]] the opposing king, whereas the defender would like to get into such a position. There are two general types of stalemate positions that can occur, which the stronger side must avoid.<ref name="fine03p2">{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|p=2}}</ref>{{Clear}}

=== King and rook ===<!-- {{chess diagram-fen
|fen=3k2R1/8/3K4/8/8/8/8/8
|size=23
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header=
|footer= Checkmate with the rook (a right triangle mate)
}} -->
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|52=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|51=|53=|36=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=|67=Checkmate with the rook (a right triangle mate)|37=|35=||17=||||kd|||rl||||||||18=|34=|27=|33=|32=|31=|30=|29=|28=|26=|19=|25=|24=|23=|22=kl|21=|20=|68=}}<!-- {{chess diagram-fen
|fen=5R1k/8/6K1/8/8/8/8/8
|size=23
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header=
|footer= A cornered checkmate with the rook<ref name=pand09p36 />
-->{{Chess diagram small|tleft|52=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|51=|53=|36=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=|67=A cornered checkmate with the rook<ref name=pand09p36>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=36}}</ref>|37=|35=||17=||||||rl||kd|||||||18=|34=|27=|33=|32=|31=|30=|29=|28=|26=|19=|25=kl|24=|23=|22=|21=|20=|68=}}<!-- {{chess diagram-fen
|fen=8/8/8/4k3/8/8/4K3/4R3
|size=23
|align=tleft
|reverse=false
|header=
|footer= White checkmates by boxing in the black king.
}}
-->{{Chess diagram small|tleft|51=|37=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|52=|35=|53=|54=|55=kl|56=|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=rl|64=|65=|66=|36=|34=||17=|||||||||||||||18=|33=|19=|20=|21=|22=|23=|24=|25=|26=|27=|28=|29=|30=|31=kd|32=|67=White checkmates by boxing in the black king.}}
{| style="float:right;"
|[[Berkas:Chess_kll45.svg]]
|[[Berkas:Chess_rll45.svg]]
|[[Berkas:Chess_kdl45.svg]]
|}
{{Clear}}The first diagram shows the basic checkmate position with a [[Rook (chess)|rook]], which can occur on any edge of the board. The black king can be on any square on the edge of the board, the white king is in opposition to it, and the rook can check from any square on the rank or file (assuming that it cannot be captured). The second diagram shows a slightly different position where the kings are not in opposition but the defending king must be in a corner.

With the side with the rook to move, checkmate can be forced in at most sixteen moves from any starting position.<ref name="fine03p2" /> Again, see [[wikibooks:Chess/The Endgame|Wikibooks – Chess/The Endgame]] for a demonstration of how the king and rook versus king mate is achieved.

In the third diagram position, White checkmates by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the edge of the board:

: '''1. Kd3+ Kd5 2. Re4 Kd6 3. Kc4{{chesspunc|!}} Kc6 4. Re6+ Kc7 5. Kc5 Kd7 6. Kd5 Kc7 7. Rd6 Kb7 8. Rc6 Ka7 9. Kc5 Kb7 10. Kb5 Ka7 11. Rb6 Ka8 12. Kc6 Ka7 13. Kc7 Ka8 14. Ra6#''' (second checkmate position, rotated).<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=1–4}}</ref>

'''Avoid stalemate'''

There are two stalemate positions:<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|pp=2–3}}</ref>{{chess diagram-fen|fen=k7/1R6/2K5/8/8/8/8/8|size=23|align=tleft|reverse=false|header=|footer=This is stalemate if Black is to move. The white king can also be on c7 or b6.}}<!-- {{Chess diagram small
|tleft
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|kd| | | | | | |
| |rl| | | | | |
| | |kl| | | | |
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| | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Stalemate if Black is to move
}} -->{{chess diagram-fen|fen=k1K5/7R/8/8/8/8/8/8|size=23|align=tleft|reverse=false|header=|footer=This is stalemate if Black is to move.}}<!-- {{Chess diagram small
|tleft
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|kd| |kl| | | | |
| | | | | | | |rl
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|Stalemate if Black is to move
}} -->{{Clear}}

=== {{anchor|Two bishops}}Raja dan dua gajah ===
{| style="float:right;"
|[[Berkas:Chess_kll45.svg]]
|[[Berkas:Chess_bll45.svg]]
|[[Berkas:Chess_bld45.svg]]
|[[Berkas:Chess_kdl45.svg]]
|}
{| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
|+Checkmates with two bishops
|{{Chess diagram small|tright|52=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|51=|53=|36=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=|67=|37=|35=||17=|kd||||||||||bl||||18=|34=|27=|33=|32=|31=|30=|29=|28=|26=|19=|25=|24=|23=|22=|21=bl|20=kl|68=}}
|{{Chess diagram small|tright|52=|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|51=|53=|36=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=|67=|37=|35=||17=||kd||||||||bl|||||18=|34=|27=|33=|32=|31=|30=|29=|28=|26=|19=|25=|24=|23=|22=bl|21=|20=kl|68=}}
|{{pad}}
|}
Here are the two basic checkmate positions with two [[Bishop (chess)|bishops]] (on opposite-colored squares), which can occur in any corner. (Two or more bishops of the same color, which could occur because of pawn [[underpromotion]], cannot checkmate.) The first is a checkmate in the corner. The second position is a checkmate on a side square next to the corner square (this position can theoretically occur anywhere along an edge, but can only be forced adjacent to a corner). With the side with the bishops to move, checkmate can be forced in at most nineteen moves,<ref name="muller01p17">{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=17}}</ref> except in some very rare positions (0.03% of the possible positions).<ref name="speel7">{{harvnb|Speelman|Tisdall|Wade|1993|p=7}}</ref>

It is not too difficult for two bishops to force checkmate, with the aid of their king. Two principles apply:

* The bishops are best when they are near the {{chessgloss|center}} of the board and on adjacent diagonals. This cuts off the opposing king.
* The king must be used aggressively, in conjunction with the bishops.
{{Clear}}
{| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
|
|
|{{Chess diagram small|tright|52=|38=kd|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|51=|53=|36=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=bl|62=kl|63=|64=bl|65=|66=|67=Two bishops and king can force mate.|37=|35=|From Seirawan|17=|||||||||||||||18=|34=|27=|33=|32=|31=|30=|29=|28=|26=|19=|25=|24=|23=|22=|21=|20=|68=}}
|}
|}
In the position from Seirawan, White wins by first forcing the black king to the side of the board, then to a corner, and then checkmates. It can be any side of the board and any corner. The process is:
Dua diagram pertama menunjukkan perwakilan dari posisi skakmat dasar dengan [[Menteri (catur)|ratu]], yang dapat terjadi di tepi papan mana pun. Tentu saja, posisi yang tepat dapat bervariasi dari diagram. Pada posisi skakmat pertama, ratu berada tepat di depan raja lawan dan raja putih melindungi ratunya. Di posisi skakmat kedua, raja-raja berada di posisi oposisi dan pasangan ratu di {{Gloscatur|rank}} (atau {{Gloscatur|file}} ) raja.

: '''1. Ke2 Ke4''' (Black tries to keep his king near the center) '''2. Be3 Ke5''' (forcing the king back, which is done often) '''3. Kd3 Kd5 4. Bd4 Ke6 5. Ke4 Kd6''' (Black tries a different approach to stay near the center) '''6. Bc4''' (White has a fine position; the bishops are centralized and the king is active) '''6... Kc6''' (Black avoids going toward the side) '''7. Ke5 Kd7''' (Black is trying to avoid the a8-corner) '''8. Bd5''' (keeping the black king off c6) '''8... Kc7 9. Bc5 Kd7 10. Bd6!''' (an important move that forces the king to the edge of the board) '''10... Ke8''' (Black is still avoiding the corner) '''11. Ke6''' (now the black king cannot get off the edge of the board) '''11... Kd8 12. Bc6''' (forcing the king toward the corner) '''12... Kc8''' (Black's king is confined to c8 and d8; the white king must cover a7 and b7) '''13. Kd5''' (13. Ke7{{chesspunc|?}} is [[stalemate]]) '''13... Kd8 14. Kc5 Kc8 15. Kb6 Kd8''' (now White must allow the king to move into the corner) '''16. Bc5 Kc8 17. Be7!''' (an important move that forces the king toward the corner) '''17... Kb8 18. Bd7!''' (the same principle as the previous move) '''18... Ka8 19. Bd8''' (White must make a move that gives up a [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]]; this move is such a move, along with Bc5, Bf8, Be6, or Ka6) '''19... Kb8 20. Bc7+ Ka8 21. Bc6#''' (as the first diagram in this section).<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=5–7}}</ref>

Note that this is not the shortest forced checkmate from this position. Müller and Lamprecht give a fifteen-move solution; however, it contains an inaccurate move by Black (according to [[Endgame tablebase|endgame tablebases]]).<ref name="muller01p17" />

'''Avoid stalemate'''{{Chess diagram small|tleft|51=|37=bl|38=|39=|40=|41=|42=|43=|44=|45=|46=|47=|48=|49=|50=|52=|35=|53=|54=|55=|56=|57=|58=|59=|60=|61=|62=|63=|64=|65=|66=|36=|34=|From Silman|17=|kd||||||||||bl||||18=|33=|19=|20=xx|21=kl|22=|23=|24=|25=|26=|27=|28=|29=|30=|31=|32=|67=1.Kb6 would be stalemate.}}One example of a stalemate is this position, where '''1. Kb6''' (marked with the x) would be stalemate.<ref>{{harvnb|Silman|2007|p=191}}</ref>{{Clear}}


==Referensi==
==Referensi==

Revisi per 13 Agustus 2021 01.40

Hitam disekakmat — hitam kalah dalam permainan

Sekakmat adalah keadaan dalam permainan dalam catur saat raja disekak (akan dimakan) dan tidak ada kemungkinan untuk melarikan diri. Skakmat lawan memenangkan permainan.

Dalam catur, raja dasarnya tidak dimakan—tetapi pemain dapat kalah bila buah rajanya disekakmat. Dalam permainan resmi, pemain dapat juga kalah apabila ia mengundurkan diri sebelum sekakmat.[1][2]

Jika ada pemain yang tidak disekak tetapi tidak memiliki langkah gerak yang sah, maka terjadi remis, dan permainan segera berakhir seri. Langkah sekakmat dicatat dalam notasi aljabar menggunakan simbol pagar "#", misalnya: 34. Mg7#.

Contoh

Sekakmat terjadi paling sedikit dua gerakan di satu sisi dengan semua buah lainnya masih di papan (seperti "mat goblok" pada pembukaan), dalam pertengahan (seperti pada permainan tahun 1956 yang disebut Permainan Abad Ini antara Donald Byrne Bobby Fischer),[3] atau sudah menjalani banyak gerakan dengan sedikitnya tiga buah dalam posisi permainan akhir.

abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
b8 black knight
c8 black bishop
e8 black king
f8 black bishop
g8 black knight
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
e5 black pawn
g4 white pawn
h4 black queen
f3 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
d2 white pawn
e2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
d1 white queen
e1 white king
f1 white bishop
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Putih disekakmat.[4]
D. Byrne vs. Fischer
abcdefgh
8
b8 white queen
f7 black pawn
g7 black king
c6 black pawn
g6 black pawn
b5 black pawn
e5 white knight
h5 black pawn
b4 black bishop
h4 white pawn
b3 black bishop
c3 black knight
c2 black rook
g2 white pawn
c1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Putih disekakmat setelah 41...Bc2#.[5]
Sekakmat dengan benteng
abcdefgh
8
f5 white king
h5 black king
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Raja Hitam disekakmat.[6]

Etimologi

Lihat entri sekakmat di kamus bebas Wiktionary.

Kata sekakmat berasal dari frasa bahasa Persia shah mat شاه مات ) yang artinya “raja sudah tak tertolong”.[7] Kata mat Persia berlaku untuk raja tetapi dalam bahasa Sanskerta "māta", juga diucapkan māt, termasuk kalah juga dalam konteks kerajaannya; māta adalah bentuk lampau dari akar kata kerja mā. [8] Lainnya memaknainya sebagai "Raja sudah mati", saat catur mulai merambah Eropa melalui dunia Arab, dan mata Arab مَاتَ) berarti "mati" atau "mati".[9][10] Moghadam menelusuri etimologi kata mat, yang berasal dari kata kerja Persia mandan ماندن), yang berarti "mempertahankan", yang serumpun dengan kata Latin maneō dan Yunani meno μένω , yang berarti "Saya bertahan"). Raja berusaha "bertahan" di sini dalam artian saat dirinya "terkejut" karena "ditangkap".[11] Shah (شاه) adalah kata Persia untuk "raja". Pemain dapat mengucap Shāh ketika raja sedang disekak. Mat (مات) adalah kata sifat Persia untuk "kalah", "tidak berdaya", atau "dikalahkan". Jadi raja yang disekakmat berarti sudah ditangkap sehingga menjadi bingung, tak berdaya, dikalahkan, atau bertahan dengan nasibnya.[12]

Bahasa Persia Modern mengartikan mat sebaga orang yang terdiam dan terkejut menatap nasibnya tetapi bingung dan tidak responsif. Kata "tertegun" memiliki korelasi yang erat. Maksud lain dari mat adalah "tidak mampu berkata-kata". Raja yang terkena mat (shah-mat) dalam hal ini tidak dapat merespons, maksudnya raja sudah tidak memiliki gerakan apa pun yang sah saat menanggapi langkah terakhir lawannya. Pemaknaan seperti ini sangat dekat dengan tujuan permainan catur yang bukan membunuh raja melainkan untuk menyerah tanpa memberikan respons apa pun, yang cocok dengan cerita dalam Shahnameh .

Sekakmat dalam ungkapan modern adalah metafora untuk kemenangan telak.[13]

Sejarah

Dalam catur Sanskerta (c. 500–700), raja dapat dimakan dan otomatis mengakhiri permainan. Persia (c. 700-800) memperkenalkan peraturan terkait perlunya peringatan atas raja yang akan diserang (sekak). Hal ini bertujuan untuk mencegah waktu permainan yang singkat dan berakhir secara mendadak. Lantas Persia membuat aturan baru bahwa seorang raja tidak boleh dibiarkan dalam posisi sekak, atau digerakkan mendatangi sekak. Hal ini menyebabkan raja tidak dapat dimakan,[14] dan sekakmat adalah satu-satunya penentu akhir permainan.[15]

Sebelum sekitar tahun 1600, catur dimenangkan dengan memakan semua buah lawan, hingga menyisakan rajanya saja. Gaya catur ini disebut robado.[16] Pada Abad Pertengahan, pemain menganggap bahwa sangat unggul bila catur dimenangkan dengan sekakmat, sehingga robado dianggap sebagai "setengah menang", sampai akhirnya ditinggalkan.[15]

Dua buah utama

Dua buah utama (menteri atau benteng) mudah memberi tekanan sekakmat di pinggir papan menggunakan teknik yang dikenal sebagai mat tangga.[17] Prosesnya adalah menempatkan dua buah dalam kotak berdekatan dan menekan raja ke sisi papan dengan menggunakan satu buah untuk menyekak raja dan yang lainnya untuk mencegah raja lawan agar tidak bergerak ke tengah.[18] Dalam ilustrasi berikut, Putih menyekakmat Hitam dengan menekan raja Hitam ke tepi papan, satu baris pada satu waktu. Sekakmat tangga dapat menggunakan dua benteng, dua menteri, atau satu benteng dan satu menteri. [18]

Sekakmat menggunakan menteri dan benteng. 1. Mg5+ Re4 2. Bf4+ Re3 3. Mg3+ Ke2 4. Rf2+ Ke1 5. Qg1# [19]

Sekakmat dasar

Ada empat sekakmat dasar yang salah satu pihaknya hanya memiliki raja dan pihak lainnya masih memiliki buah lainnya yang diperlukan untuk menyekakmat, yaitu (1) satu menteri, (2) satu benteng, (3) dua gajah di kotak yang warnanya berbeda, atau (4) satu gajah dan satu kuda. Raja di pihak lawan dapat turun tangan menyelesaikan sekakmat ini. Jika pihak yang lebih kuat memiliki banyak buah catur, sekakmat semakin mudah.[20]

Sekakmat dengan menteri cukup umum, dan paling mudah dicapai. Sering terjadi bila pion naik pangkat menjadi menteri. Sekakmat dengan benteng juga umum, tetapi skakmat dengan dua gajah atau menggunakan kombinasi gajah dan kuda jarang terjadi. Sekakmat dua gajah cukup mudah dilakukan, tetapi sekakmat gajah dan kuda sulit dan memerlukan ketelitian.

Raja dan menteri

Dua diagram pertama di bawah menunjukkan dasar-dasar sekakmat dengan Menteri, yang dapat terjadi di setiap sisi papan. Secara alamiah, posisi yang pasti dapat bervariasi menurut diagram. Dalam posisi pertama, Menteri langsung menghadapi Raja lawan dan Raja putih melindungi sang Menteri. Dalam posisi sekakmat kedua, Raja berada pada posisi berlawanan dan Menteri memberi mat baik posisi horizontal atau vertikal terhadap Raja.

Mat sokong
abcdefgh
8
c7 black circle
a6 black king
b6 white queen
c6 white king
c5 black circle
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Raja putih dapat di c5 atau c7.[21]
Mat siku-siku
abcdefgh
8
h8 black circle
f6 white king
h6 black king
h4 black circle
h3 black circle
h2 black circle
h1 white queen
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Menteri putih dapat berada pada kotak yang ditandai[22]
Mat pojok
abcdefgh
8
g3 white king
a1 black circle
b1 black circle
c1 black circle
d1 black circle
e1 white queen
f1 black circle
h1 black king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Menteri putih dapat berada di kotak yang ditandai.[22]
Mat pinggir
abcdefgh
8
h5 white queen
h3 black king
f2 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Pandolfini 2009, hlm. 23
abcdefgh
8
e4 black king
a1 white queen
b1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
White checkmates easily.

With the side with the queen to move, checkmate can be forced in at most ten moves from any starting position, with optimal play by both sides, but usually fewer moves are required.[23][24] In positions in which a pawn has just promoted to a queen, at most nine moves are required.[25]

In the position diagrammed, White checkmates easily by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the edge of the board:

 1. Qf6 Kd5 2. Qe7 Kd4 3. Kc2 Kd5 4. Kc3 Kc6 5. Kc4 Kb6 6. Qd7 Ka6 7. Qb5+ Ka7 8. Kc5 Ka8 9. Kc6 Ka7 10. Qb7Templat:ChessAN[26]

Avoid stalemate

abcdefgh
8
a8 black king
c7 white queen
h1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Stalemate if Black is to move. The white queen blocks off all possible moves for Black, regardless of where the white king is placed on the board.
abcdefgh
8
c7 white queen
a6 black king
c5 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
This is stalemate if Black is to move.

The superior side must be careful to not stalemate the opposing king, whereas the defender would like to get into such a position. There are two general types of stalemate positions that can occur, which the stronger side must avoid.[27]

King and rook

abcdefgh
8
d8 black king
g8 white rook
d6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Checkmate with the rook (a right triangle mate)
abcdefgh
8
f8 white rook
h8 black king
g6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
A cornered checkmate with the rook[28]
abcdefgh
8
e5 black king
e2 white king
e1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
White checkmates by boxing in the black king.

The first diagram shows the basic checkmate position with a rook, which can occur on any edge of the board. The black king can be on any square on the edge of the board, the white king is in opposition to it, and the rook can check from any square on the rank or file (assuming that it cannot be captured). The second diagram shows a slightly different position where the kings are not in opposition but the defending king must be in a corner.

With the side with the rook to move, checkmate can be forced in at most sixteen moves from any starting position.[27] Again, see Wikibooks – Chess/The Endgame for a demonstration of how the king and rook versus king mate is achieved.

In the third diagram position, White checkmates by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the edge of the board:

1. Kd3+ Kd5 2. Re4 Kd6 3. Kc4Templat:Chesspunc Kc6 4. Re6+ Kc7 5. Kc5 Kd7 6. Kd5 Kc7 7. Rd6 Kb7 8. Rc6 Ka7 9. Kc5 Kb7 10. Kb5 Ka7 11. Rb6 Ka8 12. Kc6 Ka7 13. Kc7 Ka8 14. Ra6# (second checkmate position, rotated).[29]

Avoid stalemate

There are two stalemate positions:[30]

abcdefgh
8
a8 black king
b7 white rook
c6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
This is stalemate if Black is to move. The white king can also be on c7 or b6.
abcdefgh
8
a8 black king
c8 white king
h7 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
This is stalemate if Black is to move.

Raja dan dua gajah

Checkmates with two bishops
abcdefgh
8
a8 black king
c7 white bishop
b6 white king
c6 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
abcdefgh
8
b8 black king
b7 white bishop
b6 white king
d6 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
  

Here are the two basic checkmate positions with two bishops (on opposite-colored squares), which can occur in any corner. (Two or more bishops of the same color, which could occur because of pawn underpromotion, cannot checkmate.) The first is a checkmate in the corner. The second position is a checkmate on a side square next to the corner square (this position can theoretically occur anywhere along an edge, but can only be forced adjacent to a corner). With the side with the bishops to move, checkmate can be forced in at most nineteen moves,[31] except in some very rare positions (0.03% of the possible positions).[32]

It is not too difficult for two bishops to force checkmate, with the aid of their king. Two principles apply:

  • The bishops are best when they are near the center of the board and on adjacent diagonals. This cuts off the opposing king.
  • The king must be used aggressively, in conjunction with the bishops.
From Seirawan
abcdefgh
8
d4 black king
c1 white bishop
d1 white king
f1 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Two bishops and king can force mate.

In the position from Seirawan, White wins by first forcing the black king to the side of the board, then to a corner, and then checkmates. It can be any side of the board and any corner. The process is:

1. Ke2 Ke4 (Black tries to keep his king near the center) 2. Be3 Ke5 (forcing the king back, which is done often) 3. Kd3 Kd5 4. Bd4 Ke6 5. Ke4 Kd6 (Black tries a different approach to stay near the center) 6. Bc4 (White has a fine position; the bishops are centralized and the king is active) 6... Kc6 (Black avoids going toward the side) 7. Ke5 Kd7 (Black is trying to avoid the a8-corner) 8. Bd5 (keeping the black king off c6) 8... Kc7 9. Bc5 Kd7 10. Bd6! (an important move that forces the king to the edge of the board) 10... Ke8 (Black is still avoiding the corner) 11. Ke6 (now the black king cannot get off the edge of the board) 11... Kd8 12. Bc6 (forcing the king toward the corner) 12... Kc8 (Black's king is confined to c8 and d8; the white king must cover a7 and b7) 13. Kd5 (13. Ke7Templat:Chesspunc is stalemate) 13... Kd8 14. Kc5 Kc8 15. Kb6 Kd8 (now White must allow the king to move into the corner) 16. Bc5 Kc8 17. Be7! (an important move that forces the king toward the corner) 17... Kb8 18. Bd7! (the same principle as the previous move) 18... Ka8 19. Bd8 (White must make a move that gives up a tempo; this move is such a move, along with Bc5, Bf8, Be6, or Ka6) 19... Kb8 20. Bc7+ Ka8 21. Bc6# (as the first diagram in this section).[33]

Note that this is not the shortest forced checkmate from this position. Müller and Lamprecht give a fifteen-move solution; however, it contains an inaccurate move by Black (according to endgame tablebases).[31]

Avoid stalemate

From Silman
abcdefgh
8
a8 black king
c7 white bishop
b6 black cross
c6 white king
c4 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
1.Kb6 would be stalemate.

One example of a stalemate is this position, where 1. Kb6 (marked with the x) would be stalemate.[34]

Referensi

  1. ^ Burgess 2009
  2. ^ Hooper & Whyld 1992
  3. ^ "D. Byrne vs. Fischer, New York 1956". Chessgames.com. Diakses tanggal 2012-06-18. 
  4. ^ Kurzdorfer 2003, hlm. 92
  5. ^ Burgess, Nunn & Emms 2004, hlm. 216
  6. ^ Kurzdorfer 2003, hlm. 144
  7. ^ Harper, Douglas; Dan McCormack. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Diakses tanggal May 29, 2010. 
  8. ^ Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary
  9. ^ Hooper & Whyld 1992
  10. ^ Davidson 1949
  11. ^ Davidson 1949
  12. ^ Murray 2012
  13. ^ "Checkmate – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2010-08-13. Diakses tanggal 2012-06-18. 
  14. ^ Davidson 1949
  15. ^ a b Davidson 1949
  16. ^ Davidson, Henry (2012). A Short History of Chess. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 9780307828293. 
  17. ^ Ago, Beauknowsin #chess • 3 Years (2017-10-26). "Chess Lessons for Beginners #1 - The Ladder Checkmate!". Steemit (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-06-05. 
  18. ^ a b Pandolfini 1988
  19. ^ Silman 2007
  20. ^ Silman 2007
  21. ^ Pandolfini 2009, hlm. 22
  22. ^ a b Pandolfini 2009, hlm. 23
  23. ^ Fine & Benko 2003, hlm. 1–2
  24. ^ Müller & Lamprecht 2001, hlm. 16
  25. ^ Levy & Newborn 1991, hlm. 144
  26. ^ Seirawan 2003, hlm. 4–5
  27. ^ a b Fine & Benko 2003, hlm. 2
  28. ^ Pandolfini 2009, hlm. 36
  29. ^ Seirawan 2003, hlm. 1–4
  30. ^ Fine & Benko 2003, hlm. 2–3
  31. ^ a b Müller & Lamprecht 2001, hlm. 17
  32. ^ Speelman, Tisdall & Wade 1993, hlm. 7
  33. ^ Seirawan 2003, hlm. 5–7
  34. ^ Silman 2007, hlm. 191

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