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{{Current related}}
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{{Infobox war faction
{{Infobox war faction
|name = ''Taliban '' <br /> طالبان
|name = Taliban <br /> طالبان
|war = [[Perang Saudara Kudas vs Dita]], [[Perang di Afganistan]], dan [[Perang di Pakistan Barat Daya|Perang Waziristan]]
|war = [[Perang Saudara Kudas vs Dita]], [[Perang di Afganistan]], dan [[Perang di Pakistan Barat Daya|Perang Waziristan]]
|image = [[Berkas:Flag of Taliban.svg|tepi|260px]]
|image = [[Berkas:Flag of Taliban.svg|tepi|260px]]
Baris 26: Baris 26:
|date=9 August 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/world/asia/taliban-leader-feared-pakistan-before-he-was-killed.html}}</ref>
|date=9 August 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/world/asia/taliban-leader-feared-pakistan-before-he-was-killed.html}}</ref>
* {{flag|Qatar}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar's Dirty Hands|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/450093/qatar-supports-islamists-threatens-american-middle-east-allies|date=3 August 2017|work=[[National Review]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]]|date=7 August 2017|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/08/07/saudi-has-evidence-qatar-supports-taliban-envoy|title=Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy}}</ref><ref name="Scroll"/>
* {{flag|Qatar}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar's Dirty Hands|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/450093/qatar-supports-islamists-threatens-american-middle-east-allies|date=3 August 2017|work=[[National Review]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]]|date=7 August 2017|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/08/07/saudi-has-evidence-qatar-supports-taliban-envoy|title=Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy}}</ref><ref name="Scroll"/>
* {{flag|Iran}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Middle East Institute]]|title=Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials|date=9 January 2017|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iranian-support-taliban-alarms-afghan-officials|quote=Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it.}}</ref><ref name="mansouriran"/><ref>{{cite web| title =Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms| url =https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-backs-taliban-with-cash-and-arms-1434065528| website = The Wall Street Journal | date = 11 June 2015| access-date = 13 June 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iran}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Middle East Institute]]|title=Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials|date=9 January 2017|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iranian-support-taliban-alarms-afghan-officials|quote=Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it.}}</ref><ref name="mansouriran">{{Cite web|last=Kugelman|first=Michael|title=What Was Mullah Mansour Doing in Iran?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/27/mullah-mansour-iran-afghanistan-taliban-drone/|url-status=live|website=foreignpolicy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms| url =https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-backs-taliban-with-cash-and-arms-1434065528| website = The Wall Street Journal | date = 11 June 2015| access-date = 13 June 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cina}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/03/chinas-man-in-the-taliban-mullah-omar/ |title=China's Man in the Taliban |last=Small |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2015 |work=[[Foreign Policy]] Argument |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6975934.stm |title=Taleban 'getting Chinese arms' |last=Danahar |first=Paul |date=3 September 2007 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cina}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/03/chinas-man-in-the-taliban-mullah-omar/ |title=China's Man in the Taliban |last=Small |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2015 |work=[[Foreign Policy]] Argument |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6975934.stm |title=Taleban 'getting Chinese arms' |last=Danahar |first=Paul |date=3 September 2007 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Rusia}} (tertuduh oleh Amerika Serikat, Rusia menolak keterlibatan dengan Taliban)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41842285|title=Is Russia arming the Afghan Taliban?|work=BBC News|date=April 2018}}</ref>
* {{flag|Rusia}} (tertuduh oleh Amerika Serikat, Rusia menolak keterlibatan dengan Taliban)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41842285|title=Is Russia arming the Afghan Taliban?|work=BBC News|date=April 2018}}</ref>
Baris 34: Baris 34:
* [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|25px]] [[Jaringan Haqqani]]
* [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|25px]] [[Jaringan Haqqani]]
* [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|25px]] [[al-Qaeda]]
* [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|25px]] [[al-Qaeda]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<ref name="advances" />
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<ref name="Sky" />
*{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]<ref name="advances" />
*{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]<ref name="Sky" />
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]<ref name="Sky">{{cite journal|first=Matt|last=Waldman|date=June 2010|title=The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan's ISI and Afghan Insurgents|journal=Crisis States Working Papers|publisher=Crisis States Research Centre, [[London School of Economics]] and Political Science|issue=series no.2, no. 18|page=3|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2010/6/13/20106138531279734lse-isi-taliban.pdf |quote=In the 1980s the ISI was instrumental in supporting seven Sunni Muslim mujahedeen groups in their jihad against the Soviets, and was the principal conduit of covert US and Saudi funding. It subsequently played a pivotal rôle in the emergence of the Taliban (Coll 2005:292) and Pakistan provided significant political, financial, military and logistical support to the former Taliban regime in [[Afghanistan]] (1996–2001)(Rashid 2001).}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]<ref name="advances" />
* [[File:Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg|25px]] [[Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (2004–2007, 2009, sejak 2017)<ref name="rediff Baitullah Mehsud Taliban governor">{{cite web |last1=Shehzad |first1=Mohammad |title=Why is the Pakistan army scared of this man? |url=https://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/10pspec.htm |website=in.rediff.com |publisher=[[rediff]] |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216105921/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/10pspec.htm |archive-date=16 December 2007 |date=10 March 2006 |quote=[[Baitullah Mehsud|Baitullah]] was appointed as [[Mullah Omar]]'s governor of the Mehsud tribe in a special ceremony attended by five leading Taliban commanders}}</ref><ref name="nyt - 3/26/2009 - pakistan and afghan taliban close ranks">{{cite web |last1=Gall |first1=Carlotta |title=Pakistan and Afghan Taliban Close Ranks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=14 December 2020 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |date=26 March 2009 |quote=The Afghan Taliban delegation urged the Pakistani Taliban leaders to settle their internal differences, scale down their activities in Pakistan and help counter the planned increase of American forces in Afghanistan, the fighters said.}}</ref><ref name="PIPS Noor Wali Mehsud">{{cite web |last1=Zahid |first1=Farhan |title=Profile of New TTP Chief Mufti Noor Wali Mehsud: Challenges and Implications |url=https://www.pakpips.com/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Profile-of-New-TTP-Chief-Mufti-Noor-Wali-Mehsud-Challenges-and-Implications.pdf |website=pakpips.com |publisher=Pak Institute for Peace Studies |access-date=14 December 2020 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |page=4 |date=15 April 2019 |quote=According to Mehsud, the real jihad is against US forces in occupied Afghanistan to restore the Islamic Emirate while using tribal areas of Pakistan as base of operations and safe haven for both Taliban and Al-Qaeda. He further explains the goals and aims of the jihadi movement as: maintaining the independent status for Mehsud tribe, defeating the US in Afghanistan, establishing caliphate in Afghanistan}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg|25px]] [[Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (2004–2007, 2009, sejak 2017)<ref name="rediff Baitullah Mehsud Taliban governor">{{cite web |last1=Shehzad |first1=Mohammad |title=Why is the Pakistan army scared of this man? |url=https://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/10pspec.htm |website=in.rediff.com |publisher=[[rediff]] |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216105921/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/10pspec.htm |archive-date=16 December 2007 |date=10 March 2006 |quote=[[Baitullah Mehsud|Baitullah]] was appointed as [[Mullah Omar]]'s governor of the Mehsud tribe in a special ceremony attended by five leading Taliban commanders}}</ref><ref name="nyt - 3/26/2009 - pakistan and afghan taliban close ranks">{{cite web |last1=Gall |first1=Carlotta |title=Pakistan and Afghan Taliban Close Ranks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=14 December 2020 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |date=26 March 2009 |quote=The Afghan Taliban delegation urged the Pakistani Taliban leaders to settle their internal differences, scale down their activities in Pakistan and help counter the planned increase of American forces in Afghanistan, the fighters said.}}</ref><ref name="PIPS Noor Wali Mehsud">{{cite web |last1=Zahid |first1=Farhan |title=Profile of New TTP Chief Mufti Noor Wali Mehsud: Challenges and Implications |url=https://www.pakpips.com/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Profile-of-New-TTP-Chief-Mufti-Noor-Wali-Mehsud-Challenges-and-Implications.pdf |website=pakpips.com |publisher=Pak Institute for Peace Studies |access-date=14 December 2020 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |page=4 |date=15 April 2019 |quote=According to Mehsud, the real jihad is against US forces in occupied Afghanistan to restore the Islamic Emirate while using tribal areas of Pakistan as base of operations and safe haven for both Taliban and Al-Qaeda. He further explains the goals and aims of the jihadi movement as: maintaining the independent status for Mehsud tribe, defeating the US in Afghanistan, establishing caliphate in Afghanistan}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Tnsm-flag.svg|25px}} [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]
* {{flagicon image|Tnsm-flag.svg|25px}} [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]

Revisi per 21 Agustus 2021 15.30

Taliban
طالبان
Pemimpin
Waktu operasi1994–1996 (milisi)
1996–2001 (pemerintahan pertama)
2002–2021 (pemberontak)
2021–sekarang (pemerintahan kedua)
KelompokKebanyakan Pashtun;[1][2] beberapa Tajiks di Utara Afganistan[3]
MarkasKandahar, Afganistan (1994–2001)
Wilayah operasiAfganistan dan Pakistan[4]
Ideologi
SekutuNegara Sekutu
Sekutu Bukan Negara
LawanNegara Lawan
Lawan Bukan Negara
Pertempuran dan perangPerang Saudara Kudas vs Dita, Perang di Afganistan, dan Perang Waziristan

Gerakan Taliban, atau Taliban atau Taleban (bahasa Persia dan Pashtun طالبان;[42] dari bentuk jamak bahasa Arab: طالب ṭālib, "murid"), adalah gerakan nasionalis Islam Deobandi pendukung Pashtun yang secara efektif menguasai hampir seluruh wilayah Afganistan sejak 1996 sampai 2001. Beberapa negara dan organisasi internasional mencap gerakan ini sebagai organisasi teroris.[43]

Kelompok Taliban dibentuk pada September 1994, mendapat dukungan dari Amerika Serikat dan Pakistan.[44] Dewan Keamanan PBB mengecam tindakan kelompok ini karena kejahatannya terhadap warga negara Iran dan Afghanistan.[44] Taliban melakukan berbagai aksi pelanggaran HAM di Afghanistan.[44]

Kelompok ini mendapat pengakuan diplomatik hanya dari tiga negara: Uni Emirat Arab, Pakistan, dan Arab Saudi, serta pemerintah Republik Chechnya Ichkeria yang tidak diakui dunia. Anggota-anggota paling berpengaruh dari Taliban, termasuk Mullah Mohammed Omar, pemimpin gerakan ini, adalah mullah desa (pelajar yunior agama Islam), yang sebagian besar belajar di madrasah di Pakistan. Gerakan ini terutama berasal dari Pashtun di Afganistan, serta Provinsi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa di Pakistan, dan juga mencakup banyak sukarelawan dari Arab, Eurasia, serta Asia Selatan.

Penggulingan 2001

Pemerintahan Taliban digulingkan oleh Amerika Serikat karena dituduh melindungi pemimpin Al Qaeda Osama Bin Laden yang juga dituduh Washington mendalangi serangan terhadap menara kembar WTC, New York pada tanggal 11 September 2001 bekerja sama dengan kubu Aliansi Utara.[44] Invasi ini dimulai pada bulan Oktober sampai dengan bulan November 2001 dengan secara mengejutkan sehingga pihak Taliban langsung keluar dari ibu kota Afganistan, Kabul sehingga pihak Amerika relatif cepat dan mudah menguasainya. Sejak 2001, pasukan Amerika dan negara sekutu yang lain seperti Britania Raya dan Jerman mulai menduduki Afganistan untuk menumpas Taliban dan membantu menjaga keamanan negara.

Serangan 2021

Artikel utama: Serangan Taliban 2021

Pada Mei 2021, pasukan Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara sekutunya mulai menarik diri dari Afganistan secara bertahap. Karena peristiwa penarikan pasukan tersebut, Taliban kembali memberontak terhadap pemerintah Afganistan. Pemberontakan ini mengakibatkan ratusan hingga ribuan penduduk Afganistan harus mengungsi ke ibu kota Kabul. Beberapa diantaranya ada yang melarikan diri ke luar negeri khususnya ke Iran, Turki dan negara-negara Eropa.

Terkait dengan pemberontakan tersebut, Presiden Joe Biden kembali mengerahkan sekitar 3.000 personel militer AS untuk bekerja sama dengan militer Afganistan dalam melawan Taliban. Pasukan cadangan juga disiagakan di negara-negara terdekat seperti Kuwait, Arab Saudi dan Qatar.

Per 13 Agustus 2021, Taliban telah menguasai sepuluh wilayah Afganistan dalam kurun waktu enam hari. Kota-kota utama seperti Kandahar, Herat dan Jalalabad telah jatuh ke tangan Taliban.

Pada 15 Agustus 2021, pihak Taliban telah mengepung wilayah Kabul dan bernegosiasi dengan Pemerintah Afganistan terkait penyerahan kekuasaan secara damai. Akibat pengepungan tersebut, Presiden Ashraf Ghani dan beberapa diplomat AS di Afganistan segera dievakuasi dan meninggalkan Afganistan.

Referensi

  1. ^ Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). Decoding the new Taliban: insights from the Afghan field. Columbia University Press. hlm. 249. ISBN 978-0-231-70112-9. 
  2. ^ Clements, Frank A. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict). ABC-CLIO. hlm. 219. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8. 
  3. ^ "The Non-Pashtun Taleban of the North: A case study from Badakhshan – Afghanistan Analysts Network". www.Afghanistan-Analysts.org. 3 January 2017. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2018. 
  4. ^ Pajhwok Afghan News, Taliban have opened office in Waziristan (Pakistan).
  5. ^ Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450. 
  6. ^ a b "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". www.digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013. 
  7. ^ Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U. S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001
  8. ^ Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8. 
  9. ^ "Taliban - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. 
  10. ^ Rashid, Taliban (2000)
  11. ^ "Why are Customary Pashtun Laws and Ethics Causes for Concern? | Center for Strategic and International Studies". Csis.org. 19 October 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 November 2010. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014. 
  12. ^ "Understanding taliban through the prism of Pashtunwali code". CF2R. 30 November 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 August 2014. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014. 
  13. ^ "The Taliban – Mapping Militant Organizations". web.stanford.edu. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2019. 
  14. ^ "Taliban Leader Feared Pakistan Before He Was Killed". New York Times. 9 August 2017. 
  15. ^ "Qatar's Dirty Hands". National Review. 3 August 2017. 
  16. ^ "Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy". Pajhwok Afghan News. 7 August 2017. 
  17. ^ a b "Why did Saudi Arabia and Qatar, allies of the US, continue to fund the Taliban after the 2001 war?". scroll.in. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2018. 
  18. ^ "Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials". Middle East Institute. 9 January 2017. Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it. 
  19. ^ Kugelman, Michael. "What Was Mullah Mansour Doing in Iran?". foreignpolicy.com. 
  20. ^ "Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms". The Wall Street Journal. 11 June 2015. Diakses tanggal 13 June 2015. 
  21. ^ Small, Andrew (23 August 2015). "China's Man in the Taliban". Foreign Policy Argument. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2019. 
  22. ^ Danahar, Paul (3 September 2007). "Taleban 'getting Chinese arms'". BBC. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2019. 
  23. ^ "Is Russia arming the Afghan Taliban?". BBC News. April 2018. 
  24. ^ Diplomat, Samuel Ramani, The. "What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?". The Diplomat. 
  25. ^ a b c Waldman, Matt (June 2010). "The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan's ISI and Afghan Insurgents" (PDF). Crisis States Working Papers. Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science (series no.2, no. 18): 3. In the 1980s the ISI was instrumental in supporting seven Sunni Muslim mujahedeen groups in their jihad against the Soviets, and was the principal conduit of covert US and Saudi funding. It subsequently played a pivotal rôle in the emergence of the Taliban (Coll 2005:292) and Pakistan provided significant political, financial, military and logistical support to the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan (1996–2001)(Rashid 2001). 
  26. ^ Shehzad, Mohammad (10 March 2006). "Why is the Pakistan army scared of this man?". in.rediff.com. rediff. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 December 2007. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. Baitullah was appointed as Mullah Omar's governor of the Mehsud tribe in a special ceremony attended by five leading Taliban commanders 
  27. ^ Gall, Carlotta (26 March 2009). "Pakistan and Afghan Taliban Close Ranks". The New York Times. Islamabad, Pakistan. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. The Afghan Taliban delegation urged the Pakistani Taliban leaders to settle their internal differences, scale down their activities in Pakistan and help counter the planned increase of American forces in Afghanistan, the fighters said. 
  28. ^ Zahid, Farhan (15 April 2019). "Profile of New TTP Chief Mufti Noor Wali Mehsud: Challenges and Implications" (PDF). pakpips.com. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pak Institute for Peace Studies. hlm. 4. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2020. According to Mehsud, the real jihad is against US forces in occupied Afghanistan to restore the Islamic Emirate while using tribal areas of Pakistan as base of operations and safe haven for both Taliban and Al-Qaeda. He further explains the goals and aims of the jihadi movement as: maintaining the independent status for Mehsud tribe, defeating the US in Afghanistan, establishing caliphate in Afghanistan 
  29. ^ "Afghan militant fighters 'may join Islamic State'". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2017. 
  30. ^ "Afghanistan: Ghani, Hekmatyar sign peace deal". Al Jazeera. 29 September 2016. 
  31. ^ "Why Central Asian states want peace with the Taliban". DW News. 27 March 2018. "Taliban have assured Russia and Central Asian countries that it would not allow any group, including the IMU, to use Afghan soil against any foreign state," Muzhdah said. 
  32. ^ Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (14 June 2016). "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse". Long War Journal. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2017. 
  33. ^ "Rare look at Afghan National Army's Taliban fight". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014. 
  34. ^ "Dealing With the Taliban: India's Strategy in Afghanistan After U.S. Withdrawal". Carnegie India. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2020. 
  35. ^ "Taliban attack NATO base in Afghanistan – Central & South Asia". Al Jazeera English. Diakses tanggal 18 August 2014. 
  36. ^ "ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban". 12 January 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 February 2015. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2015. 
  37. ^ "ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other". Khaama Press. 20 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2015. 
  38. ^ "Taliban leader: allegiance to ISIS 'haram'". Rudaw. 13 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2015. 
  39. ^ "Taliban say gap narrowing in talks with US over Afghanistan troop withdrawal". Military Times. 5 May 2019. 
  40. ^ a b "Afghanistan's warlord vice-president spoiling for a fight with the Taliban". The Guardian. 4 August 2015. 
  41. ^ Ibrahimi, Niamatullah. 2009. "Divide and Rule: State Penetration in Hazarajat (Afghanistan) from Monarchy to the Taliban", Crisis States Working Papers (Series 2) 42, London: Crisis States Research Centre, LSE
  42. ^ "طالب کی است و چه می‌خواهد؟". هشت صبح (dalam bahasa Persia). 2013-06-23. Diakses tanggal 2021-08-21. 
  43. ^ "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada. Diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2021. 
  44. ^ a b c d Susilo, Taufik Adi. Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Dunia Abad 20. Javalitera. Yogyakarta 2010. Halaman 391

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