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Kebijakan semasa [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[Kepresidenan Dwight D. Eisenhower|menjabat]] terhitung sangat religius, sehingga memuluskan lobi untuk menyertakan semboyan ini dalam ppenggunaan lebih lanjut,<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Herzog|first=Jonathan P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGC8D-ybQnAC&q=Louis+C.+Rabaut+postage+cancellation+god+we+trust&pg=PA101|title=The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America's Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War|date=2011-08-05|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA|isbn=978-0-19-539346-0|location=New York|pages=97, 101|language=en}}</ref> yang sering dikaitkan dengan pengaruh evangelis [[Billy Graham]] yang terkemuka pada saat itu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Kalpana|date=2021-06-11|title=Why the legacy of Billy Graham continues to endure: 3 essential reads|url=http://theconversation.com/why-the-legacy-of-billy-graham-continues-to-endure-3-essential-reads-162465|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en}}</ref> Setelah penyertaan semboyan ini secara nasional mendapat tekanan dari publik, semboyan ini muncul untuk pertama kalinya pada sejumlah prangko dari [[Liberty Issue]] 1954<ref>{{Cite news|date=1954-02-26|title=NEW STAMP GETS MOTTO; 'In God We Trust' 8-Center to Go on Sale Early in April|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/26/archives/new-stamp-gets-motto-in-god-we-trust-8center-to-go-on-sale-early-in.html|access-date=2021-05-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Christopher|first=West|title=A History of America in Thirty-Six Postage Stamps|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1250043689|location=[[London]]|pages=232}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cep|first=Casey N.|date=2014-02-20|title=When Did Americans Start Trusting in God?|url=https://psmag.com/news/americans-start-trusting-god-74456|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[Pacific Standard]]|language=en}}</ref> meskipun melobi untuk penyertaan universal oleh Senator Michigan Charles E. Potter dan Anggota DPR Louis C. Rabaut gagal.<ref name=":15" />
Kebijakan semasa [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[Kepresidenan Dwight D. Eisenhower|menjabat]] terhitung sangat religius, sehingga memuluskan lobi untuk menyertakan semboyan ini dalam ppenggunaan lebih lanjut,<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Herzog|first=Jonathan P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGC8D-ybQnAC&q=Louis+C.+Rabaut+postage+cancellation+god+we+trust&pg=PA101|title=The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America's Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War|date=2011-08-05|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA|isbn=978-0-19-539346-0|location=New York|pages=97, 101|language=en}}</ref> yang sering dikaitkan dengan pengaruh evangelis [[Billy Graham]] yang terkemuka pada saat itu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Kalpana|date=2021-06-11|title=Why the legacy of Billy Graham continues to endure: 3 essential reads|url=http://theconversation.com/why-the-legacy-of-billy-graham-continues-to-endure-3-essential-reads-162465|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en}}</ref> Setelah penyertaan semboyan ini secara nasional mendapat tekanan dari publik, semboyan ini muncul untuk pertama kalinya pada sejumlah prangko dari [[Liberty Issue]] 1954<ref>{{Cite news|date=1954-02-26|title=NEW STAMP GETS MOTTO; 'In God We Trust' 8-Center to Go on Sale Early in April|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/26/archives/new-stamp-gets-motto-in-god-we-trust-8center-to-go-on-sale-early-in.html|access-date=2021-05-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Christopher|first=West|title=A History of America in Thirty-Six Postage Stamps|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1250043689|location=[[London]]|pages=232}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cep|first=Casey N.|date=2014-02-20|title=When Did Americans Start Trusting in God?|url=https://psmag.com/news/americans-start-trusting-god-74456|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[Pacific Standard]]|language=en}}</ref> meskipun melobi untuk penyertaan universal oleh Senator Michigan Charles E. Potter dan Anggota DPR Louis C. Rabaut gagal.<ref name=":15" />


Tahun berikutnya, Anggota DPR Partai Demokrat [[Charles Edward Bennett]] dari Florida menyebut Perang Dingin ketika memperkenalkan {{Abbr|H. R.|House Resolution}} 619 di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat yang mewajibkan "In God we trust" untuk ditempatkan pada semua uang kertas dan logam dengan alasan bahwa Amerika Serikat harus terus mencari cara untuk memperkuat fondasi kebebasan ketika komunisme imperialistik dan materialistik berusaha menyerang dan menghancurkan kebebasan.<ref>{{cite web|date=1955-07-11|title=The legislation placing "In God We Trust" on national currency {{pipe}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519004812/http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|archive-date=2017-05-19|access-date=2017-05-13|publisher=history.house.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEADWZdN2k8C&q=strengthen+our+freedom&pg=PA47|title=Miscellaneous Hearings: Hearings Before ... , 84-1 on H.J.Res. 202 ... , H.R. 3327 ... , H.R. 619 ... 1956|publisher=United States Congress House Banking and Currency Committee|year=1956|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=47–57|language=en|chapter=United States Currency Inscription}}</ref> Asosiasi Numismatik Amerika dan Legiun Amerika setuju dan membuat resolusi yang mendesak untuk mempromosikan penggunaan lebih lanjut dari "In God We Trust".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitschen|first=Steve|date=2018-02-11|title=Defending "In God We Trust"|url=https://nationallegalfoundation.org/briefings/defending-in-god-we-trust/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=National Legal Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congressional Record, Volume 148 Issue 105 (Monday, July 29, 2002)|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2002-07-29/html/CREC-2002-07-29-pt1-PgE1437-2.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]|quote=The following year, 1955, largely at the instigation of Matt Rothert, later president of the American Numismatic Association, Congress amended the U.S. Code to require the national motto to be placed on all coins and currency.}}</ref>
Tahun berikutnya, Anggota DPR Partai Demokrat [[Charles Edward Bennett]] dari Florida menyebut Perang Dingin ketika memperkenalkan {{Abbr|H. R.|House Resolution}} 619 di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat yang mewajibkan "In God we trust" untuk ditempatkan pada semua uang kertas dan logam dengan alasan bahwa Amerika Serikat harus terus mencari cara untuk memperkuat fondasi kebebasan ketika komunisme imperialistik dan materialistik berusaha menyerang dan menghancurkan kebebasan.<ref>{{cite web|date=1955-07-11|title=The legislation placing "In God We Trust" on national currency {{pipe}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519004812/http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|archive-date=2017-05-19|access-date=2017-05-13|publisher=history.house.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEADWZdN2k8C&q=strengthen+our+freedom&pg=PA47|title=Miscellaneous Hearings: Hearings Before ... , 84-1 on H.J.Res. 202 ... , H.R. 3327 ... , H.R. 619 ... 1956|publisher=United States Congress House Banking and Currency Committee|year=1956|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=47–57|language=en|chapter=United States Currency Inscription}}</ref> Persatuan Numismatik Amerika Serikat dan Legiun Amerika Serikat setuju serta membuat resolusi yang mendesak untuk mempromosikan penggunaan lebih lanjut dari "In God We Trust".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitschen|first=Steve|date=2018-02-11|title=Defending "In God We Trust"|url=https://nationallegalfoundation.org/briefings/defending-in-god-we-trust/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=National Legal Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congressional Record, Volume 148 Issue 105 (Monday, July 29, 2002)|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2002-07-29/html/CREC-2002-07-29-pt1-PgE1437-2.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]|quote=The following year, 1955, largely at the instigation of Matt Rothert, later president of the American Numismatic Association, Congress amended the U.S. Code to require the national motto to be placed on all coins and currency.}}</ref>


Pada 11 Juli 1955, RUU tersebut, setelah disahkan dengan dukungan bipartisan dari kedua kamar Kongres, ditandatangani menjadi undang-undang oleh President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1955-07-11|title=An Act to provide that all United States currency shall bear the inscription "In God We Trust."|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-69/pdf/STATUTE-69-Pg290-2.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref><ref name="History, Art & Archives22">{{cite web|title=The Legislation Placing "In God We Trust" on National Currency'|url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|url-status=live|access-date=2019-09-16|work=[[United States House of Representatives]]}}</ref> Since all coins already complied with the law, the only changes were made to the paper currency. The motto first appeared on the $1 [[Silver certificate (United States)#Small-size United States silver certificates (1928–1957)|silver certificate]] in 1957, followed by other certificates. [[Federal Reserve Note]]s and [[United States Note]]s<ref>Not produced since 1971</ref> were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.<ref name="USTreasury22" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Merriman|first=Scott A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC&pg=PA281|title=Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-863-7|volume=1|location=[[Santa Barbara, Calif.]]|pages=281|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Epstein|first=Steven B.|date=1996|title=Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418|journal=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=96|issue=8|pages=2083–2174|doi=10.2307/1123418|jstor=1123418|issn=0010-1958|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235545/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418|archive-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>{{Efn|Quoting the [[peroration]] (abridged here) of the speech by [[Charles Edward Bennett]], sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and [[W. Randolph Burgess]], Deputy to the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury for Monetary Affairs]], had approved of the legislation. 101 [[Congressional Record]] pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955)}}
Pada 11 Juli 1955, rancangan undang-undang ini ditandangani menjadi undang-undang oleh Presiden Dwight setelah disahkan oleh kedua partai di Kongres.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1955-07-11|title=An Act to provide that all United States currency shall bear the inscription "In God We Trust."|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-69/pdf/STATUTE-69-Pg290-2.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref><ref name="History, Art & Archives22">{{cite web|title=The Legislation Placing "In God We Trust" on National Currency'|url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|url-status=live|access-date=2019-09-16|work=[[United States House of Representatives]]}}</ref> Karena semua uang logam sudah mengikuti sesuai hukum yang berlaku, satu-satunya perubahan dilakukan pada mata uang kertas. Semboyan ini pertama kali muncul pada sertifikat perak $1 pada tahun 1957 yang kemudian diikuti oleh sertifikat lainnya. Semboyan ini dimuat pada [[Federal Reserve Note]] dan [[United States Note]]{{efn|Tidak diproduksi sejak tahun 1971}} yang dicetak sejak 1964 hingga 1966 tergantung pecahan.<ref name="USTreasury22" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Merriman|first=Scott A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC&pg=PA281|title=Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-863-7|volume=1|location=[[Santa Barbara, Calif.]]|pages=281|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Epstein|first=Steven B.|date=1996|title=Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418|journal=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=96|issue=8|pages=2083–2174|doi=10.2307/1123418|jstor=1123418|issn=0010-1958|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235545/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418|archive-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>{{Efn|Quoting the [[peroration]] (abridged here) of the speech by [[Charles Edward Bennett]], sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and [[W. Randolph Burgess]], Deputy to the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury for Monetary Affairs]], had approved of the legislation. 101 [[Congressional Record]] pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955)}}


== Adopsi dan pemuatan di institusi pemerintahan ==
== Adoption and display by government institutions in U.S. ==
[[File:State of the Union entrance 2011.jpg|alt=Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the Speaker sits. The national motto is carved in marble over the seat of the presiding officer of the chamber|thumb|Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] sits. The national motto, which is carved in [[marble]], can be seen at the top of the image.|left]]
[[File:State of the Union entrance 2011.jpg|alt=Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the Speaker sits. The national motto is carved in marble over the seat of the presiding officer of the chamber|thumb|Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] sits. The national motto, which is carved in [[marble]], can be seen at the top of the image.|left]]
=== Pemerintahan federal ===

⚫
Pada 30 Juli 1956, [[Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-84|84th Congress]] passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States."<ref>{{cite web|author=Margaret Wood|date=2013-04-22|title=In God We Trust|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/04/in-god-we-trust/|access-date=2021-04-02|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> The resolution passed both the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] unanimously and without debate.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1956-08-13|title=New National Motto Of U. S. Recalls Key's Words Of 1814|language=en|page=8|work=[[Palladium-Item]]|location=[[Richmond, Indiana]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|url-status=live|access-date=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032430/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|archive-date=2018-02-26|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Douglas|title=The Fifties: The Way We Really Were|last2=Marion|first2=Nowak|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|year=1977|pages=89|quote='In God We Trust' was adopted as the national motto in 1956, with neither debate nor a single dissenting vote in the House or Senate.}}</ref>{{Efn|For the relevant statutes, see {{USC|36|302}} and [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg732-2.pdf United States Public Law 84-851]}} It replaced {{lang|la|[[E pluribus unum]]}}, which had existed before as a ''de facto'' official motto.<ref name="RSAL22" /> The United States Code at {{USC|36|302}}, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the [[United States Senate|Senate]],<ref name="Senate22">{{cite news|author=Felicia Sonmez|date=2011-11-01|title=Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104034201/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|archive-date=2021-11-04|quote='In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States,' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. 'Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.'}}</ref> and in 2011 by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], in a 396 to 9 vote.<ref name="Reaffirm22">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Steinhauer|date=2011-11-03|title=In God We Trust, With the House's Help|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107012016/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|archive-date=2011-11-07|quote=Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution 'reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States.'}}</ref><ref name="Iqraar22">{{cite news|author=Todd Starnes|date=2011-11-03|title=See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'|work=[[Fox News]]|url=http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104222412/http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|archive-date=2011-11-04|quote=The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).}}</ref> In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-07-23|title=House Votes For Display Of 'in God We Trust' Motto In Public Buildings|url=https://www.au.org/media/press-releases/house-votes-for-display-of-in-god-we-trust-motto-in-public-buildings|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=H. Res. 548 Engrossed in House|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-106hres548eh/html/BILLS-106hres548eh.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref>
=== Federal government ===
⚫
On July 30, 1956, the [[84th United States Congress|84th Congress]] passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States."<ref>{{cite web|author=Margaret Wood|date=2013-04-22|title=In God We Trust|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/04/in-god-we-trust/|access-date=2021-04-02|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> The resolution passed both the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] unanimously and without debate.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1956-08-13|title=New National Motto Of U. S. Recalls Key's Words Of 1814|language=en|page=8|work=[[Palladium-Item]]|location=[[Richmond, Indiana]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|url-status=live|access-date=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032430/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|archive-date=2018-02-26|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Douglas|title=The Fifties: The Way We Really Were|last2=Marion|first2=Nowak|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|year=1977|pages=89|quote='In God We Trust' was adopted as the national motto in 1956, with neither debate nor a single dissenting vote in the House or Senate.}}</ref>{{Efn|For the relevant statutes, see {{USC|36|302}} and [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg732-2.pdf United States Public Law 84-851]}} It replaced {{lang|la|[[E pluribus unum]]}}, which had existed before as a ''de facto'' official motto.<ref name="RSAL22" /> The United States Code at {{USC|36|302}}, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the [[United States Senate|Senate]],<ref name="Senate22">{{cite news|author=Felicia Sonmez|date=2011-11-01|title=Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104034201/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|archive-date=2021-11-04|quote='In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States,' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. 'Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.'}}</ref> and in 2011 by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], in a 396 to 9 vote.<ref name="Reaffirm22">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Steinhauer|date=2011-11-03|title=In God We Trust, With the House's Help|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107012016/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|archive-date=2011-11-07|quote=Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution 'reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States.'}}</ref><ref name="Iqraar22">{{cite news|author=Todd Starnes|date=2011-11-03|title=See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'|work=[[Fox News]]|url=http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104222412/http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|archive-date=2011-11-04|quote=The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).}}</ref> In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-07-23|title=House Votes For Display Of 'in God We Trust' Motto In Public Buildings|url=https://www.au.org/media/press-releases/house-votes-for-display-of-in-god-we-trust-motto-in-public-buildings|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=H. Res. 548 Engrossed in House|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-106hres548eh/html/BILLS-106hres548eh.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref>


The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] features the motto above the rostrum of the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]], which was carved in the wall in December 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Furniture {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Capitol/1951-Present/Furniture/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=history.house.gov|language=en}}</ref>
The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] features the motto above the rostrum of the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]], which was carved in the wall in December 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Furniture {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Capitol/1951-Present/Furniture/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=history.house.gov|language=en}}</ref>

Revisi per 30 November 2021 07.00


Untuk album kelompok Stryper, lihat In God We Trust (album).
"IN GOD WE TRUST" as it appears on the reverse of a United States twenty-dollar bill, above the White House
Capitalized "IN GOD WE TRUST" on the reverse of a United States twenty-dollar bill

"In God We Trust" (kadangkala ditulis "In God we trust", bahasa Indonesia: Kepada Tuhan Kita Yakin) adalah semboyan resmi Amerika Serikat dan Florida.[1][2][3][4][5] Semboyan ini diadopsi oleh Kongres Amerika Serikat pada 1956 dan menggantikan E pluribus unum yang telah menjadi semboyan de facto sejak rancangan awal Segel Agung Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1776.[6]

Sementara penggunaan paling awal dari frasa ini dapat dilacak hingga pertengahan abad ke-19, asal-usul frasa ini sebagai semboyan politik digunakan semasa Perang Saudara Amerika, ketika para pendukung Negara Utara ingin menekankan keterikatan mereka kepada Tuhan dan meningkatkan moral.[7] Frasa yang ditulis dalam huruf kapital "IN GOD WE TRUST" pertama kali tertulis di uang logam 2 sen pada tahun 1864,[8] uang kertas sejak tahun 1957, dan beberapa prangko sejak tahun 1954. Undang-undang mengenai ini disahkan pada bulan Juli 1955 oleh resolusi bersama Kongres ke-84 (Templat:Uspl) dan disetujui Presiden Dwight Eisenhower mensyaratkan bahwa "In God We Trust" tampil di semua mata uang Amerika. Dua tahun kemudian, frasa ini digunakan di uang kertas untuk pertama kalinya, tepatnya sertifikat perak 1 dolar yang diperbarui yang mulai beredar pada 1 Oktober 1957.[8] Kongres ke-84 mengesahkan undang-undang (Templat:Uspl) yang menyatakan frasa ini sebagai semboyan nasional dan dan kemudian Presiden Dwight pada 30 Juli 1956 .[8][a] Beberapa negara bagian juga telah mengamanatkan atau mengizinkan penggunaan frasa ini di lembaga-lembaga negeri atau sekolah,[9][10] sementara Florida, Georgia, dan Mississippi telah memasukkan frasa ini dalam beberapa simbol negara bagian mereka. Semboyan ini juga telah digunakan dalam beberapa kasus di negara lain terutama pada uang logam yang beredar di Nikaragua.[11]

Semboyan ini tetap populer di kalangan warga Amerika Serikat. Menurut jajak pendapat bersama tahun 2003 oleh USA Today, CNN, dan Gallup, 90% warga Amerika Serikat mendukung pemuatan tulisan "In God We Trust" di uang logam Amerika Serikat serta jajak pendapat mahasiswa tahun 2019 oleh College Pulse menunjukkan bahwa 53% mahasiswa mendukung pemuatan frasa ini dalam mata uang.[12][13] Walau begitu, sejumlah pihak di Amerika Serikat merasa keberatan dengan penggunaan frasa itu dengan berpendapat bahwa muatan agama dalam frasa itu melanggar Klausa Pendirian Amendemen Pertama.[14] Mereka percaya bahwa frasa tersebut harus dihilangkan dari mata uang dan properti publik yang berujung kepada banyaknya tuntutan hukum. Argumen ini belum mengatasi doktrin penafsiran terhadap akomodasionisme yang memungkinkan pemerintah untuk mendukung pendirian agama selama mereka semua diperlakukan sama dan "deisme seremonial" yang menyatakan bahwa doa berulang-ulang dari entitas agama dalam hal-hal seremonial menanggalkan frase konotasi agama aslinya.[15] Mahkamah Agung New Hampshire serta Pengadilan Tinggi Federal Amerika Serikat untuk Wilayah Kedua, Keempat, Keenam, Kedelapan, Kesembilan, dan Kesepuluh bersama-sama menjunjung konstitusionalitas semboyan ini dalam berbagai keadaan. Mahkamah Agung telah membahas semboyan ini dalam catatan kaki tetapi tidak pernah secara langsung memutuskan kepatuhannya dengan Konstitusi.[16]

Asal-usul

Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, drafting a new motto for the U.S. currency. After writing "In God is Our Trust", he scratches it out and changes "is Our" to "We". Letter to James Pollock, Director of the Philadelphia Mint, December 9, 1863
Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, scribes "In God is Our Trust," scratches out "is Our" and overwrites "We" to arrive at "In God We Trust" in a December 9, 1863, letter to James Pollock, Director of the Philadelphia Mint.[17][18]
=Manuscript copy of Key's 1814 poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry" (later known as "The Star-Spangled Banner") in which one line of the fourth verse reads, "And this be our motto-"In God is our trust,""
Manuscript copy of Key's 1814 poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry" (later known as "The Star-Spangled Banner") in which one line of the fourth verse reads, "And this be our motto-"In God is our trust,"" (enclosed section)

Penggunaan awal semboyan ini yang tercatat dalam bahasa Inggris dapat dilacak hingga Januari 1748 ketika The Pennsylvania Gazette melaporkan pasukan warna resimen Associators, yaitu dari milisi Pennsylvania pimpinan Benjamin Franklin yang salah satu di antara pasukan warna bertuliskan "IX. A Coronet and Plume of Feathers. Motto, In God we Trust."[19][20][21] Menurut sejarawan Thomas S. Kidd, ini tampaknya merupakan contoh terisolasi dari penggunaan resmi yang dapat ditelusuri ke beberapa terjemahan dari Mazmur 56:11.[22]

Pada tahun 1814, Francis Scott Key menyusun dan menerbitkan puisi berjudul "Pertahanan Benteng M'Henry". Dalam bait keempat, versi puisi Francis yang diterbitkan termasuk baris "And this be our motto―'In God is our trust!'" ("Dan ini menjadi semboyan kami, 'In God is our trust!'").[23] Puisi karya Francis ini nantinya diadopsi sebagai lagu kebangsaan Amerika Serikat dengan judul "The Star-Spangled Banner" dan berfungsi sebagai salah satu argumen untuk menyertakan semboyan ini pada mata uang. Ketika 'In God We Trust' sedang dipertimbangkan untuk diadopsi sebagai semboyan nasional Amerika Serikat oleh Kongres Amerika Serikat, kata-kata dari bait keempat puisi karya Francis dikemukakan dalam argumen yang mendukung adopsi semboyan ini.[24]

Ada beberapa catatan penggunaan semboyan ini lain yang tak berkaitan. Penggunaan semboyan ini dapat ditemui dalam beberapa karya sastra pada awal abad ke-19.[25] Semboyan ini juga muncul pada tahun 1845, ketika D.S. Whitney menerbitkan sebuah himne menentang perbudakan di The Liberator.[26][27] Odd Fellows juga menggunakan frasa itu sebagai semboyan mereka sejak dasawarsa 1840-an hingga diperkirakan dasawarsa 1870-an.[7][27][28]

Semboyan di mata uang

Adopsi awal

Dalam sebuah surat bertanggal 13 November 1861, Pendeta Mark R. Watkinson dari Ridleyville, Pennsylvania (pastor dari Prospect Hill Baptist Church di Prospect Park, Pennsylvania saat ini) mengajukan petisi kepada Kementerian Keuangan untuk menambahkan pernyataan yang mengakui Tuhan Yang Mahakuasa dalam beberapa bentuk pada uang logam Amerika Serikat untuk membebaskan Amerika Serikat dari aib kekafiran.[8][29][30] Setidaknya sebagian dari motivasinya adalah menyatakan bahwa Tuhan berada di pihak Negara Utara dalam Perang Saudara,[7][8] mengingat Konfederasi telah melibatkan Tuhan dalam konstitusi mereka manakala Negara Utara tidak mengikuti hal serupa.[b] Sentimen ini dimiliki bersama oleh warga negara lain yang mendukung penyertaan frasa itu dalam surat mereka.[31] Memang, Infanteri Pennsylvania ke-125 Angkatan Darat Negara Utara menggunakan semboyan "In God we trust" pada awal Agustus 1862.[32][33][34][35] Di Konfederasi, frasa ini juga mendapat daya tarik tersendiri, sehingga Harper's Weekly melaporkan pada tahun 1864 bahwa Angkatan Laut Negara Utara telah mengambil sebuah bendera yang bertuliskan semboyan "Our cause is just, our duty we know ; In God we trust, to battle we go." (Tujuan kami ialah keadilan, tugas kami yang kami ketahui; Kepada Tuhan kami yakin, untuk berperang kami pergi.").[36]

"IN GOD WE TRUST" as it first appeared on the obverse side of the two-cent piece in 1864
"IN GOD WE TRUST" first appeared on the obverse side of the Two-cent piece in 1864[8]

Menteri Keuangan semasa kepresidenan Abraham Lincoln, Salmon P. Chase yang merupakan penganut Kristen aliran Episkopal evangelis yang dikenal karena terlihat alim di muka umum,[7][37] bertindak cepat atas proposal untuk memasukkan semboyan yang mengacu pada Tuhan dan mengarahkan Direktur United States Mint Philadelphia saat itu dan anggota Persatuan Reformasi Nasional, James Pollock, untuk menyusun kemungkinan rancangan yang akan memasukkan frasa keagamaan.[29] James memilih rancangan favoritnya dan mengajukan proposal kepada Kongres untuk rancangan baru pada akhir tahun 1863. Ia kemudian memutuskan versi terakhir dari semboyan baru, "In God We Trust", pada Desember 1863.[24] Keterlibatan Lincoln dalam proses itu tidak jelas, meskipun dia mengetahui pembicaraan semacam itu.[c]

Ketika Salmon sedang mempersiapkan usulannya kepada Kongres, ditemukan bahwa legislatif federal mengesahkan undang-undang yang menentukan semboyan dan perangkat yang harus dicap di uang logam Amerika Serikat pada 18 Januari 1837. Ini berarti pemberlakuan beberapa undang-undang tambahan diperlukan sebelum "In God We Trust" dapat diukir. Rancangan undang-undnag itu diperkenalkan dan disahkan dengan judul Undang-Undang Uang Logam 1864 pada 22 April 1864 yang memungkinkan Menteri Keuangan untuk mengizinkan penyertaan frasa ini pada uang logam penny (1 sen) dan 2 sen.[8]

Pada 3 Maret 1865, Kongres mengesahkan undang-undang yang mengizinkan Direktur United States Mint untuk menempatkan "In God We Trust" pada semua uang logam emas dan perak. Direktur harus tunduk kepada persetujuan Menteri Keuangan.[8][38] Undang-undang ini kemudian ditandatangani Lincoln sebagai Undang-Undang Kongres terakhir sebelum ia dibunuh.[27] Pada tahun 1873, Kongres meloloskan Undang-Undang Uang Logam lainnya yang menyatakan bahwa Menteri Keuangan dapat menjadikan semboyan IN GOD WE TRUST ditorehkan pada uang logam.[39]

In God We Trust (atau cukup God We Trust) pertama kali muncul pada uang logam 2 sen yang pertama kali dicetak pada tahun 1863 dan diedarkan secara massal pada tahun berikutnya.[40] Menurut numismatis David W. Lange, penyertaan semboyan ini pada uang logam merupakan pendorong utama dalam memopulerkan semboyan ini.[41] Uang logam lain seperti nickel (5 sen), 25 sen, 50 sen, half eagle (5 dolar), dan eagle (10 dolar) terdapat semboyan ini yang terukir sejak tahun 1866 dan seterusnya.[42] Uang logam dolar diukir dengan menyertakan semboyan ini pada tahun 1973 di dolar perdagangan (uang logam Amerika Serikat dan tahun 1878 di dolar Morgan yang beredar luas.[42] Namun, beberapa pecahan uang logam masih belum diukir dengan menyertakan semboyan ini karena tiada kewajiban untuk menggunakan semboyan ini pada uang logam. Lainnya, semboyan ini tidak lagi muncul di uang logam 5 sen setelah dirancang ulang, jadi sebagai besar uang logam tidak diukir dengan menyertakan semboyan ini pada akhir abad ke-19.[43] Akhirnya, Akhirnya, pada tahun 1892, sebuah kekeliruan saat mengamendemen Undang-Undang Uang Logam mencoret bahasa yang mengamanatkan penyertaan frasa ini.[44]

$20 interest-bearing note from 1864; "in god is our trust" appears on the bottom-right shield on the obverse side of the note.
$20 interest-bearing note from 1864; "in god is our trust" appears on the bottom-right shield
The reverse of the Morgan dollar (here, an 1879 issue is shown) presented the lower-cased "In God we trust"
The reverse of the Morgan dollar presented the lower-cased "In God we trust"
Saint-Gaudens double eagle, subject of public outcry in 1907 due to the lack of "In God we Trust" on the coin (it would later appear on the obverse side, the one with the eagle, close to the sun's rim).
Saint-Gaudens double eagle ("high relief" version), subject of public outcry in 1907 due to the lack of "In God we Trust" on the coin.
Version with the national motto, 1908
Version with the national motto, 1908

Tiada otorisasi formal atau kewajiban resmi untuk menampilkan ukiran "In God We Trust" pada uang kertas hingga tahun 1955. Namun, versi semboyan (In God Is Our Trust) pertama kali muncul secara singkat di sisi depan dari 1864 $20 interest-bearing and compound interest treasury notes, along with the motto "God and our Right".[45][46]

Tanggapan

Tanggapan awal dari masyarakat umum jauh dari persetujuan bulat. Di satu sisi, surat kabar Kristen umumnya senang dengan frasa yang ditampilkan pada uang logam, meskipun beberapa surat kabar menganjurkan penggunaan semboyan yang lebih berkonotasi religius seperti "In God alone is our trust" (Hanya kepada Tuhan adalah kepercayaan kita) atau "God our Christ" (Tuhan Kristus Kita).[27] Di sisi lain, media sekuler kurang terkesan dengan perkembangan ini. Dewan redaksi The New York Times meminta untuk meletakkan urusan keagamaan dalam hati masing-masing dan mengkritik United States Mint karena memasukkan semboyan ini hanya pada koin emas dan perak yang lebih besar.[47] New York Illustrated News mengolok-olok uang logam baru itu lewat membandingkannya dengan Mamon,[27] bersamaan pula dengan olok-olok serupa yang dinyatakan Detroit Free Press.[7] Perbedaan pendapat tentang pemuatan semboyan ini akhirnya berkembang menjadi perselisihan antara orang sekuler dan religius.[7] Sementara itu, pihak lain memelesetkan "In God We Trust", misalnya American Journal of Numismatics menyebut orang-orang akan salah membaca semboyan ini sebagai "In Gold we Trust" (Kepada Emas Kami Yakin) yang menurut mereka jauh lebih dekat dengan kenyataan.[48] Surat kabar juga mulai melaporkan permainan kata-kata yang dibuat dari slogan ini. Pada tahun 1860-an, surat kabar melaporkan tanda-tanda bertuliskan "In God we Trust — terms cash" (Kepada Tuhan kami yakin, dibayar tunai), "In God we trust. All others are expected to pay cash" (Kepada Tuhan kami yakin. Yang lain semuanya diharapkan akan dibayar tunai), dan sejenisnya.[20][49]

Walau begitu, frasa ini secara bertahap menjadi simbol kebanggaan nasional. Hanya enam tahun setelah pertama kali muncul di uang koin, San Francisco Chronicle menyebutnya semboyan bangsa Amerika Serikat, demikian pula pelbagai kelompok seperti prohibisonis, pejuang hak suara wanita, Partai Demokrat, Partai Republik, umat Kristen, dan Yahudi mengadopsi atau mendukung penggunaan semboyan ini pada akhir abad ke-19.[7] Semboyan ini tetap populer bahkan ketika pecahan uang logam yang diukir "In God We Trust" lebih sedikit.[27]

Kontroversi uang logam Saint-Gaudens 1907

Lihat pula: Indian Head eagle dan Saint-Gaudens double eagle

Pada tahun 1904, Presiden Theodore Roosevelt berusaha untuk memperindah uang logam Amerika Serikat dan memutuskan untuk memberikan tugas kepada temannya Augustus Saint-Gaudens[50] yang menghasilkan rancangan baru eagle dan double eagle setelah beberapa kali mengalami penundaan dan permasalahan teknis dengan rancangannya. Theodore secara khusus mengarahkan Augustus untuk tidak memasukkan "In God We Trust" pada uang logam karena Theodore khawatir uang logam ini akan digunakan untuk kegiatan fasik lebih lanjut, seperti perjudian, dan memfasilitasi kejahatan.[50][51] Augustus tidak menentang perintah tersebut karena ia berpikir frasa ini akan mengalihkan perhatian dari fitur rancangan uang logam.[51]

Uang logam versi relief ultratingginya ini sekarang dianggap sebagai salah satu koin terindah yang pernah dibuat di Amerika Serikat,[51][52] memang dihargai karena estetikanya oleh para kritikus seni.[53] Namun, sebuah skandal segera meletus karena kurangnya "In God We Trust" pada eagle dan double eagle.[54][55] Theodore Roosevelt bersikeras bahwa meskipun mendukung penempatan semboyan ini di bangunan, monumen, ia menyebut penempatan semboyan ini di uang (atau prangko dan iklan) akan semakin menjurus kepada penistaan.[24]

"Perasaan saya sendiri dalam hal ini ialah karena keyakinan saya yang sangat kuat bahwa menempatkan semboyan seperti itu pada koin atau menggunakannya dalam cara apa pun, tidak hanya tidak baik, tetapi juga merugikan dan pada dasarnya adalah ketidaksopanan berbahaya yang menjurus kepada penistaan. ... Setiap penggunaan yang cenderung merendahkan semboyan itu, dan di atas semua itu, setiap penggunaan yang cenderung membuat semboyan itu diperlakukan dengan semangat kesembronoan, dari setiap sudut pandang sangat disesalkan. ... menurut saya sangat tidak bijaksana untuk merendahkan semboyan seperti itu dengan menggunakan uang logam ... Sepanjang hidup saya, saya belum pernah mendengar ada manusia yang berbicara dengan hormat tentang semboyan ini pada koin atau menunjukkan tanda-tandanya yang telah menarik emosi tertinggi dalam dirinya, tapi saya benar-benar mendengar beratus-ratus kali semboyan itu digunakan sebagai kesempatan dan hasutan untuk ... mencibir ... Setiap orang harus mengingat kartun dan artikel yang tak terhitung banyaknya berdasarkan frasa seperti 'In God we trust for the 8 cents', ... Tentunya, saya berada di dalam batas ketika saya mengatakan bahwa penggunaan frasa yang mengundang kesembronoan jenis ini sangat tidak diinginkan."

— Presiden Theodore Roosevelt, 13 November 1907[56]

Tanggapan media terkait pernyataan ini sebagian besar negatif. Sebagian besar media yang berafiliasi dengan organisasi Kristen serta The Wall Street Journal, The Philadelphia Press, dan surat kabar lainnya mengkritik keputusan tersebut dengan tuduhan bahwa presiden bersalah atas serangan terencana terhadap agama dan mengabaikan sentimen keagamaan orang Amerika Serikat.[53] Atlanta Constitution menulis bahwa orang harus memilih antara "Tuhan dan Roosevelt", sementara The New York Sun menerbitkan sebuah puisi yang mengejek sikap Roosevelt.[24] Sebaliknya, The New York Times, Chicago Tribune, dan beberapa surat kabar keagamaan seperti The Churchman, berpihak kepada presiden President,[7][53] yang tercengang dan jengkel dengan penentangan orang-orang yang mengesampingkan semboyan ini. Hal ini memicu perdebatan di Kongres yang dengan cepat memutuskan untuk memuat kembali semboyan ini pada koin dalam undang-undang yang diadopsi pada tahun 1908. Sebagai akibat dari kontroversi, perubahan rancangan yang relevan kemudian diperkenalkan oleh Kepala Pengukir United States Mint, Charles E. Barber.[44]

Penempatan semboyan juga dipertahankan atau diperbarui pada uang logam lain. Semua uang logam emas dan uang logam perak $1, 50 sen, dan 25 sen terdapat semboyan ini sejak 1 Juli 1908, penny mengikuti jejak serupa pada tahun 1909 dan dime menyusul pada tahun 1916.[8] Sejak tahun 1938, semua uang logam Amerika Serikat telah memuat tulisan "In God We Trust".[8]

Jalan menuju kewajiban universal

8¢ postage stamp from 1954, with the motto inscribed around the Statue of Liberty's head, in the white area surrounding her head. At the time, eight cents was the standard rate for international postage. A 3¢ (domestic mail rate) stamp with a similar design was also issued.
8¢ postage stamp from 1954, with the motto inscribed around the Statue of Liberty's head. At the time, eight cents was the standard rate for international postage. A 3¢ (domestic mail rate) stamp with a similar design was also issued.

Semasa zaman Perang Dingin, pemerintah Amerika Serikat berusaha membedakan dirinya dengan Uni Soviet yang mempromosikan ateisme negara dan dengan demikian menerapkan legislasi antiagama.[57] Oleh karena itu, perdebatan mengenai penggunaan lebih lanjut dari semboyan agama bermula di Kongres. Namun, Kevin M. Kruse berpendapat dalam buku karyanya bahwa penentangan kaum konservatif terhadap New Deal dan kampanye mereka selanjutnya untuk memperluas pengaruh agama yang berhasil adalah faktor utama yang berkontribusi kepada pengadopsian lebih lanjut dari "In God We Trust".[58]

Kebijakan semasa Dwight D. Eisenhower menjabat terhitung sangat religius, sehingga memuluskan lobi untuk menyertakan semboyan ini dalam ppenggunaan lebih lanjut,[59] yang sering dikaitkan dengan pengaruh evangelis Billy Graham yang terkemuka pada saat itu.[60] Setelah penyertaan semboyan ini secara nasional mendapat tekanan dari publik, semboyan ini muncul untuk pertama kalinya pada sejumlah prangko dari Liberty Issue 1954[61][62][63] meskipun melobi untuk penyertaan universal oleh Senator Michigan Charles E. Potter dan Anggota DPR Louis C. Rabaut gagal.[59]

Tahun berikutnya, Anggota DPR Partai Demokrat Charles Edward Bennett dari Florida menyebut Perang Dingin ketika memperkenalkan H. R. 619 di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat yang mewajibkan "In God we trust" untuk ditempatkan pada semua uang kertas dan logam dengan alasan bahwa Amerika Serikat harus terus mencari cara untuk memperkuat fondasi kebebasan ketika komunisme imperialistik dan materialistik berusaha menyerang dan menghancurkan kebebasan.[64][65] Persatuan Numismatik Amerika Serikat dan Legiun Amerika Serikat setuju serta membuat resolusi yang mendesak untuk mempromosikan penggunaan lebih lanjut dari "In God We Trust".[66][67]

Pada 11 Juli 1955, rancangan undang-undang ini ditandangani menjadi undang-undang oleh Presiden Dwight setelah disahkan oleh kedua partai di Kongres.[68][69] Karena semua uang logam sudah mengikuti sesuai hukum yang berlaku, satu-satunya perubahan dilakukan pada mata uang kertas. Semboyan ini pertama kali muncul pada sertifikat perak $1 pada tahun 1957 yang kemudian diikuti oleh sertifikat lainnya. Semboyan ini dimuat pada Federal Reserve Note dan United States Note[d] yang dicetak sejak 1964 hingga 1966 tergantung pecahan.[8][70][71][e]

Adopsi dan pemuatan di institusi pemerintahan

Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the Speaker sits. The national motto is carved in marble over the seat of the presiding officer of the chamber
Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the Speaker sits. The national motto, which is carved in marble, can be seen at the top of the image.

Pemerintahan federal

Pada 30 Juli 1956, 84th Congress passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States."[72] The resolution passed both the House and the Senate unanimously and without debate.[73][74][f] It replaced E pluribus unum, which had existed before as a de facto official motto.[6] The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the Senate,[75] and in 2011 by the House of Representatives, in a 396 to 9 vote.[76][77] In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto.[78][79]

The House of Representatives features the motto above the rostrum of the Speaker, which was carved in the wall in December 1962.[80]

Seal of Florida, which also appears on the Flag of Florida. IN GOD WE TRUST appears at the bottom of the seal.

State and local governments

Adoption of the national motto in state symbols

Three states have adopted "In God We Trust" as part of official symbolics of the state.

In Florida, HB 1145 provided for adoption of "In God We Trust" as the official state motto, instead of fairly similar "In God Is Our Trust", effective July 1, 2006.[4][5][81] The motto has also appeared on the Seal of Florida[82] and on the Flag of Florida, as the Seal is one of its elements, since 1868.[83]

Georgia's flag features the motto since 2001, which was retained after a redesign two years later.[84]

In Mississippi, the Mississippi Senate voted to add the words, "In God We Trust" to the state seal, justifying it as an effort to protect religious freedom. The change was made effective on July 1, 2014.[85][86] Six years later, Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves signed into law a bill requiring that the state's flag, which had contained the Confederate battle emblem, be replaced with a new one containing the phrase "In God We Trust."[87] A new flag containing the motto was approved by voters in a referendum, and it became the official state flag in January 2021.[88]

A map of U.S. states with display of the national motto in public schools and government buildings as of August 2021. Display of the motto is mandated in the schools of Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, South Dakota and Utah (Texas and Ohio also require such display if a copy of the motto is donated); it is allowed in Arizona, Oklahoma, North Dakota, Indiana, and New Hampshire. Michigan, Alabama and South Carolina also allow display in government buildings. Idaho, Kentucky and Arkansas require it in at least some of these, while Mississippi, Georgia and Florida may require insofar as it appears on their state symbols.
A map of U.S. states with display of the national motto in public schools and government buildings as of August 2021
  Display in schools mandated
  Display in at least some government buildings mandated
  Display in schools mandated if a copy of the motto is donated
  Display in schools allowed
  Display in government buildings allowed
Note. Florida, Georgia and Mississippi use the national motto in state symbols, therefore the display of In God We Trust as appearing on state symbols is regulated by laws governing their usage.

Mandating display

  • Arkansas: In March 2017, Act 911, sponsored by state Representative Jim Dotson, made it a requirement of Arkansas state law for public schools to display posters with the national motto, if these were donated.[89][90] In 2019, the law was later amended to require public display of the national motto in public schools, higher education institutions and state government buildings, if funds are available for that purpose.[10]
  • Florida: In early 2018, Kimberly Daniels, a Democrat who served as a representative for the Florida House of Representatives, introduced HB 839, a bill that requires public schools to display the motto "In God We Trust" in a conspicuous place. On February 21, 2018, the bill passed 97 to 10 in the House.[91][92] Governor Rick Scott then signed the mandate into law.[93][94]
  • Idaho: House Concurrent Resolution 32, adopted in March 2020, mandates that the national motto be placed over the chairs of presiding officers of both chambers of Idaho Legislature.[95]
  • Kentucky: In 2014, a law was passed that obliged display of the national motto in legislative buildings and in committees.[96] In June 2019, a bill sponsored by state Representative Brandon Reed of Hodgenville was passed that required Kentucky public schools to display the motto "in a prominent location", beginning from the 2019-20 school year.[97][98] To protest the requirement, Fayette County Public Schools, a school district which serves Lexington, complied by posting framed one-dollar bills, which bear the slogan,[98][99] while in LaRue County, of which Hodgenville is seat, schools were using oversized images of pennies.[98]
  • Louisiana: A bill requiring public display of the motto in public schools was introduced by state Senator Regina Ashford Barrow in March 2018. It was passed unanimously both in the Senate (33 to 0) and in the House (93 to 0).[100] It was signed into law by Governor John Bel Edwards in May that year.[101][102] The bill also mandated school instruction about "In God We Trust" as part of the social studies curriculum.[100][103]
  • Mississippi: In March 2001, Governor of Mississippi Ronnie Musgrove signed legislation requiring the motto "In God We Trust" to be displayed in every public school classroom, as well as the school auditoriums and cafeterias, throughout the state.[104]
  • Ohio: Ohio requires public schools to hang a "In God We Trust" motto material if school districts receives it as donation, or if money is donated with the stated purpose of buying such materials.[10][105]
  • South Dakota: In March 2019, South Dakota required public schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" motto on their walls, starting from 2019-20 school year.[106][107][108]
  • Tennessee: In March 2018, a bill sponsored by state Representative Susan Lynn, which requires Tennessee schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" passed the state House with 81 of the 99 members voting in favor of it.[109] After being approved unanimously in the Senate, it was signed by Governor Bill Haslam into law the following month.[110]
  • Texas: Texas allowed display of the motto in public schools and higher education institutions since 2003.[9][111] A 2021 Senate bill to mandate donated copies of the motto to be hung in a "conspicuous place" has passed the Texas House of Representatives on May 25, 2021.[112][113] It was signed by the Governor on June 16 that year.
  • Virginia: A regulation that obliges all Virginia schools to publicly display the motto was signed into law in May 2002.[114][115]
  • Utah: Utah's law to oblige schools to publicly display "In God We Trust" was signed into law in March 2002 by Governor Mike Leavitt.[116] The law also mandates school instruction about the motto.[117]

Allowing display

  • Alabama: A 2018 law allows display of the motto in schools, libraries, government buildings, and on law enforcement vehicles.[10][118]
  • Arizona: Arizona allows public display of the motto in public schools.[10]
  • Georgia: Georgia allows for usage of the national motto in schools and government buildings, provided they have funds for pay for its display.[10]
  • Indiana: Indiana allows display of the national motto in public schools since 2005.[10]
  • Michigan: Michigan allows and encourages the display of the motto in and on public schools as well as state and local government buildings.[10][119]
  • New Hampshire: HB 69, introduced in April 2021, initially proposed to require schools to display the national and state motto's, and passed the House 204-169. It was amended in the Senate to allow publication of the mottos and approved on May 13, 2021,[120] which was approved by the House the following month.[121] The bill was signed into law by Governor Chris Sununu on July 30, 2021.[122][123]
  • North Dakota: North Dakota statute allows display of the national motto in public schools.[10]
  • Oklahoma: A bill was passed in 2004 that allowed public schools to display "In God We Trust" and "E Pluribus Unum" in classrooms, auditoriums and cafeterias;[124] a 2018 Senate bill to mandate such display died in the House.[125]
  • South Carolina: South Carolina allows political subdivisions and schools to post a display detailing the foundations of the American law and government, of which the national motto is one of thirteen documents, while providing context to these documents in terms detailed by the state statute.[126]

Legislation pending

  • Illinois: A 2021 proposal by Representative Adam Niemerg to permit display of "In God We Trust" in public schools has passed the Illinois House of Representatives in April 2021,[127] and is being deliberated upon by the state Senate as of August 2021.
  • Oklahoma: In 2020, the Oklahoma House of Representatives voted to oblige state buildings to display the motto,[128] however, the bill died in the Senate due to the disruption caused by COVID-19.[129] The following year, the House reintroduced and passed the same bill in March 2021,[129] while the Senate approved a version that would allow but not require the display of the motto.[130] Both bills are being proceeded as of August 2021.

In addition to that, several local governments have introduced the display of the motto in government buildings and municipal cars.[131][132][133][134] School boards have also seen voluntary introduction of the motto, particularly after the September 11 attacks, when the American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to their display.[135]

Lihat pula

Catatan

  1. ^ For the relevant statutes, see 36 U.S.C. § 302 and United States Public Law 84-851
  2. ^ See preamble of CSA Constitution: ...invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God...
  3. ^ According to the Congressional Record (1908, U.S. House of Representatives), p. 3387, the motto was adopted "doubtless with his [Lincoln's] knowledge and approval".
  4. ^ Tidak diproduksi sejak tahun 1971
  5. ^ Quoting the peroration (abridged here) of the speech by Charles Edward Bennett, sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and W. Randolph Burgess, Deputy to the Treasury for Monetary Affairs, had approved of the legislation. 101 Congressional Record pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955)
  6. ^ For the relevant statutes, see 36 U.S.C. § 302 and United States Public Law 84-851

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