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{{untuk|Bantuan pengucapan dalam IPA|Bantuan:Pengucapan}}
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{{Wikipedia IPA}}
IPA untuk pengucapan bahasa Indonesia

{| style="background:none;"
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3"| Konsonan
|-
! IPA !! Contoh !! pengucapan dekat bahasa Inggris
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| align="left"| '''b'''ola <ref name=stop>{{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} are [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]], as in the [[Romance languages]], or as in English ''spy, sty, sky.'' In final position, they are [[unreleased stop|unreleased]] {{IPA|[p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚]}}, with final ''k'' being a [[glottal stop]]. {{IPA|/b, d/}} are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, {{IPA|[p̚, t̚]}}. There is no [[Liaison (French)|liaison]]: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in ''kulit ubi'' "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.</ref>
|align="left"| '''b'''eau
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
| align="left"| '''d'''ari <ref name=stop/>
|align="left"| '''d'''o
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''j'''ari
|align="left"| '''j'''ob
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| align="left"| '''f'''ikir, '''v'''isa <ref name=loan>The fricatives {{IPA|[f, z, ʃ, x]}} are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as {{IPAblink|v}}; otherwise it is {{IPAblink|f}}.</ref>
|align="left"| '''f'''estival
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''g'''alah <ref name=glottal/>
|align="left"| '''g'''ain
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
| align="left"| '''h'''abis, toko'''h'''
|align="left"| '''h'''at
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| align="left"| '''y'''akin, ka'''y'''a
|align="left"| '''y'''es
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| align="left"| '''k'''alah <ref name=stop/><ref name=glottal/>
|align="left"| s'''k'''y
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| align="left"| '''l'''ama
|align="left"| c'''l'''ean
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| align="left"| '''m'''akan
|align="left"| '''m'''oon
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| align="left"| '''n'''akal
|align="left"| '''n'''ote
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''ng'''arai
|align="left"| feeli'''ng'''
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''ny'''aman
|align="left"| ca'''ny'''on
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| align="left"| '''p'''ola <ref name=stop/>
|align="left"| s'''p'''y
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
| align="left"| '''r'''aja, da'''r'''i, pasa'''r'''
|align="left"| trilled 'r' <ref>In traditional Malay areas, the [[rhotic consonant]] {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, {{IPAblink|ɣ}} or {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or trill {{IPAblink|r}}. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: ''kertas'' "paper" may be pronounced {{IPA|[krəˈtas]}} or {{IPA|[kərəˈtas]}}.</ref>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
| align="left"| '''s'''aya
|align="left"| '''s'''ix
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''sy'''ak <ref name=loan/>
|align="left"| '''sh'''oe
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| align="left"| '''t'''ari <ref name=stop/>
|align="left"| s'''t'''y
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''c'''ari
|align="left"| '''ch'''eck
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| align="left"| '''v'''isa <ref name=loan/>
|align="left"| '''v'''ision
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
| align="left"| '''w'''aktu, Ja'''w'''a
|align="left"| '''w'''e
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
| align="left"| '''kh'''as <ref name=loan/>
|align="left"|
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
| align="left"| '''z'''aman <ref name=loan/>
|align="left"| '''z'''ero
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʔ}}</big>
| align="left"| bapa'''k''' <ref name=stop/> <ref name=glottal>The glottal stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in the coda: ''baik'', ''bapak''. It is also used between identical vowels in [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]]. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. ''bakso'' (meatballs). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as ''Al Qur'an''.</ref>
|align="left"|
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3"| [[Vokal]] <ref>The [[nasal consonant]] {{IPA|/m, n, ŋ, ɲ/}} [[nasal vowel|nasalize]] following vowels, and may nasalize a subsequent vowel if the intervening consonant is {{IPA|/h, j, w, ʔ/}}.</ref>
|-
! IPA !! Contoh !! pengucapan dekat bahasa Inggris
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
| align="left"| '''a'''j'''a'''r, buk'''a'''<ref name="final a">In Malaysian, word-final {{IPA|/a/}} is often reduced to {{IPAblink|ə}}.</ref>
|align="left"| f'''a'''ther
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
| align="left"| s'''e'''rong, kar'''e''' <ref name=diphthong/>
|align="left"| cl'''ay'''<ref>The Malay/Indonesian {{IPA|/e/}} doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of ''clay'' (for most English dialects) and the vowel of ''get''. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.</ref>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
| align="left"| t'''e'''h, b'''e'''b'''e'''k <ref name=lax>{{IPA|/e, i, o, u/}} have [[tenseness|lax]] [[allophone]]s {{IPA|[ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ]}} in [[closed syllable]]s, except that tense {{IPA|[i, u]}} occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and laax {{IPA|[ɛ, ɔ]}} also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.</ref>
|align="left"| f'''e'''stival
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| align="left"| b'''i'''la, '''i'''n'''i'''
|align="left"| s'''ee'''
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big>
| align="left"| kir'''i'''m <ref name=lax/>
|align="left"| b'''i'''n
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
| align="left"| r'''o'''da, t'''o'''k'''o''' <ref name=diphthong/>
|align="left"| s'''o'''le
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
| align="left"| p'''o'''h'''o'''n <ref name=lax/>
|align="left"| s'''o'''rt
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| align="left"| '''u'''pah, bar'''u'''
|align="left"| m'''oo'''n
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big>
| align="left"| rump'''u'''t <ref name=lax/>
|align="left"| f'''oo'''t
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
| align="left"| g'''e'''lak <ref name="final a"/>
|align="left"| '''a'''bout
|-
! colspan=3 | [[Diftong]]
|-
|<big>{{IPA|au}}</big>
| align="left"| kal'''au''' <ref name=diphthong/>
|align="left"| h'''ow'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ai}}</big>
| align="left"| cap'''ai''' <ref name=diphthong>{{IPA|[e, o]}} are [[allophone]]s of {{IPA|/i, u/}} in native words, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loan words. The diphthongs {{IPA|/ai, au/}}, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into {{IPA|[e, o]}}, respectively, especially in [[Java]].</ref>
|align="left"| b'''ye'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA|oi, ui}}</big>
| align="left"| sep'''oi'''
|align="left"| b'''oy''' (uncommon)
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=3 | Other symbols
|-
! IPA !! Explanation
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| Primary stress<br />Placed before the stressed syllable <ref>Stress generally falls on the [[penult]]imate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa {{IPAblink|ə}}, stress shifts to the [[antepenult]] if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.</ref>
|}
|}

== Catatan ==
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Revisi per 17 Maret 2022 04.29

Untuk Bantuan pengucapan dalam IPA, lihat Bantuan:Pengucapan.
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Bantuan pengucapan dengan IPA

IPA untuk pengucapan bahasa Indonesia

Konsonan
IPA Contoh pengucapan dekat bahasa Inggris
b bola [1] beau
d dari [1] do
dʒ jari job
f fikir, visa [2] festival
ɡ galah [3] gain
h habis, tokoh hat
j yakin, kaya yes
k kalah [1][3] sky
l lama clean
m makan moon
n nakal note
ŋ ngarai feeling
ɲ nyaman canyon
p pola [1] spy
r raja, dari, pasar trilled 'r' [4]
s saya six
ʃ syak [2] shoe
t tari [1] sty
tʃ cari check
v visa [2] vision
w waktu, Jawa we
x khas [2]
z zaman [2] zero
ʔ bapak [1] [3]
Vokal [5]
IPA Contoh pengucapan dekat bahasa Inggris
a ajar, buka[6] father
e serong, kare [7] clay[8]
ɛ teh, bebek [9] festival
i bila, ini see
ɪ kirim [9] bin
o roda, toko [7] sole
ɔ pohon [9] sort
u upah, baru moon
ʊ rumput [9] foot
ə gelak [6] about
Diftong
au kalau [7] how
ai capai [7] bye
oi, ui sepoi boy (uncommon)
Other symbols
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress
Placed before the stressed syllable [10]

Catatan

  1. ^ a b c d e f /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased [p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚], with final k being a glottal stop. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, [p̚, t̚]. There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
  2. ^ a b c d e The fricatives [f, z, ʃ, x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as [v]; otherwise it is [f].
  3. ^ a b c The glottal stop [ʔ] is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
  4. ^ In traditional Malay areas, the rhotic consonant /r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, [ɣ] or [ʁ], and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap [ɾ] or trill [r]. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced [krəˈtas] or [kərəˈtas].
  5. ^ The nasal consonant /m, n, ŋ, ɲ/ nasalize following vowels, and may nasalize a subsequent vowel if the intervening consonant is /h, j, w, ʔ/.
  6. ^ a b In Malaysian, word-final /a/ is often reduced to [ə].
  7. ^ a b c d [e, o] are allophones of /i, u/ in native words, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loan words. The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into [e, o], respectively, especially in Java.
  8. ^ The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
  9. ^ a b c d /e, i, o, u/ have lax allophones [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ] in closed syllables, except that tense [i, u] occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and laax [ɛ, ɔ] also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
  10. ^ Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [ə], stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.


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