Kontra-kebudayaan pada 1960-an: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 25 Agustus 2022 02.29

Kontra-kebudayaan pada 1960-an merujuk kepada sebuah fenomena kebudayaan anti-kemapanan yang mula-mula berkembang di Britania Raya dan Amerika Serikat (AS) dan kemudian tersebar di seluruh dunia Barat pada awal 1960-an dan pertengahan 1970-an, dengan London, Kota New York, dan San Francisco menjadi titik panas dari kegiatan kontra-kebudayaan awal. Gerakan agregasi tersebut mencapai momentum saat Gerakan Hak Sipil Amerika makin bertumbuh, dan menjadi revolusioner dengan ekspansi intervensi militer ekstensif pemerintah AS di Vietnam.^[3]^[4]^[5] Saat 1960-an berjalan, merebaknya ketegangan sosial yang berkembang terkait masalah-masalah lainnya, dan melingkupi tuntutan-tuntutan terkait seksualitas manusia, hak asasi wanita, mode otoritas tradisional, eksperimentasi dengan obat-obatan psikoaktif, dan tafsiran berbeda terhadap Mimpi Amerika. Beberapa gerakan penting terkait masalah tersebut lahir dan memajukan kontra-kebudayaan pada 1960-an.

Referensi

^ Liungman, Carl (1991). Dictionary of Symbols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. hlm. 253. ISBN 0-87436-610-0.
^ Westcott, Kathryn (March 20, 2008). "World's best-known protest symbol turns 50". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2014.
^ Hirsch, E. D. (1993). The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-65597-9. p. 419. "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s ... fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."
^ Anderson, Terry H. (1995). The Movement and the Sixties. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510457-8.
^ Landis, Judson R., ed. (1973). Current Perspectives on Social Problems (edisi ke-Third). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co. hlm. 2. ISBN 0-534-00289-7. Culture is the "social heritage" of society. It includes the complex set of learned and shared beliefs, customs, skills, habits, traditions, and knowledge common to the members of society. Within a culture, there may be subcultures made up of specific groups that are somewhat separate from the rest of society because of distinct traits, beliefs, or interests.

Bacaan tambahan

Jackson, Rebecca. "The 1960s: A Bibliography". Iowa State University Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2017-04-13.
Lemke-Santangelo, Gretchen (2009). Daughters of Aquarius: Women of the Sixties Counterculture. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1633-6.
Reich, Charles A. (1995) [1970]. The Greening of America (edisi ke-25th anniversary). Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-517-88636-6.
Roche, Nancy McGuire, "The Spectacle of Gender: Representations of Women in British and American Cinema of the Nineteen-Sixties" (PhD dissertation. Middle Tennessee State University, 2011). DA3464539.
Roszak, Theodore (1968). The Making of a Counter Culture. University of California.
Street, Joe, "Dirty Harry's San Francisco," The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics, and Culture, 5 (June 2012), 1–21.
"American Experience: Primary Resources: Truth about Indochina, 1954". PBS. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-11. Diakses tanggal 2017-04-13.
Shribman, David (November 9, 2013). "If JFK had lived". Pittsburg Post-Gazette.
Roberts, Sam (September 21, 2008). "A Spy Confesses, and Still Some Weep for the Rosenbergs". New York Times.
Weber, Bruce (March 24, 2011). "Leonard I. Weinglass, Lawyer, Dies at 77; Defended Renegades and the Notorious". New York Times.
Perrone, James E. (2004). Music of the Counterculture Era. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32689-4.
Miller, Richard J. (2013). "Timothy Leary's liberation, and the CIA's experiments! LSD's amazing, psychedelic history (Excerpt)". Salon.com.
Weekes, Julia Ann (October 31, 2008). "Warhol's Pop Politics". Smithsonian Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-09-27. Diakses tanggal 2017-04-13.
Rasmussen, Cecilia (August 5, 2007). "Closing of club ignited the 'Sunset Strip riots'". Los Angeles Times.
Kitchell, Mark, Berkeley in the Sixties (1990 Film Documentary), Libra Films

Pranala luar

[1] Liungman, Carl (1991). Dictionary of Symbols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. hlm. 253. ISBN 0-87436-610-0.

[2] Westcott, Kathryn (March 20, 2008). "World's best-known protest symbol turns 50". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2014.

[3] Hirsch, E. D. (1993). The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-65597-9. p. 419. "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s ... fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."

[4] Anderson, Terry H. (1995). The Movement and the Sixties. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510457-8.

[5] Landis, Judson R., ed. (1973). Current Perspectives on Social Problems (edisi ke-Third). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co. hlm. 2. ISBN 0-534-00289-7. Culture is the "social heritage" of society. It includes the complex set of learned and shared beliefs, customs, skills, habits, traditions, and knowledge common to the members of society. Within a culture, there may be subcultures made up of specific groups that are somewhat separate from the rest of society because of distinct traits, beliefs, or interests.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{periksaterjemahan|en|Counterculture of the 1960s}}
-[[Berkas:Peace sign.svg|jmpl|[[Lambang perdamaian#Lambang pelucutan nuklir|Tanda perdamaian]] (atau lambang pedamaian), dirancang dan mula-mula digunakan di Inggris saat [[Kampanye Perlucutan Nuklir]], kemudian menjadi diikuti dalam penentangan Perang Vietnam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Liungman |first=Carl |date=1991 |title=Dictionary of Symbols |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00liun |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00liun/page/253 253] |isbn=0-87436-610-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7292252.stm |title=World's best-known protest symbol turns 50 |last1=Westcott |first1=Kathryn |date=March 20, 2008 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |accessdate=June 10, 2014}}</ref>]]
+[[Berkas:Peace symbol (bold).svg|jmpl|[[Lambang perdamaian#Lambang pelucutan nuklir|Tanda perdamaian]] (atau lambang pedamaian), dirancang dan mula-mula digunakan di Inggris saat [[Kampanye Perlucutan Nuklir]], kemudian menjadi diikuti dalam penentangan Perang Vietnam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Liungman |first=Carl |date=1991 |title=Dictionary of Symbols |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00liun |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00liun/page/253 253] |isbn=0-87436-610-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7292252.stm |title=World's best-known protest symbol turns 50 |last1=Westcott |first1=Kathryn |date=March 20, 2008 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |accessdate=June 10, 2014}}</ref>]]
 {{Sosiologi}}
 '''Kontra-kebudayaan pada 1960-an''' merujuk kepada sebuah fenomena kebudayaan [[anti-kemapanan]] yang mula-mula berkembang di [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]] (AS) dan kemudian tersebar di seluruh [[dunia Barat]] pada awal 1960-an dan pertengahan 1970-an, dengan [[London]], [[Kota New York]], dan [[San Francisco]] menjadi titik panas dari kegiatan kontra-kebudayaan awal. Gerakan agregasi tersebut mencapai momentum saat [[Gerakan Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika (1954–68)|Gerakan Hak Sipil Amerika]] makin bertumbuh, dan menjadi [[revolusioner]] dengan ekspansi [[Perang Vietnam|intervensi militer ekstensif pemerintah AS di Vietnam]].<ref>[[Eric Donald Hirsch|Hirsch, E. D.]] (1993). ''The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy''. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-65597-9. p. 419. "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s&nbsp;... fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Anderson| first = Terry H.| title = The Movement and the Sixties| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195074093| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1995| isbn = 978-0-19-510457-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Landis|editor1-first=Judson R.|title=Current Perspectives on Social Problems|url=https://archive.org/details/currentperspecti0000land|date=1973|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Co.|location=Belmont, California|isbn=0-534-00289-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/currentperspecti0000land/page/2 2]|edition=Third|quote=Culture is the "social heritage" of society. It includes the complex set of learned and shared beliefs, customs, skills, habits, traditions, and knowledge common to the members of society. Within a culture, there may be subcultures made up of specific groups that are somewhat separate from the rest of society because of distinct traits, beliefs, or interests.}}</ref> Saat 1960-an berjalan, merebaknya ketegangan sosial yang berkembang terkait masalah-masalah lainnya, dan melingkupi tuntutan-tuntutan terkait seksualitas manusia, [[feminisme arus kedua|hak asasi wanita]], mode otoritas tradisional, eksperimentasi dengan [[obat-obatan psikoaktif]], dan tafsiran berbeda terhadap [[Mimpi Amerika]]. Beberapa gerakan penting terkait masalah tersebut lahir dan memajukan kontra-kebudayaan pada 1960-an.