Orang-orang Jat: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jat
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Asia Selatan	~30–43 juta (ca 2009/10)
Bahasa
	Bahasa Hindi-Bahasa Urdu • Haryanvi • Punjabi • Rajasthan • Sindh • Braj
Agama
	Hindu • Islam • Sikhisme

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Revisi per 9 Desember 2022 13.37

Orang-orang Jat (pengucapan Punjabi: [d͡ʒəʈːᵊ]), (pengucapan bahasa Hindi: [d͡ʒaːʈ])) adalah komunitas pertanian tradisional di India Utara dan Pakistan.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[a]^[b]^[c] Awalnya penggembala di lembah sungai Indus yang lebih rendah di Sindh, Jats bermigrasi ke utara ke wilayah Punjab pada abad pertengahan akhir, dan kemudian ke Wilayah Delhi, Rajputana timur laut, dan Dataran Gangga barat pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Dari agama Muslim, Sikh, dan Hindu, mereka sekarang kebanyakan ditemukan di provinsi Sindh dan Punjab di Pakistan dan negara bagian Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, dan Rajasthan di India.

Catatan kaki

^ Glosarium: Jat: judul kasta 'petani' non-elit utama di India utara."^[4]
^ "... di pertengahan dekade abad (sembilan belas), ada dua kecenderungan yang kontras di wilayah agraris India. Sebelumnya daerah marjinal menjadi zona pertanian 'petani' yang baru menguntungkan, merugikan kelompok petani non-elit, yang dikenal dengan judul seperti Jat di barat NWP dan Gounder di Coimatore."^[5]
^ "Pada akhir abad ke-19, pemikiran ini membuat para pejabat kolonial mencoba melindungi Sikh Jats dan 'petani' non-elit lainnya yang sekarang mereka sukai sebagai rekrutan militer dengan mengadvokasi undang-undang di bawah apa yang disebut pengasingan tanah."^[6]

Referensi

^ Khanna, Sunil K. (2004). "Jat". Dalam Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin. Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures. 2. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. hlm. 777. ISBN 978-0-306-47754-6. Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.
^ Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 143. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Jat: Sikhs' largest zat, a hereditary land-owning community
^ Gould, Harold A. (2006). "Glossary". Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946. SAGE Publications. hlm. 439. ISBN 978-0-7619-3480-6. Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 201. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Bayly, C. A. (1989). Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 190–. ISBN 978-0-521-38650-0. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Brass, Tom (1995). New farmers' movements in India. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 183–. ISBN 978-0-7146-4134-8. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Byres, T. J. (1999). Rural labour relations in India. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 217–. ISBN 978-0-7146-8046-0. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Chowdhry, Prem (2008). "Customs in a Peasant Economy: Women in Colonial Harayana". Dalam Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika. Women and social reform in modern India: a reader. Indiana University Press. hlm. 147–. ISBN 978-0-253-22049-3. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Gupta, Akhil (1998). Postcolonial developments: agriculture in the making of modern India. Duke University Press. hlm. 361–. ISBN 978-0-8223-2213-9. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Gupta, Dipankar (1 January 1996). Political sociology in India: contemporary trends. Orient Blackswan. hlm. 70–. ISBN 978-81-250-0665-7. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12786-8. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Jalal, Ayesha (1995). Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 212–. ISBN 978-0-521-47862-5. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Larson, Gerald James (1995). India's agony over religion. SUNY Press. hlm. 90–. ISBN 978-0-7914-2412-4. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Lynch, Owen M. (1990). Divine passions: the social construction of emotion in India. University of California Press. hlm. 255–. ISBN 978-0-520-06647-2. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). The Indian army and the making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. hlm. 176–. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Misra, Maria (2008). Vishnu's crowded temple: India since the Great Rebellion. Yale University Press. hlm. 89–. ISBN 978-0-300-13721-7. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Oldenburg, Veena Talwar (2002). Dowry murder: the imperial origins of a cultural crime. Oxford University Press. hlm. 34–. ISBN 978-0-19-515071-1. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Pandian, Anand; Ali, Daud, ed. (1 September 2010). Ethical Life in South Asia. Indiana University Press. hlm. 206–. ISBN 978-0-253-22243-5. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Pinch, William R. (1996). Peasants and monks in British India. University of California Press. hlm. 12, 26, 28. ISBN 978-0-520-20061-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Richards, John F. (26 January 1996). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 269–. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Shweder, Richard A.; Minow, Martha; Markus, Hazel Rose (November 2004). Engaging cultural differences: the multicultural challenge in liberal democracies. Russell Sage Foundation. hlm. 57–. ISBN 978-0-87154-795-8. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Schwartzberg, Joseph (2007). "Caste Regions of the Northern Plain". Dalam Singer, Milton; Cohn, Bernard S. Structure and Change in Indian Society. Transaction Publishers. hlm. 81–114. ISBN 978-0-202-36138-3. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Stern, Robert W. (2003). Changing India: bourgeois revolution on the subcontinent. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 58–. ISBN 978-0-521-00912-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Talbot, Ian (1996). Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the partition of India. Psychology Press. hlm. 94–. ISBN 978-0-7007-0427-9. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Tan, Tai Yong (2005). The garrison state: the military, government and society in colonial Punjab 1849–1947. SAGE. hlm. 85–. ISBN 978-0-7619-3336-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Wadley, Susan Snow (2004). Raja Nal and the Goddess: the north Indian epic Dhola in performance. Indiana University Press. hlm. 60–. ISBN 978-0-253-34478-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. BRILL. hlm. 163–. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

Pranala luar

Orang-orang Jat di Curlie (dari DMOZ)

[5] Glosarium: Jat: judul kasta 'petani' non-elit utama di India utara."^[4]

[7] "... di pertengahan dekade abad (sembilan belas), ada dua kecenderungan yang kontras di wilayah agraris India. Sebelumnya daerah marjinal menjadi zona pertanian 'petani' yang baru menguntungkan, merugikan kelompok petani non-elit, yang dikenal dengan judul seperti Jat di barat NWP dan Gounder di Coimatore."^[5]

[9] "Pada akhir abad ke-19, pemikiran ini membuat para pejabat kolonial mencoba melindungi Sikh Jats dan 'petani' non-elit lainnya yang sekarang mereka sukai sebagai rekrutan militer dengan mengadvokasi undang-undang di bawah apa yang disebut pengasingan tanah."^[6]

[Khanna-1] Khanna, Sunil K. (2004). "Jat". Dalam Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin. Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures. 2. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. hlm. 777. ISBN 978-0-306-47754-6. Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.

[NesbittE-2] Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 143. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Jat: Sikhs' largest zat, a hereditary land-owning community

[Gould-3] Gould, Harold A. (2006). "Glossary". Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946. SAGE Publications. hlm. 439. ISBN 978-0-7619-3480-6. Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh

[sbayly-p385-4] Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

[sbayly-p201-6] Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 201. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

[sbayly-p212-8] Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{Infobox Ethnic group|group=Jat|region1=[[Asia Selatan]]|pop1=~30–43 juta ({{circa|2009/10}})|langs=[[Bahasa Hindi]]-[[Bahasa Urdu]] • [[Haryanvi]] • [[Bahasa Punjab|Punjabi]] • [[Bahasa Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] • [[Bahasa Sindh|Sindh]] • [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]]|rels=[[Hindu]]{{•}}[[Islam]]{{•}}[[Sikhisme]]}}
-'''Orang-orang Jat''' (({{IPA-pa|d͡ʒəʈːᵊ}}), ({{IPA-hi|d͡ʒaːʈ}})) adalah komunitas [[pertanian]] tradisional di [[India Utara]] dan [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Khanna">{{cite book|last=Khanna|first=Sunil K.|year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers]]|isbn=978-0-306-47754-6|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-first=Carol R.|editor1-link=Carol R. Ember|volume=2|page=777|entry=Jat|quote=Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.|editor2-last=Ember|editor2-first=Melvin|editor2-link=Melvin Ember|entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrMRezmNrPcC&pg=PA777}}</ref><ref name="NesbittE">{{cite book|last=Nesbitt|first=Eleanor|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0|edition=2nd|page=143|quote=Jat: Sikhs' largest ''zat'', a hereditary land-owning community}}</ref><ref name="Gould">{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Harold A.|year=2006|title=Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-0-7619-3480-6|page=439|entry=Glossary|quote=Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh|author-link=Harold A. Gould|orig-date=2005|entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rS5mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|''Glosarium: '''Jat''': judul kasta 'petani' non-elit utama di India utara."<ref name="sbayly-p385">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA385 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |page=385 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}{{#tag:ref|"... di pertengahan dekade abad (sembilan belas), ada dua kecenderungan yang kontras di wilayah agraris India. Sebelumnya daerah marjinal menjadi zona pertanian 'petani' yang baru menguntungkan, merugikan kelompok petani non-elit, yang dikenal dengan judul seperti Jat di barat [[Provinsi Barat Laut|NWP]] dan Gounder di Coimatore."<ref name="sbayly-p201">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA201 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |page=201 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}{{#tag:ref|"Pada akhir abad ke-19, pemikiran ini membuat para pejabat kolonial mencoba melindungi Sikh Jats dan 'petani' non-elit lainnya yang sekarang mereka sukai sebagai rekrutan militer dengan mengadvokasi undang-undang di bawah apa yang disebut pengasingan tanah."<ref name="sbayly-p212">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA212 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |page=212 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Awalnya [[Pastoralisme|penggembala]] di lembah [[sungai Indus]] yang lebih rendah di [[Sindh]], Jats bermigrasi ke utara ke [[Punjab (daerah)|wilayah Punjab]] pada [[Abad Pertengahan Akhir|abad pertengahan akhir]], dan kemudian ke [[Wilayah Delhi]], [[Rajputana]] timur laut, dan [[Dataran Rendah Indo-Gangga|Dataran Gangga]] barat pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Dari agama [[Muslim]], [[Sikh]], dan [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]], mereka sekarang kebanyakan ditemukan di provinsi [[Sindh]] dan [[Punjab (provinsi)|Punjab]] di [[Pakistan]] dan negara bagian [[Punjab (negara bagian)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], dan [[Rajasthan]] di India.
+'''Orang-orang Jat''' ({{IPA-pa|d͡ʒəʈːᵊ}}), ({{IPA-hi|d͡ʒaːʈ}})) adalah komunitas [[pertanian]] tradisional di [[India Utara]] dan [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Khanna">{{cite book|last=Khanna|first=Sunil K.|year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers]]|isbn=978-0-306-47754-6|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-first=Carol R.|editor1-link=Carol R. Ember|volume=2|page=777|entry=Jat|quote=Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.|editor2-last=Ember|editor2-first=Melvin|editor2-link=Melvin Ember|entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrMRezmNrPcC&pg=PA777}}</ref><ref name="NesbittE">{{cite book|last=Nesbitt|first=Eleanor|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0|edition=2nd|page=143|quote=Jat: Sikhs' largest ''zat'', a hereditary land-owning community}}</ref><ref name="Gould">{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Harold A.|year=2006|title=Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-0-7619-3480-6|page=439|entry=Glossary|quote=Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh|author-link=Harold A. Gould|orig-date=2005|entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rS5mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|''Glosarium: '''Jat''': judul kasta 'petani' non-elit utama di India utara."<ref name="sbayly-p385">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA385 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |page=385 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}{{#tag:ref|"... di pertengahan dekade abad (sembilan belas), ada dua kecenderungan yang kontras di wilayah agraris India. Sebelumnya daerah marjinal menjadi zona pertanian 'petani' yang baru menguntungkan, merugikan kelompok petani non-elit, yang dikenal dengan judul seperti Jat di barat [[Provinsi Barat Laut|NWP]] dan Gounder di Coimatore."<ref name="sbayly-p201">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA201 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |page=201 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}{{#tag:ref|"Pada akhir abad ke-19, pemikiran ini membuat para pejabat kolonial mencoba melindungi Sikh Jats dan 'petani' non-elit lainnya yang sekarang mereka sukai sebagai rekrutan militer dengan mengadvokasi undang-undang di bawah apa yang disebut pengasingan tanah."<ref name="sbayly-p212">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA212 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |page=212 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Awalnya [[Pastoralisme|penggembala]] di lembah [[sungai Indus]] yang lebih rendah di [[Sindh]], Jats bermigrasi ke utara ke [[Punjab (daerah)|wilayah Punjab]] pada [[Abad Pertengahan Akhir|abad pertengahan akhir]], dan kemudian ke [[Wilayah Delhi]], [[Rajputana]] timur laut, dan [[Dataran Rendah Indo-Gangga|Dataran Gangga]] barat pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Dari agama [[Muslim]], [[Sikh]], dan [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]], mereka sekarang kebanyakan ditemukan di provinsi [[Sindh]] dan [[Punjab (provinsi)|Punjab]] di [[Pakistan]] dan negara bagian [[Punjab (negara bagian)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], dan [[Rajasthan]] di India.
 == Catatan kaki ==