Flavius Claudius Julianus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Flavius Claudius Julianus''' adalah salah satu [[kaisar]] [[Roma]]. Dia lahir saat [[331]]/[[332]] [[Masehi]] di [[Konstantinopel]] dan meninggal pada [[tanggal]] [[26]] [[Juni]] [[tahun]] [[363]] [[Masehi]] di [[Ctesiphon]], [[Persia]].<ref name=a>Shadily, Hassan (1980).''Ensiklopedia Indonesia''.Jakarta:Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve.Hal 1605</ref> Dia memegang kekuasaan mulai dari [[361]]-[[363]] Masehi. |
'''Flavius Claudius Julianus''' adalah salah satu [[kaisar]] [[Roma]]. Dia lahir saat [[331]]/[[332]] [[Masehi]] di [[Konstantinopel]] dan meninggal pada [[tanggal]] [[26]] [[Juni]] [[tahun]] [[363]] [[Masehi]] di [[Ctesiphon]], [[Persia]].<ref name=a>Shadily, Hassan (1980).''Ensiklopedia Indonesia''.Jakarta:Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve.Hal 1605</ref> Dia memegang kekuasaan mulai dari [[361]]-[[363]] Masehi. |
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<ref name=a/> Dia dan [[saudara tiri]]nya, [[Gallus]] dikirim ke Cappadocia tahun [[341]].<ref name=c>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/julian-apostate.html |title=Julian the Apostate |publisher=Info Please Web |accessdate=19 Juni 2014}}</ref> Ketika Gallus diangkat Kaisar pada tahun [[351]], Julianus dibawa kembali ke [[Konstantinopel]]. Kemudian setelah Gallus di[[hukum]] [[mati]], Julianus dipanggil kembali untuk menjadi Kaisar.<ref name=c/> |
<ref name=a/> Dia dan [[saudara tiri]]nya, [[Gallus]] dikirim ke Cappadocia tahun [[341]].<ref name=c>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/julian-apostate.html |title=Julian the Apostate |publisher=Info Please Web |accessdate=19 Juni 2014 |archive-date=2016-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608095956/http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/julian-apostate.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Ketika Gallus diangkat Kaisar pada tahun [[351]], Julianus dibawa kembali ke [[Konstantinopel]]. Kemudian setelah Gallus di[[hukum]] [[mati]], Julianus dipanggil kembali untuk menjadi Kaisar.<ref name=c/> |
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Julukan yang dimilikinya adalah ''Apostata'' ([[bahasa]] [[Latin]] yang berarti "[[orang]] yang [[murtad]]"). Julianus diangkat sebagai kaisar [[kerajaan]] [[barat]] oleh ''Constantius'' pada tahun [[355]] Masehi.<ref name=a/> Dia merupakan kaisar Roma terakhir yang mencoba untuk menyingkirkan [[agama]] [[Kristen]] dengan cara menghidupkan kembali [[politeisme]] [[Yunani]] [[Romawi]] ([[paganisme]]) sebagai agama resmi [[negara]] saat [[361]] Masehi.<ref name=a/><ref name=b>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/307781/Julian |title=Julian |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=19 Juni 2014}}</ref> Walaupun secara resmi menganut agama Kristen dan mendapat [[pendidikan]] Kristen juga [[Neoplatonisme]], namun secara diam-diam Julianus menolak kepercayaan [[Kristiani]] tersebut.<ref name=a/><ref name=c/> Julianus adalah [[sepupu]] dari [[Konstantinus I|''Constantine the Great'' (Konstantinus Agung/ Constantine I]], dan merupakan penerus [[Konstantinus II]].<ref name=c/><ref name=b/> |
Julukan yang dimilikinya adalah ''Apostata'' ([[bahasa]] [[Latin]] yang berarti "[[orang]] yang [[murtad]]"). Julianus diangkat sebagai kaisar [[kerajaan]] [[barat]] oleh ''Constantius'' pada tahun [[355]] Masehi.<ref name=a/> Dia merupakan kaisar Roma terakhir yang mencoba untuk menyingkirkan [[agama]] [[Kristen]] dengan cara menghidupkan kembali [[politeisme]] [[Yunani]] [[Romawi]] ([[paganisme]]) sebagai agama resmi [[negara]] saat [[361]] Masehi.<ref name=a/><ref name=b>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/307781/Julian |title=Julian |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=19 Juni 2014 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503134912/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/307781/Julian |dead-url=no }}</ref> Walaupun secara resmi menganut agama Kristen dan mendapat [[pendidikan]] Kristen juga [[Neoplatonisme]], namun secara diam-diam Julianus menolak kepercayaan [[Kristiani]] tersebut.<ref name=a/><ref name=c/> Julianus adalah [[sepupu]] dari [[Konstantinus I|''Constantine the Great'' (Konstantinus Agung/ Constantine I]], dan merupakan penerus [[Konstantinus II]].<ref name=c/><ref name=b/> |
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== Kematian == |
== Kematian == |
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* [https://archive.org/details/julianemperorco01juligoog ''Julian the emperor: containing Gregory Nazianzen's two Invectives and Libanius' Monody: with Julian's extant theosophical works.''], Translated by C.W. King. George Bell and Sons, London, 1888. At the [[Internet Archive]] |
* [https://archive.org/details/julianemperorco01juligoog ''Julian the emperor: containing Gregory Nazianzen's two Invectives and Libanius' Monody: with Julian's extant theosophical works.''], Translated by C.W. King. George Bell and Sons, London, 1888. At the [[Internet Archive]] |
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* [[Claudius Mamertinus]], "''Gratiarum actio Mamertini de consulato suo Iuliano Imperatori''", ''[[Panegyrici Latini]]'', panegyric delivered in Constantinople in 362, also as a speech of thanks at his assumption of the office of consul of that year |
* [[Claudius Mamertinus]], "''Gratiarum actio Mamertini de consulato suo Iuliano Imperatori''", ''[[Panegyrici Latini]]'', panegyric delivered in Constantinople in 362, also as a speech of thanks at his assumption of the office of consul of that year |
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* [[Gregory Nazianzen]], ''Orations'', "[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_nazianzen_2_oration4.htm First Invective Against Julian]", "[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_nazianzen_3_oration5.htm Second Invective Against Julian]". Both transl. C.W. King, 1888. |
* [[Gregory Nazianzen]], ''Orations'', "[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_nazianzen_2_oration4.htm First Invective Against Julian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231025207/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_nazianzen_2_oration4.htm |date=2006-12-31 }}", "[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_nazianzen_3_oration5.htm Second Invective Against Julian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230201901/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_nazianzen_3_oration5.htm |date=2006-12-30 }}". Both transl. C.W. King, 1888. |
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* [[Libanius]], [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/libanius_monody.htm ''Monody — Funeral Oration for Julian the Apostate'']. Transl. C.W. King, 1888. |
* [[Libanius]], [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/libanius_monody.htm ''Monody — Funeral Oration for Julian the Apostate''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195046/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/libanius_monody.htm |date=2006-12-30 }}. Transl. C.W. King, 1888. |
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== Pustaka tambahan == |
== Pustaka tambahan == |
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[[Berkas:Ioulianou autokratoros ta sozomena.tif|jmpl|''Ioulianou autokratoros ta sozomena'', 1696]] |
[[Berkas:Ioulianou autokratoros ta sozomena.tif|jmpl|''Ioulianou autokratoros ta sozomena'', 1696]] |
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* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm Roberts, Walter E., and Michael DiMaio, "Julian the Apostate (360–363 A.D.)", ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (2002)] |
* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm Roberts, Walter E., and Michael DiMaio, "Julian the Apostate (360–363 A.D.)", ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (2002)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315020224/http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm |date=2015-03-15 }} |
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* Athanassiadi, Polymnia. ''Julian. An Intellectual Biography'' Routledge, London, 1992. ISBN 0-415-07763-X |
* Athanassiadi, Polymnia. ''Julian. An Intellectual Biography'' Routledge, London, 1992. ISBN 0-415-07763-X |
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* Bowersock, Glen Warren. ''Julian the Apostate''. London, 1978. ISBN 0-674-48881-4 |
* Bowersock, Glen Warren. ''Julian the Apostate''. London, 1978. ISBN 0-674-48881-4 |
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* [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Julian_Apostate_Laws.html Laws of Julian]. Two laws by Constantius II, while Julian was Caesar. |
* [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Julian_Apostate_Laws.html Laws of Julian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311065732/http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Julian_Apostate_Laws.html |date=2007-03-11 }}. Two laws by Constantius II, while Julian was Caesar. |
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* [http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart Imperial Laws and Letters Involving Religion], some of which are by Julian relating to Christianity. |
* [http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart Imperial Laws and Letters Involving Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026010432/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart |date=2008-10-26 }}, some of which are by Julian relating to Christianity. |
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* [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=988 A 4th century chalcedony portrait of Julian], Saint Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum. |
* [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=988 A 4th century chalcedony portrait of Julian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510080622/http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=988 |date=2022-05-10 }}, Saint Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum. |
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* [http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/philolog/2007/03/julians_spin_doctor_ammianus_m.html#more Julian's Spin Doctor: The Persian Mutiny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304175929/http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/philolog/2007/03/julians_spin_doctor_ammianus_m.html#more |date=2016-03-04 }}, Article by Adam J. Bravo. |
* [http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/philolog/2007/03/julians_spin_doctor_ammianus_m.html#more Julian's Spin Doctor: The Persian Mutiny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304175929/http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/philolog/2007/03/julians_spin_doctor_ammianus_m.html#more |date=2016-03-04 }}, Article by Adam J. Bravo. |
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* [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1997/97.03.22.html Rowland Smith's "Julian's Gods"], Review by Thomas Banchich. |
* [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1997/97.03.22.html Rowland Smith's "Julian's Gods"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991011030629/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1997/97.03.22.html |date=1999-10-11 }}, Review by Thomas Banchich. |
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* [http://calitreview.com/764 Excerpt from by Adrian Murdoch, ''The Last Pagan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626095244/http://calitreview.com/764 |date=2008-06-26 }} at the California Literary Review. |
* [http://calitreview.com/764 Excerpt from by Adrian Murdoch, ''The Last Pagan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626095244/http://calitreview.com/764 |date=2008-06-26 }} at the California Literary Review. |
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* [http://www.juliansociety.org/ The Julian Society]. A society of pagans who admire Julian. |
* [http://www.juliansociety.org/ The Julian Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205083616/http://www.juliansociety.org/ |date=2007-02-05 }}. A society of pagans who admire Julian. |
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* [http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/MedievalHistory/Julian_the_Emperor/Julian_DOOR.html THE EMPEROR JULIAN, PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANITY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302035737/http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/MedievalHistory/Julian_the_Emperor/Julian_DOOR.html |date=2015-03-02 }}., In BTM Format. |
* [http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/MedievalHistory/Julian_the_Emperor/Julian_DOOR.html THE EMPEROR JULIAN, PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANITY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302035737/http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/MedievalHistory/Julian_the_Emperor/Julian_DOOR.html |date=2015-03-02 }}., In BTM Format. |
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* [http://www.civilization.org.uk/decline-and-fall/julian-the-apostate Julian the Apostate] why he was important, and his place in world history |
* [http://www.civilization.org.uk/decline-and-fall/julian-the-apostate Julian the Apostate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316080228/http://www.civilization.org.uk/decline-and-fall/julian-the-apostate |date=2014-03-16 }} why he was important, and his place in world history |
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{{Kaisar Romawi}} |
{{Kaisar Romawi}} |
Revisi terkini sejak 22 Juli 2023 03.50
Flavius Claudius Julianus adalah salah satu kaisar Roma. Dia lahir saat 331/332 Masehi di Konstantinopel dan meninggal pada tanggal 26 Juni tahun 363 Masehi di Ctesiphon, Persia.[1] Dia memegang kekuasaan mulai dari 361-363 Masehi. [1] Dia dan saudara tirinya, Gallus dikirim ke Cappadocia tahun 341.[2] Ketika Gallus diangkat Kaisar pada tahun 351, Julianus dibawa kembali ke Konstantinopel. Kemudian setelah Gallus dihukum mati, Julianus dipanggil kembali untuk menjadi Kaisar.[2]
Julukan yang dimilikinya adalah Apostata (bahasa Latin yang berarti "orang yang murtad"). Julianus diangkat sebagai kaisar kerajaan barat oleh Constantius pada tahun 355 Masehi.[1] Dia merupakan kaisar Roma terakhir yang mencoba untuk menyingkirkan agama Kristen dengan cara menghidupkan kembali politeisme Yunani Romawi (paganisme) sebagai agama resmi negara saat 361 Masehi.[1][3] Walaupun secara resmi menganut agama Kristen dan mendapat pendidikan Kristen juga Neoplatonisme, namun secara diam-diam Julianus menolak kepercayaan Kristiani tersebut.[1][2] Julianus adalah sepupu dari Constantine the Great (Konstantinus Agung/ Constantine I, dan merupakan penerus Konstantinus II.[2][3]
Kematian
[sunting | sunting sumber]Julianus berperang melawan Kekaisaran Sassaniyah. Pada tanggal 26 Juni 363, dalam Pertempuran Samarra dekat Maranga yang berimbang, Julianus terluka akibat serangan tentara Sassaniyah.[4] Karena lebih mementingkan mengejar musuh dengan kecepatan daripada berhati-hati, Julianus hanya bersenjatakan pedang dan meninggalkan baju zirahnya.[5] Ia terluka akibat tusukan tombak yang menembus bagian bawah hati, peritoneum dan usus. Luka itu tidak langsung mematikan. Julianus dirawat oleh dokter pribadinya, Oribasius dari Pergamum, yang berjuang keras mengobati luka itu. Hal ini mungkin termasuk irigasi luka dengan wound dengan cairan anggur gelap, dan suatu prosedur yang dikenal sebagai gastrorrhaphy, pengjahitan usus yang rusak. Pada hari ketiga terjadi pendarahan hebat dan Julianus meninggal pada waktu malam.[6][7] Atas permintaannya, jenazah Julianus dikuburkan di luar kota Tarsus, meskipun kemudian dipindahkan ke Konstantinopel.[8]
Tahta Julianus diteruskan oleh Kaisar Jovian yang hanya bertahta singkat dan mengembalikan kedudukan kehormatan Kekristenan di seluruh Kekaisaran Romawi.
Ada laporan yang dianggap apokrif, bahwa kata-kata terakhir Julianus sebelum meninggalnya adalah νενίκηκάς με, Γαλιλαῖε, atau Vicisti, Galilaee ("Engkau menang, orang Galilea (Yesus)"),[9] yang menyatakan pengakuannya, bahwa dengan kematiannya, Kekristenan akan menjadi agama negara Romawi. Frasa ini dipakai pada pembukaan sajak tahun 1866 Hymn to Proserpine, yang merupakan penjabaran Algernon Charles Swinburne mengenai apa yang dirasakan orang pagan filosofis terhadap kemenangan Kekristenan. Frasa ini juga dipakai sebagai penutup drama Polandia Romantik The Undivine comedy ditulis pada tahun 1833 oleh Zygmunt Krasiński.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c d e Shadily, Hassan (1980).Ensiklopedia Indonesia.Jakarta:Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve.Hal 1605
- ^ a b c d "Julian the Apostate". Info Please Web. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-08. Diakses tanggal 19 Juni 2014.
- ^ a b "Julian". Encyclopedia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-03. Diakses tanggal 19 Juni 2014.
- ^ Dodgeon & Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, p.205.
- ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 25.3.3
- ^ Lascaratos, John and Dionysios Voros. 2000 Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 A.D.): Approach to the Contribution of Ancient Surgery. World Journal of Surgery 24: 615–619. See p.618.
- ^ Note that Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae, 25.3.6 & 23) is of the view that Julian died the night of the same day that he was wounded.
- ^ Grant, Michael. The Roman Emperors. (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1997), pp. 254.
- ^ Pertama kali dicatat oleh Theodoret, (Historia Ecclesiastica, 3.25) pada abad ke-5.
Sumber utama
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, Libri XV-XXV (books 15–25). See J.C. Rolfe, Ammianus Marcellinus, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass., 1935/1985. 3 Volumes.
- Ammianus Marcellinus, The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens. Translated by C. D. Yonge. Full text at Internet Archive at https://archive.org/stream/theromanhistoryo28587gut/28587-0.txt. Gutenberg etext# 28587.
- Julian the emperor: containing Gregory Nazianzen's two Invectives and Libanius' Monody: with Julian's extant theosophical works., Translated by C.W. King. George Bell and Sons, London, 1888. At the Internet Archive
- Claudius Mamertinus, "Gratiarum actio Mamertini de consulato suo Iuliano Imperatori", Panegyrici Latini, panegyric delivered in Constantinople in 362, also as a speech of thanks at his assumption of the office of consul of that year
- Gregory Nazianzen, Orations, "First Invective Against Julian Diarsipkan 2006-12-31 di Wayback Machine.", "Second Invective Against Julian Diarsipkan 2006-12-30 di Wayback Machine.". Both transl. C.W. King, 1888.
- Libanius, Monody — Funeral Oration for Julian the Apostate Diarsipkan 2006-12-30 di Wayback Machine.. Transl. C.W. King, 1888.
Pustaka tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Roberts, Walter E., and Michael DiMaio, "Julian the Apostate (360–363 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis (2002) Diarsipkan 2015-03-15 di Wayback Machine.
- Athanassiadi, Polymnia. Julian. An Intellectual Biography Routledge, London, 1992. ISBN 0-415-07763-X
- Bowersock, Glen Warren. Julian the Apostate. London, 1978. ISBN 0-674-48881-4
- Browning, Robert. The Emperor Julian, London, 1975.
- Dodgeon, Michael H. & Samuel N.C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363, Routledge, London, 1991. ISBN 0-203-42534-0
- Drinkwater, John F., The Alamanni and Rome 213–496 (Caracalla to Clovis), OUP Oxford 2007. ISBN 0-19-929568-9
- Gardner, Alice, Julian Philosopher and Emperor and the Last Struggle of Paganism Against Christianity, G.P. Putnam's Son, London, 1895. ISBN 0-404-58262-1 / ISBN 978-0-404-58262-3. Downloadable at https://archive.org/details/julianphilosophe00gard.
- Hunt, David. "Julian". In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 13 (Averil Cameron & Peter Garnsey editors). CUP, Cambridge, 1998. ISBN 0-521-30200-5
- Lascaratos, John and Dionysios Voros. 2000 Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 A.D.): Approach to the Contribution of Ancient Surgery. World Journal of Surgery 24: 615–619
- Lenski, Noel Emmanuel Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century AD University of California Press: London, 2003
- Lieu, Samuel N.C. & Dominic Montserrat: editors, From Constantine to Julian: A Source History Routledge: New York, 1996. ISBN 0-203-42205-8
- Murdoch, Adrian. The Last Pagan: Julian the Apostate and the Death of the Ancient World, Stroud, 2005, ISBN 0-7509-4048-4
- Neander, August, The Emperor Julian and His Generation, An Historical Picture, translated by G.V. Cox, John W. Parker, London, 1859. ISBN 0-217-34765-7 / ISBN 978-0-217-34765-5. Downloadable at https://archive.org/details/emperorjulianan01neangoog.
- Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395, Routledge, New York, 2004. ISBN 0-415-10058-5
- Rendall, Gerald Henry, The Emperor Julian: Paganism and Christianity with Genealogical, Chronological and Bibliographical Appendices, George Bell and Sons, London, 1879. ISBN 1-152-51929-8 / ISBN 978-1-152-51929-9. Downloadable at https://archive.org/details/emperorjulian00rend.
- Ridley, R.T., "Notes on Julian's Persian Expedition (363)", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1973, pp. 317–330
- Rohrbacher, David. Historians of Late Antiquity. Routledge: New York, 2002. ISBN 0-415-20459-3
- Rosen, Klaus. Julian. Kaiser, Gott und Christenhasser. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2006.
- Smith, Rowland. Julian's gods: religion and philosophy in the thought and action of Julian the Apostate, London, 1995. ISBN 0-415-03487-6
- Veyne, Paul. L'Empire Gréco-Romain. Seuil, Paris, 2005. ISBN 2-02-057798-4
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Laws of Julian Diarsipkan 2007-03-11 di Wayback Machine.. Two laws by Constantius II, while Julian was Caesar.
- Imperial Laws and Letters Involving Religion Diarsipkan 2008-10-26 di Wayback Machine., some of which are by Julian relating to Christianity.
- A 4th century chalcedony portrait of Julian Diarsipkan 2022-05-10 di Wayback Machine., Saint Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum.
- Julian's Spin Doctor: The Persian Mutiny Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine., Article by Adam J. Bravo.
- Rowland Smith's "Julian's Gods" Diarsipkan 1999-10-11 di Wayback Machine., Review by Thomas Banchich.
- Excerpt from by Adrian Murdoch, The Last Pagan Diarsipkan 2008-06-26 di Wayback Machine. at the California Literary Review.
- The Julian Society Diarsipkan 2007-02-05 di Wayback Machine.. A society of pagans who admire Julian.
- THE EMPEROR JULIAN, PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANITY Diarsipkan 2015-03-02 di Wayback Machine.., In BTM Format.
- Julian the Apostate Diarsipkan 2014-03-16 di Wayback Machine. why he was important, and his place in world history